Acta Fytotechnica et Zootechnica Online (Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra)
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Influence of claw disorders on production and reproduction performance in observed herds of dairy cows
No full textReceived: 2016-02-01 | Accepted: 2016-03-29 | Available online: 2016-05-31dx.doi.org/10.15414/afz.2016.19.02.35-40The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of claw disorders on claw formation, production and reproduction performance of Holstein and Slovak Simmental dairy cows. Claw formation after functional trimming was evaluated by measurement of claw angle, claw length, heel index, claw height, diagonal and claw width. Incidence of interdigital dermatitis and heel erosion, digital dermatitis were observed. Separately was observed the incidence of sole ulcers with the progress of diseases. Measurements were carried out in spring and in autumn. Holstein dairy cows (n=101) with production 11874.77 kg of milk, 3.94 % of fat and 3.34 % of protein and Slovak Simmental cows (n=101) with production 5834.25 kg of milk, 4.44 % of fat and 3.59 % of protein were included into study. Holstein and Slovak Simmental dairy cows affected with claw diseases produced on first lactations 553.67 resp. 838.71 kg of milk more than average production of observed groups. On the second and higher lactations dairy cows of Holstein and Slovak Simmental breed affected with claw diseases produced 734.3 resp. 1118.3 kg of milk less than healthy dairy cows. Statistically significant differences in claws formation were observed in both breeds according to the claw trimming season.Keywords: Holstein breed, Slovak Spotted breed, claws, interdigital dermatitis and heel erosionReferences BICALHO, R.C., MACHADO. V.S. and CAIXETA. L.S.(2009) Lameness in dairy cattle: A debilitating disease or a disease of debilitated cattle? A cross-sectional study of lameness prevalence and thickness of the digital cushion. Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 92, pp. 3175-3184. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2008-1827BORSBERRY, S. and DOBSON, H. (1989) Periparturient diseases and their effect on reproductive-performance in 5 dairy herds. Veterinary Record, vol. 124, pp. 217-219. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.124.9.217COLLICK, D., WARD, W. and DOBSON, H. (1989) Associations between types of lameness and fertility. Veterinary Record. vol. 125, pp. 103-106. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.125.5.103DIPPEL, S. et al. (2009) Risk factors for lameness in cubicle housed Austrian Simmental dairy cows. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. vol. 90, pp. 102-112. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.03.014DÖPFER, D. 1994. Epidemiological investigations about digital dermatitis on two dairy farms. Ph.D Thesis, Hanover: Tierartzliche Hochschule.JANSSEN, S. et al. (2015) Feeding behaviour, activity and energy metabolism in dairy cows with acute and mild claw lameness. In Proceedings of Third DairyCare Conference, Zadar, Croatia.JURKOVICH, V. et al. (2015) Claw health assessment in dairy cattle herds. In Proceedings of Third Dairy Care Conference, Zadar, Croatia.KASARDA, R. et al. (2015) Detailed view to claw formation. Miniinfo apríl 2015. SHA: Ivanka pri Dunaji, pp. 16-19 (in Slovak)KREMER, P.V. et al. (2007) Comparison of claw health and milk yield in dairy cows on elastic or concrete flooring. Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 90, pp. 4603-4611. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2006-549KRUPOVÁ, Z. et al. (2016) Economic values for health and feed efficiency traits of dual-purpose cattle in marginal areas. Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 99, pp. 644-656. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-9951LEACH, K.A. et al. (2012) The effects of early treatment for hindlimb lameness in dairy cows on four commercial UK farms. The Veterinary Journal, vol. 193, pp. 626-632. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.06.043MICHIE, C. and ANDONOVIC, I. (2015) Silent Herdsman Platform; Impact of Detecting Eating Patterns. In Proceedings of Third DairyCare Conference, Zadar, Croatia.NORRING, M. et al. (2014) Empathic veterinarians score cattle pain higher. The Veterinary Journal, vol. 200, pp. 186-190. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.02.005OIKONOMOU, G., COOK, N.B. and BICALHO, R.C. (2013) Sire predicted transmitting ability for conformation and yield traits and previous lactation incidence of foot lesions as risk factors for incidence of foot lesions in Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 96, pp. 3713-3722. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2012-6308PETERSSON, K.J. et al. (2006) Environmental effects on progesterone profile measures of dairy cow fertility. In Animal Reproduction Scienc,. vol. 91, pp. 201-214. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2005.04.010RANDALL. L.V. et al. (2015) Low body condition predisposes cattle to lameness: An 8-year study of one dairy herd. Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 98. pp. 3766-3777. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8863ROUHA-MÜLLEDER, C. et al. (2009) Relative importance of factors influencing the prevalence of lameness in Austrian cubicle loose-housed dairy cows. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, vol. 92, pp. 123-133. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.07.008SCHRICK, F.N. et al. (2001) Influence of subclinical mastitis during early lactation on reproductive parameters. Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 84, pp. 1407-1412. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(01)70172-5SCOTT, P.R., PENNY, C.D. and MACRAE, A.I. (2011) Cattle medicine. London: Manson Publishing, 288 p.SHEARER, J., VAN AMSTEL, S. and GONZALEZ, A. (2005) Manual of foot care in cattle. Fort Atkinson: Hoard´s Dairyman Books.SMITH. R. (2015) Interaction between lameness. reproduction and the HPA axis. In Proceedings of Third DairyCare Conference, Zadar, Croatia.SOGSTAD, A.M., OSTERAS, O. and FJELDAAS, T.(2006) Bovine claw and limb disorders related to reproductive performance and production diseases. Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 89, pp. 2519-2528. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(06)72327-xSOLANO, L. et al. (2015) Prevalence of lameness and associated risk factors in Canadian Holstein-Fresian cows housed in freestall barns. Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 98, pp. 6978-6991. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-9652SOMERS, J.G.C.J. et al. (2005) Development of claw traits and claw lesions in dairy cows kept on different floor systems. Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 88, pp. 110-120. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(05)72668-0ŠÁROVÁ, R. et al. (2011) Farm managers underestimate lameness prevalence in Czech dairy herds. Animal Welfare, vol. 20, pp. 201-204.ŠŤASTNÝ, P., PODMANICKÝ, D. and ŠŤASTNÁ, D. (2008) Papillomatous digital dermatitis of cows. Slovenský chov, vol. 13, pp. 35-37 (in Slovak)THE BREEDING SERVICES OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC. S. E. (2015) Results of dairy herd milk recording in Slovak Republic in control year 2013-2014. [Online]. Retrieved January 11, 2016 from http://pssr.sk/org/publ/2014/hd/rocenka/ml_13_14/rocenka/Mliekova_rocenka_2014.pdfTHORUP, V.M. et al. (2015) Lameness in cows affects daily feeding time but not rumination time as characterized from sensors. In Proceedings of Third DairyCare Conference, Zadar, Croatia.VERMUNT, J. J. and GREENOUGH, P. R. (1995) Structural characteristics of the bovine claw: Horn growth and wear. horn hardness and claw conformation. Brtitish veterinary journal, vol. 151, pp. 157-180. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-1935(95)80007-7VON KEYSERLINGK, M.A.G. et al. (2012) Benchmarking cow comfort on North American freestall dairies: Lameness. leg injuries. lying time. facility design. and management for high-producing Holstein dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 95, pp. 7399-7408. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2012-5807WALKER, S.L. et al. (2008) Chronic stress. hormone profiles and estrus intensity in dairy cattle. Hormones and Behavior, vol. 53, pp. 493-501. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.12.003WEAVER, A.D. (2000) Lamenes. In: ANDREWS. A.H. The Health of Dairy Cattle. Oxford: Blackwell Science, pp. 359
The possibilities of pesticide genotoxicity assessment in bovine lymphocytes cultures
Get PDFThe exposure of dairy cattle to genomic substances may result in mutations, metabolic disorders, immunosuppression and reduced fertility. Potential pesticide genotoxicity can be tested in cultured bovine lymphocyte by broad spectrum of methods including chromosomal aberrations (CA), staining bovine chromosomes with fluorescently labelled DNA probes, micronucleus test (MN test), SCE (Sister Chromatid Exchanges), Comet assay, real-time PCR for detection of changes in expression of some genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism, detection of DSB (double-stranded breaks) and biophysical methods of interaction of pesticide compounds with DNA.Keywords: cattle, lymphocytes, pesticides, genotoxicity assessment methods The study was supported by the Slovak Scientific Agency VEGA projects 1/0043/15 and 1/0176/1
A genetic study of a SOD1 missense mutation in Czechoslovakian Wolfdog.
