Acta Fytotechnica et Zootechnica Online (Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra)
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The nutritive value of selected commercial dry dog foods
Get PDFReceived: 2015-11-03 | Accepted: 2015-11-06 | Available online: 2016-03-24dx.doi.org/10.15414/afz.2016.19.01.25-28The goal of this study was to analysed and compared the nutrients content of dry dog foods with nutrient content, which is declared by the manufacturer of the dry dog foods. 15 dry dog foods bought in the Slovak republic were analysed for dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, nitrogen free extract and ash concentration. Nutrients analysis of dry dog foods were realised in Laboratory of Quality and Nutritional Value of Feeds. We found, that only 6 from 15 dry dog food samples were in interval ± 5% from declared crude protein concentration; no sample was in interval ± 5% from declared crude fat concentration; only 2 from 15 dry dog food samples were in interval ± 5% from declared crude fiber concentration; only 4 from 15 dry dog food samples were in interval ± 5% from declared ash concentration. Analysed dry dog food samples have very different nutritive value in comparison to declared nutritive value on bale. The highest shortage was detected by the fat concentration. The highest excess was detected by the fiber concentration.Keywords: dogs, dry food, nutrients concentration, evaluationReferencesALVAREZ, E. and SANCHEZ, P. (2006) Dietary fiber. Nutrición Hospitalaria, vol. 21, Suppl., pp. 60-71.BAUER, J.E. 2006. Facilitative and functional fats in diets of cats and dogs. In Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, vol. 229, pp. 680-684.CASE, L. et al. (2011). Canine and Feline Nutrition: a resource for companion animal professionals. 3. ed. Missouri: Elsevier.HANUŠOVSKÝ, O. (2014). Changes in minerals in colostrum of sows. In XX. scientific conference of students of Faculty of agrobiology and food resources. Nitra 23.4.2014. Nitra: Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, pp. 29 (in Slovak).HARLOW, J. (1997) US pet food trends. Proceedings of the pet food forum. Chicago: Watts Publishing, pp. 355-364.HERKEĽ, R., VARGA, B. and MAJLÁT, M. (2014). The analysis of fatty acids content in different plant oils. In IX. Scientific conference of PhD.-students with international participation. Nitra 14.11.2014. Nitra: Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, pp. 34-37.KALLFELZ, F.A. (1989) Evaluation and use of pet foods: general consideration in using pet foods for adult maintenance. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, vol. 19, pp. 387-403.KRONFELD, D.S. (1982) Protein quality and amino acid profiles of common dog foods. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, vol. 18, pp. 679-683.LASEK, O., MILEJSKA, P. and KOWALSKI, Z.M. (2013) The use of gas-test techniques to study the fermentation process in the intestines of dogs. In DORSZEWSKI, P. et al. (eds.) Proc. conf. XLII Scientific Conference CAN CAS PAS. Bydgoszcz 18-20.9.2013. Bydgoszcz: University of Technology and Life Science, pp. 165-166.MUDŘÍK, Z. et al. (2014). Specification of calculating the energy needs for dogs used for a dogtrekking and canicross. In Lazar days of nutrition and veterinary dietetics XI. Košice 2-3.9.2014. Košice: University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, pp. 179-182. (in Czech).PÍŠOVÁ, A. 2015. Organic matter digestibility of corn silage for horses. In XXI. scientific conference of students of Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources. Nitra 22.4.2015. Nitra: Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, pp. 48 (in Slovak).SAMUELSON, A.C. and CUTTER, G.R. (1991) Dog biscuits: an aid in canine tartar control. The Journal of Nutrition, vol. 121, pp. S162.TVAROŽKOVÁ, K. (2015) Evaluation of the nutritional content of the granules and comparison of the composition of selected rations for dogs. In XXI. scientific conference of students of Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources. Nitra 22.4.2015. Nitra: Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, pp. 49 (in Slovak).TVRDÁ, E. et al. (2013) Mineral nutrients and male fertility. Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Food Science, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1-14. VARGA, B. (2014) Profile of fatty acids in olive and hemp oils. In XX. scientific conference of students of Faculty of agrobiology and food resources. Nitra 23.4.2014. Nitra: Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, pp. 40 (in Slovak).Regulation of the Slovak Ministry of Agriculture no. 2145 / 2004 - 100 (2004) about sampling of feeds and about laboratory testing and evaluation of feeds, pp. 342 (in Slovak)
