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Genetic diversity of Barbary lion based on genealogic analysis
Get PDFArticle Details: Received: 2018-09-10 | Accepted: 2018-10-17 | Available online: 2018-09-31https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2018.21.03.113-118The aim of this study was to evaluate the state of genetic diversity in population of Barbary lion based on the genealogical analysis. Currently, this lion subspecies does not occur in the wild, and its population is considered to be critically endangered. The pedigree file consisted of 545 animals, while the reference population included 445 individuals. Alongside pedigree completeness, the parameters derived from common ancestor were used to analyse the state of genetic diversity in target population. The completeness of pedigree data had significantly decreasing tendency with increasing generations. The pedigree completeness index was the highest in the first generation (68 %). The average value of the inbreeding coefficient was very similar in the reference population and the pedigree file (F = 0.05). Across generations, the trend of inbreeding increase was positive mainly due to the long-term use of specific lines and families for mating. The relative high average relatedness among individuals (AR = 0.06) only reflected the individual increase in inbreeding (3.18 %). As expected the higher level of individual increase in inbreeding was found in the pedigree file (3.41 %). The effective population size at level 26.66 confirmed that the Barbary lion is critically endangered by the loss of diversity. Because of this, the future continuous monitoring of genetic diversity of this subspecies is necessary, especially for long-term conservation purposes.Keywords: Barbary lion, diversity, endangered species, pedigree analysisReferencesALDEN, P. R. et al. (1998) National Audubon Society Field Guide to African Wildlife. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.BLACK, S. A. (2009) Return of the royal Barbary lion. BBC NEWS [Online]. Retrieved 2017-10-12 from http://news.bbc. co.uk/earth/hi/earth_news/newsid_8109000/8109945.stmBLACK, S. A. et al. (2013) Examining the Extinction of the Barbary Lion and Its Implications for Felid Conservation. PLoS ONE, vol. 8, no. 4, e60174. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0060174CERVANTES, I. et al. (2008). Population history and genetic variability in the Spanish Arab Horse assessed via pedigree analysis. Livestock science, vol. 113, no. 1, pp. 24–33.CREEL, S. and ROSENBLATT, E. (2013) Using pedigree reconstruction to estimate population size: genotypes are more than individually unique marks. Ecology and Evolution, vol. 3, no. 5, pp.1294–1304. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.538FRANKHAM, R., BALLOU, J. D. and BRISCOE, D. A. (2002) Introduction to conversation genetics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.GUTIÉREZZ, J. P. and GOYACHE, F. (2005) A note on ENDOG: a computer program for Analysis pedigree information. Journal of Animal Breeding and genetics, no. 122, pp. 172–176.GUTIÉREZZ, J. P. et al. (2008) Individual increase in inbreeding allows estimating effective sizes from pedigrees. Genetics Selection Evolution, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 359–378.GUTIÉREZZ, J. P., GOYACHE, F. and CERVANTES, I. (2009a) Endog v 4.6. A Computer Program for Monitoring Genetic Variability of Populations Using Pedigree Information. User´s Guide.GUTIÉREZZ, J. P., GOYACHE, F. and CERVANTES, I. (2009b) Improving the estimation of realized effective population sizes in farm animals. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics, vol. 126, no. 4, pp. 327–332.HEMMER, H. (1974) Untersuchungen zur Stammesgeschichte der Pantherkatzen (Pantherinae) Teil 3. Zur Artgeschichte des Löwen Panthera (Panthera) leo (Linnaeus, 1758). Veröffentlichungen der Zoologischen Staatssammlung, no. 17, pp. 167–280.HILL, W.G. and ZHANG, X. S. (2004) Genetic variation within and among animal populations. In: SIMM, G. et al. (eds.) Farm animal genetic resources. Nottingham: Nottingham University Press, pp. 67–84.IUCN. (2005) IUCN. Red List of Threatened Species. Cat Specialist Group. [Online]. Retrieved 2017-12-20 from http://www.catsg.orgIUCN. (2010) IUCN. Red List of Threatened Species (ver. 2010.1). [Online]. Retrieved 2017-12-20 from http://www.iucnredlist. org/details/15951/3JANEČKA, J. E. et al. (2008) Small effective population sizes of two remnant ocelot populations (Leopardus pardalis albescens) in the United States. Conservation Genetics. doi: https://doi. org/10.1007/s10592-007-9412-1JARKOVSKÝ, J., LITTNEROVÁ, S. and DUŠEK, L. (2012) Statistical evaluation of biodiversity. Brno: Akademické nakladatelství CERM.KADLEČÍK, O. and KASARDA, R. (2007) Animal Science. Nitra: SUA (in Slovak).KADLEČÍK, O. et al. (2016) Genetic diversity Slovak Spotted and Holstein cattle. Nitra: SUA (in Slovak).KARESH, W. B., SMITH, F. and FRAZIER-TAYLOR, H. (1987) A remote method for obtaining skin biopsy samples. Conserv. Biol., no.1, pp. 261–262.LACY, R.C. (1989) Analysis of founders’ representation in pedigrees: founder equivalents and founder genome equivalentsequivalence. Zoo Biology, vol. 8, pp.111–124.LEWIS, T. W. et al. (2015) Trends in genetic diversity for all Kennel Club registered pedigree dog breeds. Canine Genetics and Epidemiology, vol. 2, no 13. doi: http://doi.org/10.1186/ s40575-015-0027-4LINNAEUS, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae sccundum classis, ordines, genera, sepecies cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. 10th edition, vol. 1. 1. Holmiae (Laurentii salvii). Stockholm.MACCLUER, J. W. et al. (1983) Inbreeding and pedigree structure in Standardbred horses. J. Hered., vol. 74, pp. 394–399.NOMURA, T. (1999) A mating system to reduce Inbreeding in Selection Programmes. Theoretical Basis and Modification of Compensatory Mating. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics, vol. 116, pp. 351–356.ORAVCOVÁ, M. et al. (2006) Analysis of livestock breeds in terms of the effective size of their population. Acta fytotechnica et zootechnica, vol. 9, pp. 156–159.RIGGIO, J. et al. (2013) The size of savannah Africa: a lion’s (Panthera leo). Biodiversity and Conservation. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-012-0381-4SIMON, D. L. and BUCHENAUER, D. (1993) Genetic diversity of European livestock breeds. Wageningen: WUP.SPONG, G., JOHANSSON, M. and BJӦRKLUND, M. (2000) High genetic variation in leopards indicates large and long-term stable effective population size. Molecular Ecology, vol. 9, pp. 1773– 1782. doi: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.01067.xTORO, M. A. et al. (2011) Assessing the genetic diversity in small farm animal populations. Animal, no. 5, pp. 1669–1683.YAMAGUCHI, N. – HADDANE, B. (2002) The North African Barbary Lion and the Atlas Lion Project (PDF). International Zoo News, vol. 49, no. 8, pp. 465–481.WILSON, O. (1992) The Diversity of Life. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.WRIGHT, S. (1922) Coefficients of inbreeding and relationship. American naturalist, no. 56, pp. 330–333.ZANIN, M. et al. (2016) Gene flow and genetic structure of the puma and jaguar in Mexico. European Journal of Wildlife Research, vol. 62, no. 4, pp. 461–469. doi: https://doi. org/10.1007/s10344-016-1019-
The Lipizzan breed history in the Republic of Croatia
Get PDFReceived: 2018-05-08 | Accepted: 2018-05-14 | Available online: 2018-11-26https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2018.21.04.159-161The Lipizzan breed presents an indispensable part of numerous cultural and folklore events, equestrian games, folklore festivals and horse shows in Croatia. Also this is the third most populous breed of horses in Croatia and have status of Croatian protected breed. The aim of this paper was to show the history of breeding of Lipizzan horses and their introduction to Croatia. The origin of Lipizzan breed is connected with the year 1580 when Charles II, Archduke of Austria bought the village of Lipica near Sežana in Slovenia and founded a horse breed there. The Lipizzan were initially used for the protocol needs of the Vienna Court, and later as a working aid. Due to its exceptional beauty and wide usage, this breed began to spread through the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. Today, the Lipizzan breed, consists of 7 lines of stallions and 18 mare family lines. Throughout history, the breeding goal of the Lipizzan was harmonized depending on the country where it was grown, depending on the time and needs of the source of labour in agriculture and transport, but also depending on the culture of living in a particular region. More than 300 years of Lipizzan breeding in Croatia resulted in noble Baroque horse acclimated for Croatian conditions and deeply correlated with Croatian people and tradition.Keywords: breeding, Croatia, horses, Lipizzan breedsReferencesBaban, M., Ćurik, I., Maić, B., Rastija, T., Čačić, M., Mijić, P. (2006) Morphological characteristics of the Đakovo Lippizaner. Krmiva, 48 (3).Benčević, Z., Brlić, I. (1965) Bijelo biserje Jugoslavije. Zagreb: Izdavačko knjižarsko poduzeće Mladost.