Get PDFCanine degenerative myelopathy occurs in many dog breeds, mainly German Shepherd dogs. The causative mutation E40K in the SOD1 gene changes the structure and function of the superoxide dismutase 1 protein. The Czechoslovakian Wolfdog is an unique dog breed, that resulted from hybridization between Carpathian wolves and German Shepherds in the 1950s. Its genetic composition shows a higher proportion of the dog genome than wolf genome (Smetanová et al., 2015). In the present study we have screened the Czechoslovakian Wolfdog population for the causative degenerative myelopathy mutation E40K in order to estimate its prevalence in Slovakia. Our study confirmed that the frequency of the E40K missense mutation (0,25) is relatively high and genetic testing is important in breeding programs
Use of system fleckscore in the evaluation of body conformation in Slovak Spotted dairy cows
Get PDFReceived: 2016-05-18 | Accepted: 2016-05-25 | Available online: 2016-12-22http://dx.doi.org/10.15414/afz.2016.19.04.174-176Paper is focused to use of the Fleckscore system for evaluation of main body conformation traits – body frame, musculature, feet& legs and udder in the Slovak Spotted dairy cows in the first lactations (n = 15,779), in the second lactations (n = 2,138) and inthe group of older ones in the third and other lactations (n = 3,694). The score for the main trait body frame have been calculatedby the Fleckscore system from the recorded data. The dairy cows in the first lactations reached average level 76.54 points of bodyframe score, 78.8 points in the second lactations and 72.75 points reached the older dairy cows in the third and others lactations.Based on the results can be stated the Slovak Spotted dairy cows in the first lactations but particularly in the second and the thirdlactations had smaller body frame in comparison with dairy cows of Simmental breed in the first lactations in European countries.It was found increasing the feet & legs conformation average score from 80.25 in the first lactation to 81.02 in older dairy cows inthe third and others lactations. The trait udder average score was 80.09 points for cows in the first lactations, 80.31 points in thesecond and 79.8 points in older cows, by Fleckscore system calculation. The results showed better udder conformation in youngercows of the Slovak Spotted breed, in the first and second lactations, than older dairy cows.Keywords: dairy cows, Slovak Spotted breed, body conformation, FleckscoreReferencesANZENBERGER, H. (2012) Zweitbewertung im neuen System. Rinderzucht Fleckvieh, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 28-29.KUČERA, J. (2014) The Europe evaluates simmental cattle by Fleckscore system. Zpravodaj Svazu chovatelů a plemenné knihy českého strakatého skotu, no. 2, pp. 8-9 (in Czech).KUČERA, J. (2014) The Fleckscore make decisions in the Europe. Náš chov, 2014, no. 7, pp.7 (in Czech).LUNTZ, B. and KROGMEIER, D. (2011) 100 Punkte für Fleckvieh. Rinderzucht Fleckvieh, no. 3, pp. 22-24.LUNTZ, B. (2012) Fleckscore auch in Österreich. Rinderzucht Fleckvieh, no. 2, pp.18-19.LUNTZ, B. (2014) Der Weg ist das Ziel. Mit Fleckscore für Bullenmutter wird die Exterieurbewertung verbessert. Rinderuch Fleckvieh, no. 2, pp. 22-23.LUNTZ, B. (2014) Fleckscore weltweit anwendbar, In: Fleckvieh, no. 3, pp.36-37.ONDRÁKOVÁ, M. (2014) Fleckscore proposal for second and third lactations. Zpravodaj chovatelů a plemenné knihy českého strakatého skotu, no. 2, pp.10-12 (in Czech).TANZLER, J. (2014) Lineare Nachzuchtbewertung mit Fleckscore. Fleckviehzucht in Österreich, no. 4, pp. 25-27
Humus, nitrogen and energy balances and greenhouse gas emissions of organic farming with biowaste compost fertilization
Get PDFSoil organic matter plays a key role for soil quality and holds a large carbon sequestration potential. Compost fertilization is a way to increase soil organic matter content. Here, humus, nitrogen and energy balances and greenhouse gas emissions were calculated for a 14-year field experiment using the model software REPRO. Humus balances showed that compost fertilization at a rate of 8 t ha-1 y-1 (C1) resulted in a positive balance of 115 kg C ha‑1 y-1. With 14 and 20 t ha-1 y-1 compost (C2 and C3), respectively, humus accumulated at rates of 558 and 1021 kg C ha-1 y-1. With mineral fertilization at rates of 29 to 63 kg N ha-1 y-1 (N1, N2, N3), balances were moderately negative (‑169 to -227 kg C ha-1 y-1), while a clear humus