Productivity and technical efficiency of organic farming – A literature survey
Get PDFThe following article summarizes the findings of 30 studies on efficiency and productivity of organic farming systems. In a lot of studies organic farms shows a lower productivity than conventional farms, however, we cannot find evidence for a systematic lower efficiency. Environmental variables (if included) show a strong impact on efficiency and productivity of organic farms. We finally discuss conclusions from the productivity and efficiency literature.Keywords: technical efficiency, productivity, organic farming, environmental efficienc
Evaluation Of The Two Model Biocorridors In Soth-West Part Of Slovakia In Agricultural Landscape
No full textReceived: 2016-05-12 | Accepted: 2016-06-13 | Available online: 2016-12-22http://dx.doi.org/10.15414/afz.2016.19.04.139-143The aim of the research is to evaluate two different models of biocorridors in south-west part of Slovakia in intensively utilizedagricultural landscape. The first biocorridor is a part of fragmented alluvial softwood forest along the Žitava’s river in its unregulatedpart in cadastral territory Horný Ohaj, district Vráble. This biocorridor should be the representative biocorridor by its structureand plant composition in its area. The second biocorridor is biocorridor composed by Robinia pseudoacacia L. in the village Báb,district Nitra. The research analyzes the structure of the selected biocorridors by using the methods of phytocoenology, evaluatefunctional integrity by monitoring of their spatial parameters in terrain and by processing maps in the AutoCAD program. At thebase of phytocoenological report evaluates occurence of alien species.Keywords: agricultural landscape, alien species, alluvial forest, biocorridor, invasive plants, phytocoenologyReferencesAct of the National Council of the Slovak Republic no. 543/2002 on Nature and Landscape Protection (in Slovak).BARANEC, T. et al. (2007) The structure of a certain types of biocorridors in agricultural landscape In The Tree and Flower – a Part of Life. Průhonice, 4. – 5. of September 2007. Průhonice: The Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and ornamental Gardening, pp. 115−118 (in Slovak).BRAUN-BLANQUET, J. (1964) Pflanzensoziologie, Grundzüge der Vegetationskunde. 3rd ed. Wien: Springer Verlag (in German).DEMO, M., BIELEK, P. and HRONEC, O. (1999) Sustainable development: Life within the carrying capacity of the biosphere. Nitra – Bratislava: SPU Nitra and Soil Science and Conservation Research Institute in Bratislava (in Slovak).GÁBRIŠ, Ľ. et al. (1998) Protection and formation of Environment in Agriculture. Nitra: SPU Nitra (in Slovak).GÁLIS, M. and STRAŇÁK, J. (2013 a) Non-native plant species in bank vegetation of water areas and their surrounding in cadastral area of Koš village (Hornonitrianska kotlina). In Acta Universitatis Matthiae Belii series Environmental Management, Banská Bystrica: Faculty of Natural Sciences Matej Bel University Banská Bystrica, vol. XV, no. 2, 2013, pp. 48−56.GÁLIS, M. and STRAŇÁK, J. (2013 b) Non-native plant species of contact area of Nitra city. In Acta Universitatis Matthiae Belii series Environmental Management, Banská Bystrica: Faculty of Natural Sciences Matej Bel University Banská Bystrica, vol. XV, no. 1., pp. 49-56.KRAMÁROVÁ, J. (2004) The current occurrence and spreading of invasive plant species along the Hron River. In Almanac of contributions from international scientific conference in Nitra, 11. – 12. of November 2004. Nitra: Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, pp. 65−67. (in Slovak).MARHOLD, K. and HINDÁK, F. (1998) Checklist of Non-Vascular and Vascular Plants of Slovakia. Bratislava: Veda (in Slovak).MEDVECKÁ, J., KLIMENT, J., MÁJEKOVÁ, J., HALADA, Ľ., ZALIBEROVÁ, M., GOJDIČOVÁ, E., FERÁKOVÁ, V. and JAROLÍMEK, I. (2012) Inventory of the alien flora of Slovakia. Preslia, vol. 84, pp. 257−309.MUELLER-DOMBOISE, D. and ELLENBERG, H. (2003) Aims and methods of vegetation ecology. New Jersey: The Blackburn