Acta Fytotechnica et Zootechnica Online (Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra)
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Candidate genes for congenital malformations in pigs
Full text linkReceived: 2021-06-07 | Accepted: 2021-06-21 | Available online: 2021-12-31https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.04.309-314Congenital malformations occur in numerous pig breeding programs. Clinical symptoms, etiopathogenesis and candidate genes of the most critical congenital malformations in pigs were briefly overviewed in the study. Based on the recent literature, identifying and evaluating the genomic regions associated with defects, such as splay legs syndrome, hernias, cryptorchidism, atresia ani, kyphosis, intersexuality, and malignant melanoma, can enhance the selection response. As promising genes were published e.g. NREP, FBXO32, and HOMER1 for splay leg syndrome, SRC, OSM, COL family, and CGRP for hernias, GNRHR, GATA2, and RLF for cryptorchidism, and GLI2 for atresia ani. Potential candidate genes associated with defects were mainly detected in literature by the genome-wide association approach. Reviewing the studies and following the suggestions in some of papers it is indicated the necessity for molecular and more comprehensive evaluation in terms of the sample standardisation and accurate phenotyping of a broad spectrum of populations and breeds. Moreover, knowledge transmission among all livestock species and humans is recommended in literature to better understand malformation biology.Keywords: swine, congenital defects, health, association studies, genomic selectionReferencesAtkinson, M. et al. (2017). Evaluation of the effect of umbilical hernias on play behaviors in growing pigs. Canadian Veterian Journal, 58, 1065–1072.Bourneuf, E. et el. (2018). New susceptibility loci for cutaneous melanoma risk and progression revealed using a porcine model. Oncotarget, 9(45), 27682–27697. https://www.oncotarget.com/article/25455/text/Brening, B. et al. (2015). Porcine SOX9 gene expression is influenced by an 18bp indel in the 5’-untranslated region. PLoS ONE, 10(10), e0139583. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0139583Cassini, P. et al. (2005). Genetic analysis of anal atresia in pigs: evidence for segregation at two main loci. Mammalian Genome, 16(10), 164–170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00335-004-3024-6Ding, N.S. et al. (2009). A genome-wide scan reveals candidate susceptibility loci for pig hernias in an intercross between white Duroc and Erhualian. Journal of Animal Science, 87(8), 2469–2474. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2008-1601Du, Z.Q. et al. (2009). Association and haplotype analyses of positional candidate genes in five genomic regions linked to scrotal hernia in commercial pig lines. PLoS One, 4(3), 4837. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0004837Grindflek, E. et al. (2018). Genome-wide association study reveals a QTL and strong candidate genes for umbilical hernia in pigs on SSC14. Genomics, 19, 412. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-018-4812-9Grindflek, E. et al. (2006). Genome-wide linkage analysis of inguinal hernia in pigs using affected sib pairs. BMC Genetics, 7, 25. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2156-7-25Hao, X. et al. (2017). Genome-wide association study identifies candidate genes for piglet splay leg syndrome in different populations. BMC Genetics, 18, 64. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12863-017-0532-4Hori, T. et al. (2001). Mapping loci causing susceptibility to anal atresia in pigs, using a resource pedigree. Journal of Pediatric Surgery, 36, 1370–1374. https://doi.org/10.1053/jpsu.2001.26373Jin, Q. et al. (2013). Molecular characterization and genomewide mutations in porcine anal atresia candidate gene GLI2. Mammalian Genome, 24, 500–507. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00335-013-9485-8Krupová, Z. et al. (2017). New breeding objectives for the Czech pig population. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 87(6), 778–781.Liao, X. et al. (2015). Susceptibility loci for umbilical hernia in swine detected by genome-wide association. Russian Journal of Genetics, 51(10), 1000–1006. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1022795415100105Lindholm-Perry, A.K. et al. (2010). Genomic regions associated with kyphosis in swine. BMC Genetics, 11, 112. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2156-11-112Long, Y. et al. (2016). A genome-wide association study of copy number variations with umbilical hernia in swine. Animal Genetics, 47, 298–305. https://doi.org/10.1111/age.12402Mahmud, M.A. et al. (2015). Cryptorchidism in mammals – a review. Global Journal of Animal Scientific Research, 3(1), 128–135.Mattsson, P. (2011). Prevalence of congenital defects in Swedish Hampshire, Landrace and Yorkshire pig breeds and opinions on their prevalence in Swedish commercial herds (MSc Thesis). Sweden, Uppsala: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 35 p.Maak, S. et al. (2009). Identification of candidate genes for congenital splay leg in piglets by alternative analysis of DNA microarray data. International Journal of Biological Sciences, 5(4), 331–337. https://www.ijbs.com/v05p0331.htmMisdorp, W. (2003). Congenital and hereditary tumours in domestic animals. 2. Pigs. A review. Veterinary Quarterly, 25(1), 17–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2003.9695141Moravčíková, N. and Kasarda, R. (2020). Use of High-density SNP analyses to develop a long-term strategy for conventional populations to prevent loss of diversity – review. Acta fytotechnica et zootechnica, 23, 236–240. https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.04.236-240Morey-Matamalas, A. et al. (2021). Neoplastic lesions in domestic pigs detected at slaughter: literature review and a 20-year review (1998–2018) of carcass inspection in Catalonia. Porcine Health Management, 7, 30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40813-021-00207-0Nowacka-Woszuk, J. (2021). The genetic background of hernia in pigs: A review. Livestock Science, 244, 104317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104317Papatsiros, V.G. (2012). The splay leg syndrome in piglets: a review. American Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 7(2), 80–83.Prunier, A. et al. (2009). High physiological demands in intensively raised pigs: impact on health and welfare. Animal, 4(6), 886–898. https://doi.org/10.1017/S175173111000008XQiushi, J. et al. (2013). Molecular characterisation and genome-wide mutations in porcine anal atresia candidate gene GLI2. Mammalian Genome, 24, 500–507. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00335-013-9485-8Rohrer, G.A. et al. (2015). A study of vertebra number in pigs confirms the association of vertnin and reveals additional QTL. BMC Genetics, 16,129. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12863-015-0286-9Rousseau, S. et al. (2013). A Genome-wide association study points out the causal implication of SOX9 in the sex-reversal phenotype in XX pigs. PLoS ONE, 8(11), e79882. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0079882Schumacher, T. et al. (2021). Congenital splay leg syndrome in piglets – current knowledge and a new approach to etiology. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 8, 609883. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.609883Sevillano, C.A. et al. (2015). Genome-wide association study using deregressed breeding values for cryptorchidism and scrotal/inguinal hernia in two pig lines. Genetics Selection Evolution, 47, 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12711-015-0096-6Stenberg, H. et al. (2020). A review of congenital tremor type A-II in piglets. Animal Health Research Reviews, 21, 84–88. https://doi.org/10.1017/S146625232000002XSzczerbal, I. et al. (2019). Elevated incidence of freemartinism in pigs detected by droplet digital PCR and cytogenetic techniques. Livestock Science, 219, 52–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2018.11.009Tomboc, M. et al. (2000). Insulin-like 3/Relaxin-like factor gene mutations are associated with cryptorchidism. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 85(11), 4013–4018. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.85.11.6935Wiedemann, S. et al. (2005). Genome-wide scan for anal atresia in swine identifies linkage and association with a chromosome region on Sus scrofa chromosome 1. Genetics, 171(3), 1207–1217. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.104.032805Wu, T. et al. (2018). Transcriptome analysis reveals candidate genes involved in splay leg syndrome in piglets. Journal of Applied Genetics, 59, 475–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13353-018-0454-5Xu, S. et al. (2018). Polymorphisms of HOMER1 gene are associated with piglet splay leg syndrome and one significant SNP can affect its intronic promoter activity in vitro. BMC Genetics, 19, 110. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12863-018-0701-0Xu, W. et al. (2019). Rediscover and refine QTLs for pig scrotal hernia by increasing a specially designed F3 population and using whole-genome sequence imputation technology. Frontiers in Genetics, 10, 890. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2019.00890Žáková, E. et al. (2020). System of collection and storage of health data in the performance testing of pigs. Certified methodology. Prague: Institute of Animal Science, 17 p. http://vuzv.cz/en/publications/system-sberu-a-uchovanizdravotnich-dat-v-kontrole-uzitkovosti-prasat. In Czech
The veal quality of Slovak Simmental breed in relation to sex
Full text linkArticle Details: Received: 2020-11-03 | Accepted: 2020-11-27 | Available online: 2021-01-31https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.mi-prap.118-121The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of sex on selected fattening, carcass and qualitative veal parameters of Slovak Simmental breed. The comparison was carried out on the 8 male and the 8 female animals. The animals were reared under the same housing conditions and were fed with grass hay (ad libitum), feed straw and calves feed concentrate, and had a free access to the fresh water. The fattening period started from about 70 days of age to required final weight. Length of the fattening period was 180 days. The slaughter and carcass composition, carcass yield, qualitative, physical and technological characteristics of Longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle were studied. We found a significantly higher proportion of bones and a significantly higher proportion of separable fat in the carcass half in males. Higher proportion of meat were found in females. At the heifers was found, although not significantly, a higher proportion of internal fat (rumen, intestinal, kidney, pelvic). Significantly different pH measured 24 hours post mortem was found between males and females (P<0.01). Parameter of meat colour – lightness was higher identified in male calves at 24 hour and 7 days post mortem. Higher redness value was identified in female calves at 24 hour and 7 days post mortem. Keywords: Slovak Simmental breed, sex, carcass, veal qualityReferencesBARTOŇ, L. et al. (2003). Growth, feed efficiency and carcass characteristics of Czech Pied and Holstein bulls. Czech J. Anim. Sci., 48, (11): 466–474. Czech Journal of Animal ScienceCAFFERKY, J. et al. (2019) Efect of Breed and Gender on Meat Quality of M. longissimus thoracis et lumborum Muscle from Crossbred Beef Bulls and Steers. Foods 2019, 8, 173; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8050173ĆIRIĆ, J. et al. (2017) The relationship between the carcass characteristics and meat composition of young Simmental beef cattle. IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 85 012061. 59th International Meat Industry Conference MEATCON 2017, Zlatibor, Serbia, 6; https://doi :10.1088/1755-1315/85/1/012061DAZA, A. et al. (2014) Effect of gender on growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat and fat quality of calves of Avileña-Negra Ibérica breed fattened under free-range conditions. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 12(3): 683-693. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2014123-4693 ISSN: 1695-971XFILIPČÍK, R. et al. ( 2009) The factors influencing beef quality in bulls, heifers and steers. Slovak J. Anim. Sci., 42, (2): 54–61. ISSN 1337-9984KUČEVIĆ, D. et al. (2019) Influence of Farm Management for Calves on Growth Performance and Meat Quality Traits Duration Fattening of Simmental Bulls and Heifers. Animals, 9, 941; http//doi:10.3390/ani9110941LI, Q. et al. (2018) Effects of age on slaughter performance and meat quality of Binlangjang male buffalo. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 25, 248–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.10.001LUKIC, M. et al. (2016) Carcass performance of Simmental and Holstein Friesian beef cattle in Serbia. Meat Technology 57, 2, 95–101. ISSN 2466-4812. ID: 227939852.MARENČIĆ,D. (2018) The effect of sex and age at slaughter on the physicochemical properties of baby-beef meat. Veterinarski Arhiv 88 (1), 101-110. DOI: 10.24099/vet.arhiv.160720MUIŽNIECE, I. et al. (2020) Effect of sex and age on beef cattle meat pH. Agricultural Science and Practice, Vol. 7, No. 2. ISSN: 2312–3370, UDC 636.2.03SANTOS, P.V., et al. (2013). Carcass physical composition and meat quality of Holstein calves, terminated in different finishing systems and slaughter weights. Ciência e Agrotecnologia, 37(5), 443-450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-70542013000500008WĘGLARZ, A. (2010) Meat quality defined based on pH and colour depending on cattle category and slaughter season. Czech J. Anim. Sci., 55 (12): 548–556. https://doi.org/10.17221/2520-CJA