deficit of -457 kg C ha-1 y-1 showed in the unfertilized control. Compared with measured soil organic carbon (SOC) data REPRO predicted SOC contents fairly well with the exception of the treatments with high compost rates. Here REPRO clearly overestimated SOC contents for this site. Nitrogen balance was about zero in the control and in treatment N1, 10 to 20 kg N ha-1 y-1 in C1, C2, N2 and N3, and 29 kg N ha-1 y-1 in C3. Energy efficiency, as described by the output/input ratio, was highest in the control, followed by C1. Mineral fertilization treatment N3 was most energy intensive. The REPRO GHG balance indicated net carbon sequestration already with medium compost rates (C2), and net carbon sequestration of 1700 kg CO2-eq ha-1 y-1 in C3. Mineral fertilization yielded net GHG emissions of around 2000 kg CO2-eq ha-1 y-1. The highest GHG emissions had the unfertilized control due to SOC decline. The findings underline that compost fertilization holds a potential for carbon sequestration and for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.Keywords: modelling, REPRO, soil organic carbon, greenhouse gas emission
Effect of Heat Treatment during Pelleting on Metabolisable Energy Values of Chicken Diet
Get PDFReceived: 2015-11-02 | Accepted: 2015-11-26 | Available online: 2016-03-24dx.doi.org/10.15414/afz.2016.19.01.01-02Pelleting is the most prevalent heat treatment in the production of poultry feed. Metabolisable energy values of mash and steam pelleted complete maize-type broiler finisher diet was investigated in an experiment with 24 individually followed Ross hybrid male chickens. Altogether four balance periods were compared. Heat treatment significantly (P<0.001) increased classical metabolisable energy and nitrogen-corrected metabolisable energy values by 3.00 % and 2.99 %, respectively. Keywords: chickens, metabolisable energy, heat treatment of feedReferences AUCKLAND, J.N. and FULTON, R.B. (1972) The effect of dietary nutrient concentration, crumbles versus mash and age of dam on the growth of broiler chicks. Poultry Science, vol. 51, pp. 1968-1975. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.0511968BAYLEY, H.S., SUMMERS, J.D. and SLINGER, S.J. (1968a) The influence of steam pelleting conditions on the nutritional value of chick diets. Poultry Science, vol. 47, pp. 931-939. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.0470931BAYLEY, H.S., SUMMERS, J.D. and SLINGER, S.J. (1968b) The effect of steam pelleting feed ingredients on chick performance: Effect on phosphorus availability, metabolizable energy value and carcass composition. Poultry Science, vol. 47, pp. 1140-1148. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.0471140CALET, C. (1965) The relative value of pellets versus mash and grain in poultry nutrition. World´s Poultry Science Journal, vol. 21, pp. 23-52. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/WPS19650006HUSSAR, N. and ROBBLEE, A.R. (1962) Effects of pelleting on the utilization of feed by the growing chicken. Poultry Science, vol. 41, pp. 1489-1493. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.0411489MCINTOSH, J.I. et al., (1962) Factors affecting the metabolizable energy content of poultry feeds. Poultry Science, vol. 41, pp. 445-456. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.0410445NEGM, H.M. (1966) Die Verdaulichkeit des Hühnerfutters und ihre Beeinflussung durch Tiermaterial und Futterform. Stuttgart-Hohenheim: Institut für Tierzucht, Landesgeflügelanstalt der Landwirtschaftlichen Hochschule.REDDY, C.V. et al., (1961) Influence of pelleting on metabolizable and productive energy content of a complete diet for chicks. Poultry Science. vol. 40, p.1446.TITUS, H.W. et al. (1959) An evaluation of MCF (Micro-Cel-Fat), a new type of fat product. Poultry Science, vol. 38, pp. 1114-1119. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.0381114URDANETA-RINCON, M. et al. (2005) Apparent ilegal nitrogen digestability and apparent metabolizable energy corrected to zero nitrogen in broiler chickens fed textured diets and feed restricted at different ages. Revista Cientifica-Facultad De Ciencias Veterinarias, vol. 15, pp. 523-527
An innovation for organic crop production by compost fertilizer of Isfahan municipal’s waste as bionematicide and biofertilizer