Press.PYŠEK, P. and PRACH, K. (1993) Plant Invasions and the Role of Riparian Habitats: A Comparison of Four Species Alien to Central Europe. Journal of Biogeography, vol. 20 (4), pp. 413−420.PYŠEK, P. and PRACH, K. (1994) How Important are Rivers in Supporting Plant Invasions? In: WAAL, L.C. CHILD, L.E., WADE, P.M. and BROCK, J.H. (eds.) Ecology and Management of Invasive Riverside Plants. Chichester: John Wiley, pp. 19−26.REHÁČKOVÁ, T. et al. (2007) Forest fragments in build-up area of Bratislava. Bratislava: Cicero (in Slovak).RUŽIČKOVÁ, J., ŠÍBL, J. et al. (2000) Ecological networks in lansdscape. Nitra – Bratislava: Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra (in Slovak).SÄUMEL, I. and KOWARIK, I. (2010) Urban rivers as dispersal corridors for primarily wind-dispersed invasive tree species. Landscape and Urban Planning, vol. 94, pp. 244−249.SUPUKA, J. (2005) Application of woody plants in agricultural landscape design. In Autochthonous dendroflora and its application in landscape. Zvolen: Technical University in Zvolen, pp. 50−60.ŠARAPATKA, B. et al. (2008) Agriculture and Landscape: Ways towards mutual harmony. Olomouc: Palacký University Olomouc (in Czech).ŠÍBL, J., KLINDA, J. and LISICKÝ, M. J. (2000) Nature protection and care of protected areas. Nitra – Bratislava: SPU and Prírodovedecká fakulta UK (in Slovak).ŠTRBA, P. (2015) Notes on altitudinal distribution of selected Polygonales species in the Western Carpathians. Acta Carpathica Occidentalis, vol. 6, pp. 77−83.ŠTRBA, P. and GOGOLÁKOVÁ, A. (2008) The changes of vertical plant distribution in West Carpathians Mountains. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A − Molecular & Integrative Physiology, vol. 150, no. 3, pp. 172−172.ŠTRBA, P. and KOSÁR, G. (2012) Diversity of vascular plants in agricultural landscape of central part of Žitný ostrov region. In Biodiversity in agricultural landscape and ecosystem. International conference of the project REVERSE−INTERREG IVC. Piešťany: 13th of June 2012. Piešťany: Centre of plant production Piešťany, pp. 13−16 (in Slovak).ZLATNÍK, A. (1978) Forest phytocoenology. Praha: Státní zemědělské nakladatelství (in Czech).ŽABKA, M., ĎURIŠOVÁ, Ľ. and ELIÁŠ, P. jun. (2015) Spreading of alien species in disturbed area: a case of study from Opatovce nad Nitrou (SW Slovakia). Thaiszia – Journal of Botany, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 143−151
Antioxidant potential in selected species of small berry fruits
Get PDFIn our research, the antiradical activity (% inhibition DPPH) as quality indicator of selected species of small berry fruits were observed. The analysis of their antiradical activity have shown that the highest values of inhibition of DPPH were found in blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) (78.95 %) and lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) (68.89 %). The lowest values were found in bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) from area Stará Ľubovňa (50.54 %) and red currant (Ribes rubrum L.) (51.51 %). Between all selected species were recorded statistically significant difference (P < 0.01). Generally, small berries are consumed because of their attractive colour and special taste. The objective of this research is to highlight on their the health benefits because are considered one group of the richest sources of natural antioxidants with higher antiradical activity.Keywords: small berries, antiradical activity, antioxidants, DPP
Patulin - a Contaminant of Food and Feed : a review
Get PDFReceived: 2015-07-28 | Accepted: 2016-02-18 | Available online: 2016-05-30dx.doi.org/10.15414/afz.2016.19.02.64-67Contamination of food and agricultural commodities by various types of toxigenic molds (fungi) is a serious and widely neglected problem. Poor harvesting practices, improper drying, handling, packaging, storage and transport conditions contribute to fungal growth and increase the risk of mycotoxin production. Patulin is a toxic chemical contaminant produced by several species of mold. It is the most common mycotoxin found in apples, apricots, grapes, grape fruit, peaches, pears, olives and cereals. Patulin has been reported to be a genotoxic, reprotoxic, embryotoxic, and immunosuppressive compound. Further research needs to be focused on the generation of data dealing with epidemiological and toxicity effects, especially in humans.Keywords: mycotoxin, patulin, toxicityReferences Arici, M. (2000) Patulin production of penicillium isolates from fermented olives in a synthetic medium. Ernahrung, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 257-259.Armentia, A., et al. (2000) Monitoring for presence of patulin in Apple juices and ciders sold in the Basque Country. Alimentarisa, vol. 310, pp. 65-70.Askar, A. and Siliha, H. (1999) Patulin in Apple juice and children´s Apple food. Part 1. Toxicological and legal aspects. Fruit Processing, vol. 9, pp. 74-77.Bennet, J. W. and Klich, M. (2003) Mycotoxins. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, vol. 16, no 3, pp. 497 516. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.16.3.497-516.2003Berreta, B. et al. (2000) Patulin in Apple-based foods: Occurence and safety evaluation. Food Aditives and Contaminants, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 399-406. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/026520300404815Bhat, R., Rai, R. and Karima A. (2010) Mycotoxins in Food and Feed: Present Status and Future Concerns. In Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 57-81. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-4337.2009.00094.xBirkinshaw, J.H. et al. (1943) Patulin in the common cold collaborative research on a derivative of Penicillium patulum Bainer. II. Biochemistry and Chemistry. Lancet, vol. 242, no. 6273, p. 652.Chalmers, I. and Clarke, M. (2004) The 1944 patulin trial: The first properly controlled multicentre trial conducted under the aegis of the British Medical Research Council. International Journal in Epidemiology, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 253-260.Ciegler, A., Detroy, R.W. and Lilleloj, E.B. (1971) Patulin, penicillic acid and other carcinogenic lactones. In Ciegler A. – Kadis, S. – Ajl, S.J. Microbial toxins. New York: Academic Press,Ciegler, A. (1977) Patulin. In Rodricks, V. – Hesseltine, C. W. – Mehlman, M. A. Mycotoxins in human and animal health. Park Forest South: Pathotox Publishers.Cunha, S.C. et al. (2014) Patulin assessment and fungi identification in organic and conventional fruits and derived products. In Food Control, vol. 44, pp. 185-190. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.03.043Dailey, R. E., Blaschka, A. M. and Brouwer, E. A. (1977) Absorption, distribution, and excretion of 14C-patulin by rats. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 479-489. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15287397709529580Deshpande, S.S. (2002) Handbook of Food Toxicology. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 920 p.Drusch, S. and Ragab, W. (2003) Mycotoxins in fruits, fruit juices, and dried fruits. Journal of Food Protection, vol. 66, no. 8, pp. 1514-1527.Escuoa, L., More, J. and Baradat, C. (1977) The toxins by Bysochlamys nivea Westling. I. Acute toxicity of patulin in adult rats and mice. Annales de recherches veterinaires, vol. 8, pp. 41-49.FAO and WHO. (1995) Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. WHO Technological report series, pp. 1-54.Fliege, R. and Metzler, M. (1999) The mycotoxin patulin induces intra- and intercllular amino groups crosslinks in vitro invilving cysteine, lysine and histidine side chains, and alpha-amino goups. Chemico-Biological Interactions, vol. 123, pp. 85-103. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2797(99)00123-4Gokmen, E. and Acar, V. (2000) Long-term survey of patulin in Apple juice concentrates produced in Turkey. Food Aditives and Contaminants, vol. 17, no. 11, pp. 933-936. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/026520300750038117Hayes, A. W. et al. (1979) Acute toxicity of patulin in mice and rats. Toxicology, vol. 13, no. 2, p. 91-100. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0300-483x(79)80014-1Hopkins, J. (1993) The toxicological hazards of patulin. In Food and Chemical Toxicology, vol. 31, no. 6, p. 455-456. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-6915(93)90163-sIARC. (1986) Some naturally occuring and synthetic food components, furocoumarins and ultraviolet radiation. In IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, pp. 40.Ito, R. et al. (2004) Development of liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry for the determination of patulin in Apple juice: investigation of its contamination levels in Japan. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 52, no 25, p. 7464-7468. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf049264lJackson, L. and Dombrink-Kurtzman, M. A. (2006) In Sapers, G. M. – Gorny, J. R. – Yousef, A. E. Patulin in microbiology of fruits and vegetables. Atlanta: CRC Press, p. 281-301. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420038934.ch13JECFA (Joint FAO/WHOExpert Committee on Food Additives and Contaminant). (1996) Toxicological Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants. In WHO Food Aditives Series, pp. 35Kadakal, C. and Nas, S. (2002) Effect of activated charcoal on patulin levels in Apple cider. In Nahrung, vol. 46, pp. 31-33. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-3803(20020101)46:13.0.co;2-dMcKinley, E. R. and Carlton, W. W. (1991) Patulin. In Sharma, E. – Salunkhe, D. K. Mycotoxins and Phytoalexins. Atlanta: CRC Press.Moreau, C. (2002) Co-occurence of patulin and citrinin in Portugeúese apples with rotten spots. Food Aditives and Contaminants, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 568-574.Moss, M. O. and Long, M. T. 2002. Fate of patulin in the presence of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Food Aditives and Contaminants, vol. 19, no. 4, pp.387-399. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652030110091163Munkvold G.P. (2003) Cultural and genetic approaches to managing mycotoxins in maize. Annual Review of Phytopathology, vol. 41, pp. 99-116. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.41.052002.095510Puel, O., Galtier, P. and Oswald, I.P. (2010) Biosynthesis and toxicological effects of Patulin. Toxins, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 613-631. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins2040613Roll, R., Matthiaschk, G. and Korte, A. (1990) Embryotoxicity and mutagenicity of mycotoxins. Journal of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology and Oncology, vol. 10, no. 1-2, pp. 1-7.Rychlik, M. (2005) Quantification of the Mycotoxin Patulin in Foods. Nutrition, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 9-15.Selmangolu, G. and Kockaya, E. A. (2004) Investigation of the efects of patulin on thyroid and testis, and hormone levels in growing male rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology, vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 721-727.Selmangolu, G. (2006) Evaluation of the reproductive toxicity of patulin in growing male rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology, vol. 44, no. 12, p. 2019-2024. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2006.06.022Sharma, R. P. (1993) Immunotoxicity of mycotoxins. Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 76, no. 3, pp. 892-897. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(93)77415-9Singh, J. (1967) Patulin. In Gotlieb, D. – Shaw, P. D. Antibiotics. Mechanisms of Action. New York: Springer Verlag, pp. 621-635. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-38439-8_47Stott, W. T. and Bullerman, L. B. (1975) Patulin: a mycotoxin of potential concern in foods. Journal of Milk and Food Technology, vol. 28, no. 11, pp. 695-698.Trucksess, M. W. and Tang, Y. (2001) Solid phase extraction method for patulin in apple juice and unfiltered apple juice. In Trucksess, M. W. – Pohland, A.F. Mycotoxins Protocols. Totowa: Humana Press, pp. 205-2013.Verger, P. et al. (1999) Identification of risk groups for intake of food chemicals. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, vol. 30, no. 2 Pt 2, pp. S103-S108. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/rtph.1999.1334Woutera, M. F. and Speijers, G. J. A. (1996) Toxicological evaluation of certain food aditives and contaminants in food. Food Aditive Series, vol. 35, pp. 377-402.Yurdun, T., Omurtag, G.Z. and Ersoy, O. (2001) Incidence of patulin in Apple juices merkered in Turkey. 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Field spectroscopy for precision organic production