Evaluation of the growth performance and some blood parameters in broilers with the addition of humic substances in the diet
Full text linkArticle Details: Received: 2020-10-21 | Accepted: 2020-11-27 | Available online: 2021-01-31https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.mi-prap.150-154The effect of the administration of two humic preparations on a selected production and biochemical parameters were monitored in an experiment with broiler chickens of the Cobb 500 breed. There were not observed statistically significant differences between the control group and the experimental groups in the achieved average live weight and the feed conversion ratio in the 37-day experiment. The statistically significant differences (P˂0.001 and P˂0.05) were between the content of calcium, phosphorus and chlorides in the blood of the control group compared to the experimental groups. As for magnesium in the blood, we did not find significant differences (P≥0.05) between the groups. As far as the parameters of the energy profile are concerned, the content of glucose and cholesterol was statistically significantly higher in the control group in comparison with the experimental groups (P˂0.05). The concentrations of triglycerides were statistically significantly higher in the experimental groups (P≤0.05, resp. 0.01, resp. 0.001) compared to the control group.Keywords: nutrition, humic substances, production, blood, broilersReferences ARPAŠOVÁ, H. et al. (2016). Use of humic acid in nutrition of broiler chickens. Slovenský chov, 32-33. In Slovak.AVCI, M. et al. (2007). Effects of humic acid at different levels on growth performance, carcass yields and some biochemical parameters of quails. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 6(1), 1-4.BAHODARI, Z. et al. (2017). The effect of earthworm meal with vermi-humus on growth performance, haematology, immunity, intestinal microbiota, carcass characteristics, and meal quality of broiler chickens. Livestock Science, 202, 74-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2017.05.010EL-ZAIAT, H. M. et al. (2018). Impact of humic acid as an organic additive on ruminal fermentation constituents, blood parameters and milk production in goats and their kids growth rate. Journal of Animal and Feed Science, 27(2), 105-113. https://doi.org/10.22358/jafs/92074/2018HAKAN, K. et al. (2012). Effects of boric acid and humate supplementation on performance and egg quality parameters of laying hens. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 14(4), 233-304. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-635X2012000400008 JAĎUTTOVÁ, I. et al. (2019). The effect of dietary humic substances on the fattening performance, carcass weight, blood biochemistry parameters and bone mineral profile of broiler chickens. Acta Veterinaria Brno, 88, 307-313. https://doi.org/10.2754/avb201988030307MAJEWSKA, M. et al. (2017). Influence of humic acid supplemented to sheep diets on rumen enzymatic activity. Medycyna Weterynaryjna, 73(12), 770-773. https://doi.org/10.21521/mw.5822MUDROŇOVÁ, D. et al. (2020) The effect of humic substances on gut microbiota and immune response of broilers. Food and Agricultural Immunology, 31(1), 137-149. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540105.2019.1707780NAGARAJU, R. et al. (2014). Effect of dietary supplementation oh humic acids on performance of broilers. Indian Journal of Animal Science, 84(4), 447-452. https://doi.org/PMC6811714PISTOVÁ, V. et al. (2017). The effect of the humic substances, garlic (Allium sativum L.), wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) and walnut (Juglans regia) on carcass parameters of broiler chickens. Scientific Papers Animal Science and Biotechnologies, 50(1), 234-237.RZASA, A. et al. (2014). Humic-fatty acid preparation in growing rabbits nutrition. Journal of Polish Agricultural Universities, 17(3), 1-6.TERRY, S. A. et al. (2018). Effect of humic substances on rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility, methane emissions, and rumen microbiota in beef heifers. Journal of Animal Science, 96(9), 3863-3877. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/sky265.TICHA, A. et al. (2009). Humic substances influence on cholesterol absorption. Klinicka biochemie a metabolizmus, 17(1), 37-41. In Czech.VAŠKO, L. et al. (2012). Humic acids in nutrition and effect on metabolism and health production. Slovenský chov, 5, 40-41. In Slovak.WANG, Q., et al. (2008). Effects of supplemental humic substances on growth performance, blood characteristics and meat quality in finishing pigs. Livestock Science, 117(2-3), 270-274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2007.12.024YORUK, M. A. et al. (2004). The effects of supplementation of humate and probiotic on egg production and quality parameters during the late laying period in hens. Poultry Science, 83(1), 84-88. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/83.1.8
Assessing the genetic diversity of twenty one Colombo limon L. genotypes through multivariate and covariance matrix analysis