Get PDFSugar beet cyst nematode (SBCN), Hederodera schachtii Schmidt. 1871, marked as one of the most damaging disease of sugar beet fields worldwide. Non chemical controls measures were carried out, using organic fertilizers including farm, poultry and green manure (waste cabbage leaves), compost (municipal’s waste products, 0.15 and 0.08 mm in size) and vermicomposting as the soil treatments at various rates against control (no treatments) in glass house and field highly infested with the nematode, SBCN in Isfahan, Iran. The related data on cysts final population, number of eggs and second larvae per cyst and per gram of soil were subjected to statistical analysis. The reproduction factor and the percent reduction and or increasing in population of nematode, SBCN were taken into consideration in comparison to initial populations. The results revealed that, poultry manure at the rate of 40 t ha-1 had the most and highly significant effects on the final population reduction in contrast to other ones, including controls. Followed by 0.15mm (60 t ha-1), compost 0.08 (60 t ha-1), poultry manure at the rate of 20 t ha-1, with no significant differences respectively. Vermicomposting, cabbage leaves and form manure treatments had the least effects on the final population reduction in sugar beet cyst nematode populations.Keywords: compost municipality wastes, cyst nematodes, organic matters, Isfahan, Ira
Leather Quality of Some Sudan Desert Sheep and Goats
Get PDFReceived: 2015-07-21 | Accepted: 2015-10-20 | Available online:2016-04-23dx.doi.org/10.15414/afz.2016.9.01.15-21This trial is aimed to study leather properties that produced from Sudan Desert sheep and goats in relation to breed type and age category. Thirty pieces of fresh sheep and goats skins were collected randomly (15 for each) during January 2015. The collected skins were tanned and the produced leather properties were studied. The Statistix 8 program for variance analysis was used for data analysis. The study samples were taken according to the Complete Randomized Design. Sheep leather results revealed that, lamb's skin was significantly (p≥0.05) produced better quality leather than ram's and ewe's skins in elongation %, tensile strength (kg/cm2), cracking load (kg), thickness (mm), tear load (kg/cm), flexibility and moisture%. While it was yielded leather with the same characteristics to ram's and ewe's leather in Ash%, fat % and chrome%. Leather properties [elongation %, tensile strength (kg/cm2), cracking load (kg), tear load (kg/cm), flexibility and Ash%] were significantly (p≥0.05) affected by breed variation. On the other hand thickness (mm), moisture%, fat % and chrome% were not significantly (p≥0.05) affected by breed. Ram's skin was produced better quality leather than ewe's skins. Goat's leather results revealed that, kid goat's skin was significantly (p≥0.05) produced better quality leather than bucks and doe's skin in tensile strength (kg/cm2), cracking load (kg), thickness (mm), tear load (kg/cm) and flexibility degree. But kids and buck's skins were produced the same quality leather in elongation % and moisture% with significant variation (p≥0.05) to doe's leather. Kid's skin yields leather with the same characteristics to buck's and doe's leather in Ash%, fat % and chrome%. Generally Desert goats produce slightly better quality leather than Nubian goats. Leather prosperities [cracking load (kg), tear load (kg/cm), and Ash%] were significantly (p≥0.05) affected by breed variation. Elongation%, tensile strength (kg/cm2), thickness (mm), moisture%, fat %, flexibility and chrome% were not significantly (p≥0.05) affected by goats breed. Keywords: leather quality, Kabashi, desert sheep, Nubian goats, desert goats, SudanReferences ABUSUWAR, A.O., AHMED, E.O. and BLAL, A.M. (2012). Effect of Feeding Treated Groundnut Hulls with Molasses on Performance of Desert Sheep during Late Summer in Arid Rangelands of Western Sudan. International Journal of Theoretical & Applied Sciences, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 122-127.AGEEB, A.A. (1992). Production and reproduction characteristics of a flock of Baggara goats of Southern Kordofan. Sud. J.Anim. prod., vol. 5, pp.1-24.ALI, M.A.M., et al. (2014). Pre-weaning Body Measurements and Performance of Desert Sheep (Tribal Subtypes Hamari and Kabashi) Lambs of Kordofan Region, Sudan. Malaysian Society of Animal Production. Mal. J. Anim. Sci., vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 35-45.BABEKER, E.A. and ELMANSOURY Y.H.A. (2013). Observations concerning haematological profile and certain biochemical in Sudanese