Get PDFField spectroscopy performs non-destructive chemical measurements without manipulating the measured materials, while providing the possibility of a broad spatial overview and a high temporal flexibility of measurements. High-resolution remote sensing applications can consolidate sustainable, prevention- and precision-oriented crop management strategies by decreasing their production risks. In this short communication technical aspects and research focuses of high resolution remote sensing in context of sustainable agricultural applications are presented. More detailed we focus on narrow band indications in the range of 400–1100 nm which are anticipated to become the basis of the next generation of commercialized agricultural sensors due to their cost-efficiency, non-saturating behavior and high sensitivity. Non-scanning snapshot hyperspectral imaging spectroscopy may enable researchers to overcome the gap in the “point-pixel-image”-upscaling of proximal remote sensing, while providing a flexible solution for regular field applications such as soil and/or physiological vegetation paremeters.Keywords: field spectroscopy, proximal sensing, sensors, precision farmin
The quality of farm-scale alfalfa silages
Get PDFReceived: 2015-11-03 | Accepted: 2016-01-29 | Available online: 2016-05-30dx.doi.org/10.15414/afz.2016.19.02.54-58The aim of the work was to determine the nutritive and fermentation quality of farm-scale alfalfa silages from West part of Slovakia, analyzed in 2014 on the Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra. In alfalfa silages, we found the average dry mater content 372.66 g.kg-1, while 30 % of samples had lower dry mater content than 350 g.kg-1. Only 15 % of samples had higher content of crude protein than 200 g. We don't found content of ADF lower than 300 g.kg-1 of DM in any sample. In alfalfa silages was higher content of NDF than 37.5 % in 70 % of alfalfa silages. The lactic acid content was higher than 10 g of the original mater in all samples except one, ranged from 0.73 to 14.67 % on a dry matter basis. Average content of acetic acid was 29.82 g.kg-1 of DM. Undesirable butyric acid was found in 35 % of samples with average content 8.44 g.kg-1 of DM, with maximal content 108.25 g.kg-1 of DM.Keywords: alfalfa, silage, nutritive value, fermentation, qualityReferencesBaumont, R. (1996) Palatability and feeding behaviour in ruminants. A review. Annales de Zootechnie, vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 385-400. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/animres:19960501Bíro, D. et al. (2010) Influence of bacterial-enzyme additive on fermentation process of faba bean, alfalfa and oat mixture silages. In Forage Conservation. Brno 17-19.3. 2010. Brno: Mendel University, pp. 145-147.Bíro, D. et al. (2014) Conservation and Adjustment of Feed. Nitra: Slovak University of Agriculture (in Slovak).Daniel, J. L. P. et al. (2013) Performance of dairy cows fed high levels of acetic acid or ethanol. Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 96, no. 1, pp. 398-406. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2012-5451Doležal, P. et al. (2012) Feed Conservation. Olomouc: Petr Baštan (in Czech).Gerlach, K. et al. (2014) Aerobic exposure of grass silages and its impact on dry matter intake and preference by goats. Small Ruminant Research, vol. 117, no. 2-3, pp. 131-141. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2013.12.033Huhtanen, P. et al. (2002) Prediction of the relative intake potential of grass silage by dairy cows. Livestock Production Science, vol. 73, no. 2-3, pp. 111-130. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(01)00279-2Charmley, E. (2001) Towards improved silage quality. A review. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, vol. 81, no. 2, pp. 157-168. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/CJAS10071Jendrišáková, S. (2010) Determination of protein digestible in intestine by NIRS-method in forages for ruminants. Acta fytotechnica et zootechnica, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 54-57. Retrieved from http://www.slpk.sk/acta/docs/2010/afz02-10/jendrisakova.pdfKung, L. and Shaver, R. (2001) Interpretation and use of silage fermentation analysis reports. Focus on Forage, vol. 3, no. 13, pp.1-5.Kung, L. (2010) Understanding the biology of silage preservation to maximize quality and protect the environment. In Proceedings, 2010 California Alfalfa & Forage Symposium and Corn/Cereal Silage Conference. Visalia, California 1-2. 12. 