Full text linkArticle Details: Received: 2020-10-02 | Accepted: 2020-11-18 | Available online: 2021-06-30 https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.02.110-116 Genetic diversity of selected 21 colombo lemon (Colombo limon L.) genotypes were evaluated through multivariate analysis and also through covariance matrix to identify the promising parents for an auspicious crossing program for development of location specific high yielding genotypes. To view the endurance of significant heterogeneity, the genetic constitution of selected 21 genotypes were classified into four clusters (I, II, III & IV). Among them, the assemblage cluster II dominated the maximum number of genetic constitution, whereas assemblage cluster I possessed minimum number of genetic constitution. Surrounded by the genetic constitution, the first principal axis largely affords 47.1% of the variation. Inter genotypic gap was observed the highest (13.82) between the genetic constitution in both ‘CL002’ and ‘CL017’ genotypes, followed by genotypes ‘CL002’ and ‘CL019’. The maximum intracluster distance was noticed (23.33) for cluster IV, whereas cluster III showed the lowest intracluster distance (10.62). In between assemblage clusters I and IV showed the highest interassemblage distance (165.64), while the lowest distance (44.84) was estimated between II and III assemblages. Considering the cluster mean bulky fruit remarked in cluster IV (256.00 g). Besides these the highest fruit yield plant-1 was also recorded in cluster IV (20.50 kg). In respect of both quantitative parameters, assemblage IV was quite diverse compare with all other assemblages. Contemplating the immensity of genetic distance and quantitative performance the genotypes ‘CL002’, ‘CL005’, ‘CL006’ and ‘CL011’ from cluster IV obviously pertinent for productive crossing program to promote high yielding colombo lemon genotypes.Keywords: genetic diversity, colombo lemon, genotypes, multivariate analysis, clusters ReferencesAbbate, L. et al. (2012). Genetic improvement of Citrus fruits: New somatic hybrids from Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb. and Citrus limon (L.) Burm. F. Food Research International, 48(1), 284–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2012.04.007Alam, A.K.M.M. et al. (2011). Estimation of genetic diversity in lentil germplasm. AGRIVITA, Journal of Agricultural Science, 33(2), 103–110. http://doi.org/10.17503/agrivita.v33i2.51Bauer, M. et al. (2010). A pooled analysis of two randomized, placebo-controlled studies of extended release quetiapine fumarate adjunctive to antidepressant therapy in patients with major depressive disorder. 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Crop genetic resources: conservation and evaluation. George Allen and Unwin Publishers, London (pp. 212–222).Hawkes, J.G. (1981). Germplasm collection, preservation and use. In: Frey, K. J. (ed.) Plant breeding II. Iowa State University Press, Ames, (pp. 57–83).Hoque, A.K.M.A. et al. (2017). Collection and evaluation of Colombo lemon germplasm at Narsingdi region, Bangladesh. Eco-friendly Agriculture Journal, 10(7), 86–89.Iezzoni, A.F. & Pritts, M.P. (1991). Application of principal component analysis to horticultural research. HortScience, 26, 334–338.Kaysar, M.I. et al. (2017). An economic analysis of Jara and Colombo lemon production in Bangladesh. Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University, 15(2), 289–296.Kong, Q. et al. (2012). The MEKK1-MKK1/MKK2-MPK4 kinase cascade negatively regulates immunity mediated by a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase in Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell, 24(5), 2225–2236. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.112.097253Luan, F.S. et al. (2008). Chinese melon (Cucumis melo) diversity analyses provide strategies for germplasm curation, genetic improvement and evidentiary support of domestication patterns. Euphytica, 164(2), 445–461. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-008-9699-0Mamede, A.M.G.N. et al. (2020). Lemon. In: Nutritional Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Fruits and Vegetables (pp. 377–392). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812780-3.00023-4Maya, M.A. et al. (2012). Assessment of genetic relationship among 15 citrus fruits using RAPD. Asian Journal of Biotechnology, 4(1), 30–37. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajbkr.2012.30.37Nalla, M.K. et al. (2014). Assessment of genetic diversity through D2 analysis in tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L.). International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, 6(3), 431–438.Nwosisi, S. et al. (2019) Genetic diversity in vegetable and fruit crops. In: Nandwani D. (eds) Genetic Diversity in Horticultural Plants. Sustainable Development and Biodiversity, 22. 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Effect of rhizopus stolonifer fermented cocoa pod husk meal supplemented with enzyme on growth performance, heamato-biochemical indices and sexual maturity of pullet chicken
Full text linkArticle Details: Received: 2020-07-12 | Accepted: 2020-08-03 | Available online: 2021-03-31https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.01.64-77A 25-weeks trial was carried out to determine the efficacy of feeding Rhizopus stolonifer fermented cocoa pod husk meal (FCPH) meal supplemented with Ronozyme multigrain enzyme (RME) on performance at various stages of growth and age at sexual maturity of grower pullets. Two hundred and forty (240) day old Isa Brown chicks were randomly assigned to six (6) dietary treatments. Each treatment was replicated four times comprising of ten (10) chicks per replicate and arranged in a 3 x 2 factorial in Completely Randomized Design. Rhizopus stolonifer FCPH meal was incorporated into the diet as test ingredient at varying inclusion level of 0%, 10% and 20% based on 100% diet. Each diet was then divided into two, one part void of enzyme and designated as diets I, III and V and the other parts supplemented with RME at 200 mg/kg of the diet and designated as diets II, IV and VI respectively. Weight gain, Feed intake and feed gain ratio were significantly (p < 0.05) influenced by the dietary treatments with birds fed diet containing 10 % FCPH meal without RME supplementation having highest weight gain across different stages of growth. The effect of enzyme and the interaction between diet and enzyme were not significant (p ˃ 0.05). Hematological and serum biochemical indices were not significantly (p ˃ 0.05) influenced by the dietary treatments and were all within normal range. Age at first lay and Egg weight at first lay were also significantly (p < 0.05) influenced by the dietary treatment. The use of Rhizopus stolonifer FCPH meal supplemented with RME in grower diets markedly increased age at sexual maturity and weight of first egg laid, with birds fed diets containing 10 % FCPH meal fast coming to lay and birds fed 20 % FCPH meal having higher weight of egg at first lay. Egg weight, egg width, shell surface area, shell thickness, yolk length and albumen length were also significantly (p < 0.05) influenced by the diet treatment. Rhizopus stolonifer FCPH meal up to 10% without RME supplementation can effectively be used in pullet grower’s diets without adversely affecting production performance or sexual maturity into lay.Keywords: Isa Brown, fungi, solid state fermentation, first lay, enzyme supplementationReferencesAdegbenro, M., Oyedun, O.I. and Aletor, V.A. (2020). Evaluation of bread waste fortified with moringa