desert goat. Journal of Animal and Feed Research, vol. 3, no. 1, pp.80-86.CRAIG, A.S., EIKENBERRY, E.F. and PARRY, D.A.D. (1987). Ultrastructural organization of skin: classification on the basis of mechanical role. Connective Tissue Research, vol. 116, pp. 213–223.DASKIRAN, I., KOR, A. and BINGOL, M. (2006). Slaughter and carcass characteristics of Norduz male kids raised in either intensive or pasture conditions. Pakistan J. Nut, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 274-277.DEVENDRA, C. and COOP, I.E. (1982). Ecology and distribution of sheep and goat. world aninal Science. In: Coop, I.E (e. d.) Sheep and goat production, vol. 3. New York: Elsevier, pp. 1-14.DEVENDRA, C. and MCLEORY, G.B. (1987). Goat and sheep production in the Tropics. Intermediate Tropical Agriculture Series, London: Longman.EBRAHIEM, M.A., GALALLYN, H.A. and BASHIR, A.Y. (2015a). Skin/Leather Quality of Some Sudan Goats under Range Condition. Global Journal of Animal Scientific Research, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 329-336.EBRAHIEM, M.A., et al. (2015b). The effect of breed on Skin/Leather Quality of Sudan Desert Sheep. Global Journal of Animal Scientific Research, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 6-10.EL-HAG, F.M., et al. (2007). Supplementary feeding to improve Desert sheep productivity under dryland farming. Trop. Sci., vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 26-32.EL-HAG, F.M., FADLALLA, B. and MUKHRAR, H.K. (2001). Some production characteristics of Sudanese Desert sheep under range condition in North Kordofan, Sudan. Trop. Anim. Heal. and Prod., vol. 33, pp. 229-239.FAO (1999). Production Yearbook: volume 52. Rome: FAO.GALL, C. (1996). Goat breeds of the world. C.T. A. Weikersheim: Margraf Verlag.GOMEZ, K., and GOMEZ, A.A. (1984). Statistical procedure for the agriculture research. 2. ed. New York: Wiley and Sons.ISO2418 (2002). International Standards Organization. Leather chemical, physical and mechanical and fastness tests-Sampling location. ISO3376 (2002). International Standards Organization. Leather physical and mechanical tests – Determination of tensile strength and percentage extension. ISO3377-1 (2002). International Standards Organization. Leather physical and mechanical tests – Determination of tear load – Part 1: Single edge tear. ISO3378 (2002). International Standards Organization. Leather – Physical and mechanical tests – Determination of resistance to grain cracking and grain crack index. ISO4044 (2008). International Standards Organization. Leather chemical tests preparation of chemical test samples. ISO5398-1 (2007). International Standards Organization. Leather chemical determination of chromic oxide content – Part 1: Quantification by titration. ISO5402 (2002). International Standards Organization. Leather physical and mechanical tests – Determination of flex resistance by flexometer method.JACINTO, M.A.C., DA SILVA, S.A.G. and COSTA, R.G. (2005). Anatomic and structural characteristics of wool and non-wool sheep (Ovis aries L.) in regard to the physico-mechanical aspects of the leather. Brazilian Journal of Animal Science, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 1001-1008.MUKHTAR, H.K. (1985). Constraints to desert sheep production in the sedentary and nomadic systems of North Kordofan. In: M.E. Lazim (ed.), Annual Research Report (1984–85), (El-Obeid Research Station, Agricultural Research Corporation (ARC), Wad Medani, Sudan), pp: 40-55.MCLEROY, G.B. (1961). The sheep of Sudan ecotype and tribal breeds. Sudan J. Vet. Sci. and Husbandry, vol. 2, pp. 101-161.OLIVEIRA, R.J.F., et al. (2007). Influence of genotype on physico-mechanical characteristics of goat and sheep leather. Small Ruminant Research, vol. 73, no. 13, pp. 181-185.PASSMAN, A. and SUMNER, R.M.W. (1983). Sumner Effects of breed and level of feeding on leather production from 18-month-old weathers. New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture vol. 11, pp. 47-52.SALEHI, M., et al. (2014). Effects of type, sex and age on goat skin and leather characteristics. Animal Production Science, vol. 54, pp. 638-644.SARKAR, K.T. (1991). Hide and skins processing technique. In: How to processing raw hide and skins in the tannery. Madrus: Indian Leather Producer Association.SLTC (1965). Society of Leather Trades Chemists. Official methods of analysis. 