2010. University of California, pp. 1-14.Mitrík, T. (2010) Evaluation of quality and nutritive value of forage : Ph.D. Thesis. Košice: University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy,. pp.126-130.Muck R. E., Moser, L. E. and Pitt, R. E. (2003) Postharvest factors affecting ensiling. In: Buxton, D. et al. (eds) Silage Science and Technology. No. 42 in the series Agronomy. Madison: Wisconsin, pp. 251-304.Pajtáš, M. et al. (2009) Nutrition and animal feeding. Nitra: Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra (in Slovak).Petrikovič, P. et al. (2000) Nutritive value of feed I. part. Nitra: Research institute of animal production (in Slovak).Rajčáková, Ľ. and Mlynár, R. (2009) The principles of use of the potential of silage and preservative additives in the production of high quality and hygienically safe conserved feed. [Online]. Retrieved May 29, 2015 from http://www.cvzv.sk/pdf/Konzervacia-a-silazovanie-krmiv/Silazovanie-metodicka%20prirucka.pdf (in Slovak).Regulation of the Government of Slovak Republic no. 439/2006, appendix no.7, part G, Nutritive value of feeds (in Slovak).Regulation of the Slovak Ministry of Agriculture no. 2136/2004-100 about sampling of feeds and about laboratory testing and evaluation of feeds. (in Slovak).SAS Institute Inc. (2008) SAS/STAT® 9.2 User's Guide. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.Seglar, B. (2003) Fermentation analysis and silage quality testing. In Proceedings of the Minnesota Dairy Health Conference College of Veterinary Medicine. University of Minnesota, pp.119-136. [Online]. Retrieved May 29, 2015 from http://www.cvm.umn.edu/dairy/prod/groups/cvm/@pub/@cvm/documents/asset/cvm_22260.pdfShaver, R. D. 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Educational innovations in agroecology: Learning-centred open-ended cases
Get PDFOpen-ended cases present students with learning situations where a particular dilemma on the farm or in the community food system has not been resolved. With minimal but focused prior preparations, students interview farmers and food system stakeholders to build context for the case and to discover the philosophy, goals, and major challenges faced by clients. Student teams build a rich picture of the current reality, including major elements, interactions, and driving forces both internal and external. Instead of reaching prescriptive recommendations, students develop multiple potential future scenarios that could be used by stakeholders to resolve the situation, and evaluate a priori the most likely outcomes of following each scenario. These are presented back to the farmer or community, and a visioning session is held to bring all the players to the table and decide on the most constructive future course of action. We have found this method to be highly stimulating to students, as they work in a team with instructors and clients to plan a desirable future. Students report that the learning experience has been valuable to their subsequent thesis research as well as contributing to their effectiveness on jobs after the university.Keywords: agroecology, systems learning, action learning, education for responsible action, organic farming system
Micronucleus assay in genotoxicity assessment
Get PDFThree different pesticide formulations were tested for micronuclei production and cell cycle arrest. Micronucleus test represents a suitable method for assessing chromosome damage because both chromosome breakage (clastogenicity) and chromosome loss (aneugenicity) can be measured simultaneously. In the experiments for 24 and/or 48 h exposure, no significant increase (p < 0.05) in MN frequency was found in comparison with negative control. On the contrary, the values of CBPI (cytochalasin blocked proliferative index) were significantly reduced in a dose dependent manner (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.001) for both exposure time. Our results indicated an expressive cytotoxic effect of various pesticides in cultivated bovine peripheral lymphocytes
The egg parasitoid Telenomus sp. as a novel biocontrol agent to prevent the cabbage moth
Get PDFThis work, which is part of a project called Biocomes (www.biocomes.eu), focuses on the control of the cabbage moth Mamestra brassicae (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) through mass release of the egg parasitoid Telenomus sp. (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). In the first year of the project we conducted different experiments to undercover aspects of the biology of this egg parasitoid that could help the creation of an efficient rearing system. Parallel we developed a species specific primer for the molecular species determination. Here we will present the most important results.Keywords: Telenomus sp., biological control, biology, primer developmen