leaf meal on performance and health status of broiler chickens. Journal of Experimental Agriculture International, 42(2), 152–160.Adeyeye, S. O., Ayodele, S., Oloruntola, O.D. and Agbede, J. (2019). Processed cocoa pod husk dietary inclusion: Effects on the performance, carcass, haematogram, biochemical indices, antioxidant enzyme and histology of the liver and kidney in broiler chicken. Bull Natl Res Cent., 43(54). https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-019-0096-8Adeyina, A.O., Apata, D.F., Annongu, A.A., Olatunde, O.A., Alli, O.I and Okupke, K.M. (2012). Performance and physiological response of weaner rabbits fed hot water treated cocoa bean shell-based diet. Research Journal, Animal Veterinary Science, 5, 53–57.Afolayan, G. G., Olorede, B. R., Uko, J. O., Junaidu, A. U. and Fanimo, A. O. (2012). The replacement value of maize bran for maize in broiler finisher diets. Proceedings of 27 Annual Conference of Animal Science of Nigeria. (A.S.A.N) Sept. 2003, Abeokuta, pp. 91–93.Agbede, J. O., Arimah, A. A., Adu, O. A., Olaleye, M. T. and Aletor, V. A. (2011). Growth-enhancing, health impact and bacterial suppressive property of lanthanum supplementation in broiler chicken. Archiva Zootechnica, 14(2), 44– 56.Agbede. J.O (2019). Alternative feed resources: Key to profitable livestock enterprise in Nigeria. In Inaugural Lecture; Series 109, delivered at the Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria on the 21st May 2019.Ahamefule, F. O, Eduok, G. O., Usman, A., Amaefule, K. U., Obua, B. E. and Oguike, S. A. (2006). Blood Biochemistry and Hematology of weaner Rabbits Fed Sundried, Ensiled and Fermented cassava Peel based diets. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 5(3), 248–253.Aina, A. A. (1998). Potential of cocoa by-product as livestock feeds. Proceeding of National Workshop on Alternative Formulation of Livestock Feed held at ARMTI, Ilorin, pp. 21–25.Akinmutimi, A. H. (2004). Effect of cooking periods on the nutrient composition of Mucuna utilis seeds. Nigerian Poultry Science Journal, 2(3), 45–51.Alemawor, F., Oddoye, E. O. K., Dzobefia, V. P., Oldham, J. H. and Donkor, A. (2010). Broiler performance on finisher diets containing different levels of either Pleurotus ostreatus-fermented dried cocoa pod husk or dried cocoa pod husk supplemented with enzymes. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 42(5), 933–939.Ankrah, A., Donkoh, A., Abando-sam, E. A. and Okrah, D. (2015) Haematological Response of layers fed with dietary containing pito Mash treated cocoa pod Husk Ash Extract. Advanced Studies in Biology, 7(3), 121–129.AOAC. (1995). Official methods of Analysis. (15th ed). Association of Official Analytical Chemist.Aro, S. O., Agbede, J. O., Dairo, E. O. and Aletor, V. A. (2012). Evaluation of fermented cassava tuber waste in broiler chickens feeding. Archiva Zootechnical, 15(3),49–60.Awoniyi, T. A., Aletor, V. A. and Oyekunle, B. O. (2002). Observations on some Enythrocyte indices of broiler chicken raised on maggot meal based diets. Proceedings of Nigerian society for Animal Production held at University of Agriculture, Umudike, pp. 225–228.Bisto, M.S., Veloso, M.C.C., Pinheiro, H.L.C., De Oliveira, R.F.S., Reis, J.O.N. and De Andrade, J.B. (2002). Simultaneous determination of caffeine, theobromine and theophylline by high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatog Sci., 40(1), 45–48.Farrel, D. J. (1994). Utilization of Rice bran in diets of domestic fowl and ducklings. World Poultry Science Journal, 50(2), 115–131.Hamzat, R. A. and Babatunde. (2006). Utilization of cocoa bean shell as a feed ingredient for broiler chickens. 15th International Cocoa Research Conference, Costa Rica, 84–86.Lala, A. O., Okwelum, N., Bello, K. O., Famakinde, N. A. and Alamu, M. O. (2016). Comparative study between isa brown and fulani ecotype chickens supplemented with humic acid. Slovakian Journal of Animal Science, 49(2), 68–75.Nortey, T. N., Ewusi, I., Kpogo, L. A., Oddoye, E. O. K. and Naazie, A. (2015). 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(2000). Nutritional value of ureatreated cocoa husk in pullet growers‘ mash. Paper accepted for publication in the proceedings, 13th International Cocoa Reservation Conference, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia, pp. 9–14.Olubamiwa, O., Odewumi, W. O., Longe, O. G. and Hamzat, R. A. (2001). Practical inclusion of cocoa bean shell in poultry feeds: A preliminary report. Proceedings of the 13th International Cocoa Research Conference, Sabah, Malaysia, pp. 981–986.Olubamiwa, O., Soetan, O. A., Olamijulo, O. A., Hamzat, R. A. and Longe, O. G. (2002). Utilization of variously treated cocoa bean shells in layer mash. Proceedings of the 27th Annual Conference, Nigeria Society of Animal Production (NSAP) March 17–21, 2002, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria, pp. 267–269.Olugosi, O. A., Agbede, J. O., Adebayo, I. A., Onibi, G. E. and Ayeni, O. A. (2019). Nutritional enhancement of cocoa pod husk meal through fermentation using Rhizopus stolonifer. 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Crop damage by Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) in Ekgaloya and Dewalahinda areas in Ampara District, Eastern province, Sri Lanka
Full text linkArticle Details: Received: 2020-04-21 | Accepted: 2020-09-04 | Available online: 2021-03-31https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.01.47-54Sri Lanka is one of the Asian countries to support a considerable number of wild elephants mainly in the dry zone of the country. But today elephants have become one of the most seriously endangered large mammals in Sri Lanka and the world as well. Agricultural crop damage by elephants has become a most common and serious problem across the elephant range in Sri Lanka due to negative interaction of people and the elephants. Eastern province is one of such areas where severe crop damage by wild elephants could be observed. In these areas, most of the directly affected families are having low income level. For this common problem, still there is no proper mitigation plans to lower the impacts. Therefore, this study focused on the analysis of economic losses to cultivated crops, identify the most vulnerable crop species and suggest viable control measures to minimize this problem to a certain extent in the area. This study was carried out in two villages within one cropping season under two stages. Household survey including randomly selected 50 villagers from each village was conducted. Highest crop damage incidents were recorded in Dewalahinda area. Of the widely grown crop