4. rev. ed. Redbourn: Society of leather trades chemists.SSMO1 (2004). Sudanese Standard and Meterology Organization. Leather standards: for garment leather. Khartoum..SSMO2 (2008). Sudanese Standard and Meterology Organization Leather standards: for vegetable and chrome tanned upper leather. Khartoum.SSMO3 (2008). Sudanese Standard and Meterology Organization. Leather standards: for lining leather. Khartoum.SUDHA TB, et al. (2009). Comfort, Chemical, Mechanical, and Structural Properties of Natural and Synthetic Leathers Used for Apparel. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 114, pp. 1761-1767.STATISTIX 8 (2007). For the Plant Materials Program. Version 2.0. United States Department of Agriculture (USAD) and Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). USA.TEKLEBRHAN, T., URGE, M. and MEKASHA, Y. (2012). Skin/leather quality of indigenous and crossbred (Dorper × Indigenous) F1 sheep. Dire Dawa: Haramaya University, School of Animal and Range Sciences.TIBIN, I.M., SALAH, S.A. and NOOR, I.A. (2010).Effect of management and feed supplementation on the reproductive performance of Hammari sheep under range conditions in North Kordofan, Sudan. In: Tropentag 2010: ETH Zurich, September 14-16, 2010, Conference on International Research on Food Security, Natural Resource Management and Rural Development. WILSON, T. (1991). Small ruminant production and the small ruminant genetic resource in tropical Africa. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper, no. 88, p. 181.YEHIA, E. (2002). Ecology of some herbaceous forage in North Kordofan. M.Sc. Thesis. Khartoum: Institute of Environmental Studies, University of Khartoum.YOUSIF, A. and FADL EL-MOULA, A. (2006). Characterization of Kenana cattle breed and its production environment. Food and Agriculture Organization. Agri., vol. 38, pp. 47-56
The Influence of Sex and Hybrid on the Fattening Parameters of Pigs
Get PDFIn the experiment, we investigated the effect of the hybrid combination and sex on the fattening parameters of pigs fed with the same feed. The analyzed group consisted of 27 animals. We used the final hybrids of BU x L x PIC and BU x PIC for the testing purposes. Feeding pigs with the mixture was the same for all the tested pigs. We evaluated the average daily gain (ADG) in grams (g), feed consumption ratio (FCR) in kilograms (kg), number of feeding days (FD) in two growth phases: Phase 1 - piglets (from weaning to 25 kg), Phase 2 - test (30-100 kg). The pigs of the hybrid combination LW x L x PIC (ADG – 533.6 g, p<0.01) had a higher intensity of growth after weaning, but the PIC x LW hybrid combination achieved a better efficiency of feed utilization (FCR – 1.56 kg, p<0.05). The sex differences were not statistically significant. During the growth period from 30 to 100 kg, better fattening parameters were reached by the hybrid LW x PIC (bigger ADG - 975.8 g, a smaller number of FD - 72.3, p<0.01). The differences regarding the FCR factor between the hybrids were not statistically significant. Better fattening parameters from 30 to 100 kilograms were achieved by barrows (ADG - 929.6 g, p<0.05; FD - 76.9, p<0.01; FCR - 2.69 kg, insignificant) in comparison to gilts. This work has been created with the support of KEGA 006SPU-4/2014 and VEGA 1/0818/16.Keywords: crossbreed, growth, sex, pig
Bio-economic Models for Efficient Dairy Cattle Breeding
Get PDFThe objective of this study was to define the main principles when the economic weights of traits are defined to be applicate in dairy cattle breeding. The competitive farming is a function of additive genetic values of traits weighted with economic values. For the calculation of economic values, the bio-economic models are mostly used. These models should reflect the production circumstances of evaluated production systems and be flexible to fit other production situations. Except of the production traits, the functional traits and traits for feed intake utilization are very important for the sustainable production. The environmental benefits (e. g. reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, welfare) should be mentioned as well. Results based on the bio-economic models provide the first information whether the breeding goal for cattle would be redefined. Moreover, flexibility of the bio-economic models enables to evaluate the breeding goals for different customer groups and for different cattle breeds. They are beneficial tools for comprehensive evaluation of the economic values for the most important traits in cattle and in sheep