varieties, maize (Zea mays) and paddy (Oryza sativa) are subjected to heavy damage in both villages. Paddy and maize were reported as damage crop species by wild elephants in Ekgaloya and 19 households (out of 33) suffered due to that crop raiding incident. Out of 38 crop damage incidents in Dewalahinda, 28 households reported damages in maize and 26 household reported damages in paddy. Wild elephants have shown a least interest on some crop varieties such as chilli (Capsicum annum), ladies’ finger (Hibiscus esculentus) and peanut (Arachis hypogaea). But these crop fields were heavily damaged by elephants as they walk across these fields. In both villages, the harvesting period seemed to be affected more by crop damages than other times. However, the post harvesting period was also affected occasionally especially in stored paddy.Keywords: endangered, socio-economic, cropping season, vulnerable crop species, Macroscopic analysisReferencesBandara, R. (2010). Willingness to pay for conservation of Asian Elephants in Sri Lanka. The Economics of Ecosystems & Biodiversity, 1–6. http://www.teebweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Human-elephant-conflict-mitigationthrough-insurance-scheme-Sri-Lanka.pdfBandara, R. and Tisdell, C. (2003). Comparison of rural and urban attitudes to the conservation of Asian elephants in Sri Lanka: Empirical evidence. Biological Conservation, 110(3), 327–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00241-0Bandara, R. and Tisdell, C. (2005). Changing abundance of elephants and willingness to pay for their conservation. Journal of Environmental Management, 76(1), 47–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2005.01.007Brown, J. L., Göritz, F., Pratt-Hawkes, N., Hermes, R., Galloway, M., Graham, L. H., Gray, C., Walker, S. L., Gomez, A., Moreland, R., Murray, S., Schmitt, D. L., Howard, J. G., Lehnhardt, J., Beck, B., Bellem, A., Montali, R. and Hildebrandt, T. B. (2004). Successful artificial insemination of an asian elephant at the national zoological park. Zoo Biology, 23(1), 45–63. https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.10116Campos-Arceiz, A., Larrinaga, A.R., Weerasinghe, U.R., Takatsuki, S., Pastorini, J., Leimgruber, P., Prithiviraj, F. and Santamaría, L. (2008). Behavior Rather than Diet Mediates Seasonal Differences in Seed Dispersal by Asian Elephants. Ecology, 89(10), 2684-91. doi: https://doi.org/10.1890/07-1573.1de Silva, S. (2010). On predicting elephant population dynamics. Gajah, (33), 12–16.Ekanayaka, S., Campos-Arceiz, A., Rupasinghe, M., Pastorini, J. and Fernando, P. (2011). Patterns of crop raiding by Asian elephants in a human-dominated landscape in Southeastern Sri Lanka. Gajah, (34), 20–25. https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-59040Fernando, P., Jayewardene, J., Prasad, T. and Hendavitharana, W. (2011). Current Status of Asian Elephants in Sri Lanka. Gajah, (35), 93–103. Hedges, S. and Gunaryadi, D. (2010). Reducing human-elephant conflict: Do chillies help deter elephants from entering crop fields? Oryx, 44(1), 139–146. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605309990093Hedges, S. and Gunaryadi, D. (2010). Reducing human-elephant conflict: Do chillies help deter elephants from entering crop fields? Oryx, 44(1), 139–146. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605309990093Lorimer, J. (2010). Elephants as companion species: The lively biogeographies of Asian elephant conservation in Sri Lanka. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 35(4), 491–506. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5661.2010.00395.xPlotnik, J. M., De Waal, F. B. M. and Reiss, D. (2006). Self-recognition in an Asian elephant. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0608062103Pozo, R. A., Coulson, T., Mcculloch, G. A. S. and Songhurst, A. (2017). Chilli-briquettes modify the temporal behaviour of elephants, but not their numbers. Oryx, 53(1), 100– 108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605317001235Santiapillai, C. and Read, B. (2010). Would masking the smell of ripening paddy-fields help mitigate humanelephant conflict in Sri Lanka? Oryx, 44(4), 509–511. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605310000906Santiapillai, C., Suva, A., Karyawasam, C., Esufali, S., Jayaniththi, S., Basnayake, M., Unantenne, V. and Wijeyamohan, S. (1999). Trade in Asian elephant ivory in Sri Lanka. Oryx, 33(2), 176–180. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.1999.00041.xSantiapillai, C., Wijeyamohan, S., Bandara, G., Athurupana, R., Dissanayake, N. and Read, B. (2010). An assessment of the human-elephant conflict in Sri Lanka. Ceylon Journal of Science (Biological Sciences), 39(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.4038/cjsbs.v39i1.2350Shrestha, K. (2018). Zero tillage impacts on economics of wheat production in far western Nepal. Farming & Management, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.31830/2456-8724.2018.0002.14Sukumar, R. (1989). Ecology of the asian elephant in southern india. i. movement and habitat utilization patterns. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 5(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467400003175Survey Department of Sri Lanka. (1987). Map of Ekgal Oya and Devalahinda, 1 : 10,000. Geo Information, No 150, Kirula Road, Narahenpita, Colombo 05, Sri Lanka.Wang, L., Lin, L., He, Q., Zhang, J. and Zhang, L. (2007). 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Morphometric variation of Abax parallelepipedus (Piller & Mitterpacher, 1783), (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in rural – urban areas
Full text linkArticle Details: Received: 2020-10-14 | Accepted: 2020-02-20 | Available online: 2021-03-31https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.01.87-93In the 2015 - 2017 period, we evaluated the morphometric variation of traits and Ellipsoid biovolume (EV) in 478 individuals (226 ♂, 252 ♀) of Abax parallelepipedus (Piller and Mitterpacher, 1783) in forest habitats and riparian stands. We confirmed, lower average of EV values in the rural compared to the urban areas (Kruskal-Wallis test – p = 0.037). The Friedman test showed a shortening of the morphometric features length (p = 0.030), height (p = 0.016), width (p = 0.011) and EV (p = 0.01) in the urban-rural direction. Spatial modeling of dispersion confirmed a significant change between 2016–2017. These changes may be affected by the food supply.Key words: ground beetles, morphometrics, population variability, SlovakiReferencesAngilletta, J. and Dunham, A. E. (2003). 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Evaluation of medicinal potential and antibacterial activity of selected plants against Streptococcus mutans
Full text linkArticle Details: Received: 2020-06-15 | Accepted: 2020-09-28 | Available online: 2021-03-31 https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.01.9-15The aim of the study is to screen the bioactive compounds (saponin, tannin, phenolic compounds, terpenoid & steroid) present in selected ethnomedicinal plants, Terminalia bellirica (fruits), Smilax zeylanica (leaves) and Dioscorea oppositifolia (fruits) from Odisha state, India. The single formulation was prepared using the selected plants parts in the ratio 1 : 6 : 3 respectively for quantitative analysis of tannin & total phenol, antioxidant activity and analysis of MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) against Streptococcus mutans causing bacteria of tooth decay. Results revealed that selected plant parts are rich source of bioactive compounds like tannin, phenolic compounds and saponin. The quantitative analysis of secondary metabolites showed highest concentration of tannin. It was noted that antioxidant activity is highest in methanol extract as compared to aqueous and acetone. MIC analysis also revealed that formulated powder had excellent antibacterial activity against S. mutans and it was observed the lowest values (450 µg ml-1) showed aqueous & methanol followed by acetone. The herbal formulation might be used to formulate new herbal products against tooth decay in near future.Keywords: antibacterial activity, antioxidant activity, ethnomedicinal plants, secondary metabolites, tooth decay ReferencesANDERSON, T. (2004). Dental treatment in medieval England. British Dental Journal, 197(7), 419–425.DESHMUKH, M.A. and THENG, M.A. (2018). Phytochemical screening, quantitative analysis of primary secondary metabolites of Acacia aeabica bark. International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research, 10(2), 35–37.DHANYA, S.V.S., et al. (2018). Preliminary phytochemical activity of Smilax zeylanica L. (Smilaceaceae). 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Chapman and Hall Ltd, 49–188.HAZRA, K. (2019). Phytochemical investigation of Terminalia bellirica fruit inside. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 12(8), 191–194.JYOTHI, T., et al. (2012). Phytochemical evaluation of Smilax zeylanica Linn. Soushrutam, 1(1), 1–14.KANDUTI, D. (2016). Fluoride: a review of use and effects on health. Mater Sociomed, 28, 133–137.MAST, P. et al. (2013). Understanding MIH: definition, epidemiology, differential diagnosis and new treatment guidelines. European Journal of Paediatrics Dent, 14(3), 204–8.MEJÁRE, I. and MJÖR, I.A. (2003). Dental caries: The Disease and its Clinical Management. Wiley-Blackwell.MOORE, W.J. (1983). The role of sugar in the aetiology of dental caries. 1. Sugar and the antiquity of dental caries. Journal of Dentist,11(3), 189–190.NATIONS, M.K. and NUTO, S.D.A.S. (2002). Tooth worms: poverty tattoos and dental care conflicts in Northeast Brazil. Social Sciences & Medicines, 54(2), 229–244.NEVILLE, B.W. and Day, T.A. (2002). Oral cancer and precancerous lesions. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 52(4), 195–215.RAAMAN, N. (2006). Qualitative phytochemical screening and Phytochemical Techniques. New Delhi Publishing.RAI, A. et al. (2010). Antibiotic mediated synthesis of gold nanoparticles with potent antimicrobial activity and their application in antimicrobial coatings. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 20(32), 6789–6798.SAXENA, H.O. and BRAHMAM, M. (1994). The flora of Orissa. Regional Research Laboratory; Orissa Forest Development Corporation, pp. 437–439.SHARMA, D. et al. (2018). Role of plant extract in the inhibition of dental caries. International Journal of Life Science & Pharma Research, 8(2), 9–23.SHEKARCHIZADEH, H. et al. (2013). Oral health of drugs abusers: a review of health effects and care. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 42(9), 929–940.SMITH, R.E. et al. (2002). 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Evaluation of Pregnancy Rate and Length of Pregnancy after Intracervical Insemination in Zwartbles Sheep
Full text linkArticle Details: Received: 2020-10-06 | Accepted: 2020-11-27 | Available online: 2021-01-31https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.mi-prap.122-126The artificial insemination and the oestrus cycle synchronization are some of the most frequently used biotechnical methods of reproduction not only for sheep, but also for the other spieces of livestock. They are used mainly to achieve the shortening of the lambing period and to achieve easier breeding. An exact estimation of the lambing period is essential for the breeding process optimization, as it allows better preparation for the lambing period. This experiment monitors 48 Zwartbles sheep. Before the artificial insemination itself, the oestrus cycle of the sheep was synchronized using intravaginal sponges Ovigest and the subsequent intracervical insemination was performed using fresh, diluted and chilled semen extracted from rams of the Zbyšek and Zachari lineages. The pregnancy rates after insemination and after the subsequent breeding of the barren ewes in a harem were determined according to the pregnancy detection and the subsequent lambing times. Marking the exact date and time of insemination and lambing allowed to determine the overall pregnancy lengths in the inseminated animals. The overall pregnancy rate after insemination was 41.7% and the overall pregnancy rate after the subsequent breeding in a harem was 93.8%. The overall pregnancy period in animals after insemination varied between 141.6 and 147.8 days and the peak of lambing took place between 144.1 and 146.8 days.Keywords: insemination, pregnancy, reproduction, synchronization, oestrusReferencesČunát, L. et al. (2013). Využití inseminace ovcí v chovatelské praxi. Praha: Česká zemědělská univerzita.Gajdošík, M. & Polách, A. (1984). Chov oviec. Bratislava: Príroda.Gootwine, W. (2016). Sheep: Reproductive Management. Husbandry of Dairy Animals, 1(1), 887–892. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100596-5.21239-0Horák, F. et al. (2012). Chováme ovce. Praha: Brázda.Ingoldby, L. & Jackson, P. (2001). Induction od parturition in sheep. In Practice, 23(4), 228–231. http://doi.org/10.1136/inpract.23.4.228Iyiola-Tunji, T. et al. (2010). Relationship Between Gestation Length and Birth Weight in Nigerian Sheep and Their Crosses. Animal Production, 12(3), 135–138. http://doi.org/10.20884/1.anprod.2010.12.3.282Kadlečík, O. & Kasarda, R. (2006). Všeobecná zootechnika, Nitra: Slovenská poľnohospodárska univerzita v Nitre.Kuchtík, J. et al. (2007). Chov ovcí. Brno: Mendelova univerzita v Brně.Louda, F. et al. (2001). Inseminace hospodářských zvířat. Praha: Česká zemědělská univerzita v Praze.Louda, F. & Ježková, A. (2002). Biotechnické metody v reprodukci ovcí a koz. Náš chov. Retrieved August 17, 2020 from https://naschov.cz/biotechnicke-metody-v-reprodukci-ovci-a-koz/.Louda, F. & Hegedüšová, Z. (2009). Inseminace ovcí – intenzifikační faktor šlechtitelské práce. Certifikovaná metodika. Rapotín: Agrovýzkum Rapotín.Malá, G. et al. (2011). Chov dojných ovcí. Zásady správné chovatelské praxe, Praha: Výzkumný ústav živočišné výroby.Mavrogenis, A. P. (1992). Breed group and parity effects on gestation duration and litter size at birth of sheep. Technical Bulletin Cyprus Agricurtural Research Institut, 42(1992), 3–6.Ntemka, A. et al. (2018). Current status and advances in ram semen cryopreservation. Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society, 69(2), 911–924. https://doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.18014Rečková, Z. & Filipčík, R. (2020). An analysis of Selected Aspects of Sperm Quality in Fresh and Cooled-Storage Stallion Semen. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, 10(3), 405–408. Retrieved October 23, 2020 from http://ijas.iaurasht.ac.ir/article_675315_c1a9e1ab03a577c5ca5580877afaaa06.pdfŘíha, J. (1999). Biotechnologie v chovu a šlechtění hospodářských zvířat. Rapotín: Asociace chovatelů masných plemen.Sándor, K. et al. (2011). Artificial Insemination of Sheep - Possibilities, Realities and Technique at the Farm Level In Artificial Insemination in Farm Animals, Iran: IntechOpen, pp. 27–50.Salamon. S. & Maxwell, W. M. C. (2000). Storage of ram semen. Animal Reproduction Science, 62(1–3), 77–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4320(00)00155-XTzanidakis, N. et al. (2014). Dairy sheep breeding. LowInputBreeds technical note, 1(1), 1–6.Vallejo, D. A. et al. (2019). Pregnancy rates in hair sheep after Ovsynch synchronization and a combined intracervical fixed-time artificial insemination and 10-day mating period. Veterinary World, 12(11), 1779–1783. www.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2019.1779-1783Vaněk, D. & Štolc, L. (2002). Chov skotu a ovcí: (přednášky pro Bc). Praha: Česká zemědělská univerzita
New trends in the use of recycled manure solids in dairy housing
Full text linkArticle Details: Received: 2020-10-14 | Accepted: 2020-11-27 | Available online: 2021-01-31https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.mi-prap.109-113The aim of the study was to compare improved bedding composition with conventional straw bedding under farm conditions, regarding its effects on the indicator microorganisms influencing hygiene levels. Dairy cows were housed in newly-built stables divided into two parts each with four sections and bedded cubicles arranged in three rows. In the first part, the bedded cubicle floors were layered with straw up to a height of 20 cm. In the second part, the cubicles were layered to a height of 20 cm with improved bedding composition consisting of recycled manure solids (RMS; 10 kg), ground limestone (200 kg), straw (40 kg) and water (110 l). After layering the bedding was treated with a concrete selector to provide strength and sufficient resistance. Samples for microbiological examination were taken from four sections according to the time interval of production and bedding. From three sections were taken bedding samples according to a new recipe in intervals of 1-3 months after its use. A control sample of bedding, consisting of straw, was taken from the last, fourth section. Comparing classical straw bedding with the improved recipe bedding, the total viable count (TVC) and coliforms bacteria (CB) in a first and second month after laying were found to be reduced. In addition to TVC and CB, decreased numbers of faecal coliforms (FC) and faecal streptococci (FS) were observed in the first, second and third months after layering. In addition to reducing the number of microorganisms, the improved bedding showed a stabilizing effect by keeping the litter thickness up to the bedding threshold (200 mm), which has a beneficial effect for increased purity of the body and udder.Keywords: dairy cows, housing, hygiene, improved bedding, microorganismsReferences Bradley, A. et al. (2018). The impact of dairy cows’ bedding material and its microbial content on the quality and safety of milk–A cross sectional study of UK farms. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 23(269), 36–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.12.022Brouček, J. et al. (2015). Impact of gestation and lactation stage on the dairy cow response following removal to unfamiliar housing and milking system. Italian Journal of Animal Scince, 14(2), 233–237.https://doi.org/10.4081/ijas.2015.3410Fournel, S. et al. (2018). Production of recycled manure solids for bedding in Canadian dairy farms: I. Solid-liquid separation. Journal of Dairy Science, 102(2), 1832–1846. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2018-14966Heinonen-Tanski, H. et al. (2006). Methods to reduce pathogen microorganisms in manure. Livestock Science, 102(3), 248–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2006.03.024Ismaïl, R. et al. (2013). Methods for recovering microorganisms from solid surfaces used in the food industry: a review of the literature. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10(11), 6169–6183.https://dx.doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph10116169Maiorano, G. (2014). Livestock Production for a Sustainable Development. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Food Sci. 3, 34–38. Available online: https://www.jmbfs.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/10_jmbfs_maiorano_2014_fs.pdfLeach, K. A. et al. (2015). Recycling manure as cow bedding: Potential benefits and risks for UK dairy farms. Vet. J., 206, 123-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.08.013Popescu, S. et al. (2014). The effect of the housing system on the welfare quality of dairy cows. Italian Journal of Animal Scince, 13(1), 2940. https://doi.org/10.4081/ijas.2014.2940 Tančin, V. et al. 2013. Livestock farming in marginal areas (In Slovak), CVŽV, Nitra, Slovakia 2013. p. 70. ISBN 978-80-89418-26-8. Wolfe, T. et al. (2018). Effects of alternative deep bedding options on dairy cow preference, lying behavior, cleanliness, and teat end contamination. Journal of Dairy Science,101(1), 530-536. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-12358