Čačić, M. (2011) Genetička analiza lipicanaca u Hrvatskoj. Zagreb: Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Agronomski fakultet.Gregić, M., Baban, M., Senčić, Đ., Mijić, P., Bobić, T. (2013) Resursi i mogućnosti hrvatskog ekološkog konjogojstva pod okriljem Europske unije. In: Jug, I., Đurđević, B. (ed.) Proceedings & abstract of the 6th International Scientific/Professional Conference Agriculture in Nature and Environment Protection. Osijek: Glas Slavonije, 220-224.Gregić, M., Janković K., Sekulić, M., Gavran, M., Baban, M., Mijić, P., Bobić, T., Potočnik, K., Dokić, D., Gantner, V. (2018) Revitalizacija uzgoja konja finalizacijom proizvoda i usluga u istočnoj Hrvatskoj. Agriculture in Nature and Environment Protection, Jug, D., Brozović, B., (ur.). Osijek: Glas Slavonije d.d., Osijek, 154-159.Horvath, Š. (1996) Hrvatske baštinjene pasmine. Zagreb: Pokret prijatelja prirode „Lijepa naša“.Hrvatska poljoprivredna agencija (HPA, 2018) Konjogojstvo 2017.Ilančić, D. (1975) Nekadašnje ergele Slavonije i Srijema. Zagreb: Orbis.Lončar, D., Gregić, M., Korabi, N., Ravas, M., Mijić, P., Bobić, T. (2016) Tradicija uzgoja lipicanaca u Slavoniji. In: Rašić, S.; Mijić, P., Proceedings & Abstracts, 9th international scientific/professional conference Agriculture in nature and environment protection. Osijek: Glas Slavonije, 262-266.Steinhausz, M. (1924) Lipicanac, Postanak i gojidbena izgradnja pasmine; današnje stanje gojidbe. Zagreb: Hrvatsko-slavonsko gospodarsko društvo.Župan, S. (2004) Lipicanci: ponos Slavonije. Meridijani: časopis za zemljopis, povijest, ekologiju i putovanja, 11 (87), 46-55
The use of new technologies in horse selection
Get PDFReceived: 2018-09-12 | Accepted: 2018-11-27 | Available online: 2018-12-31https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2018.21.04.186-189Most successful selection strategies are not in use in horse selection. This study describes the use of current strategies of selection in horse breeding and tries to answers why well known, scientifically proven selection strategies are still not implemented. In the era of genomic selection (GS) in animal breeding, decision making in horse selection, even classical breeding values (BV), are not fully taken advantage of. Breeding organizations (BO) which implement BVs as selection criteria in their breeding programs show great success in genetic gain. However, a horse's achievements and the popularity of its relatives still plays an important role in selection level. Genomic based selection tools in horse breeding have limitations in quantitative traits since it is difficult to establish reference population. Mendelian traits have been studied for several years, especially those related to horse health and functional longevity (long sport or race careers), yet there are still only a small number of validated mendelian traits offered for horses. The important benefit of GS is the prevention of related mating based on genomic data, in addition to pedigree data. The specialty in horse breeding is the use of cloning. From the point of view of genetic variability, cloning is useful in enabling geldings or non-genetically infertile animals to carry genes to next generations. In sport and race BOs, breeding stallions from foreign BOs are frequently used. In such cases a need for comparable BVs exists. These factors were the motivation behind the establishment of Interstallion 20 years ago. Due to difficulties in BO collaboration, Interstallion has not been as successful as planned. On the whole, it is expected that the sector of horse selection will need to change considerably in the future. Keywords: breeding value, cloning selection, genomic selection, inbreeding, strategiesReferencesÁrnason, T. (1984) Genetic studies on conformation and performance of Icelandic toelter horses: IV Best linear unbiased prediction of ten correlated traits by use of an animal model. Acta Agric. Scand. 34, 450–462.Broere Jazz (2018) Jazz – one in a million. [Online] Alblasserdam. Available at: http://www.broerejazz.com/en/sperma-bestellen/ [Accessed 12 August 2018].FMITCHELL07 (2009) Inbreeding to broodmares: an in-depth statistical analysis of the Rasmussen Factor, Part 1 [Online] https://fmitchell07.wordpress.com/2009/07/29/inbreeding-to-broodmares-an-in-depth-statistical-analysis-of-the-rasmussen-factor-part-1/ [Accessed 12 August 2018].Henderson, C. R. (1953) Estimation of variance and covariance components. Biometrics, 9, 226–252.Jorjani, H., Jakobsen, J., Hjerpe, E., Palucci, V., Dürr, J. (2012) Status of genomic evaluation in the Brown Swiss populations. Interbull Bull., 46, pp. 46–54.Koenen, E. (2005) Publication of breeding values: Interstallion guidelines. Workshop "Use of genetic evaluations in sport horse breeding" Warendorf, Germany. [Online] In: Leuven: KU Leuven. Available at: https://www.biw.kuleuven.be/Genlog/livgen/research/interstallion/workshop_docs/koenen1.pdf [Accessed 12 August 2018].Koenen, E., Aldridge, L.I., Philipsson, J. (2004) An overview of breeding objectives for warmblood sport horses. Livestock Production Science, 88(1-2), pp. 77-84.Liljenstolpe, C. (2009) Horses in Europe. [Online] Maarslet: WBFSH. Available at: http://www.wbfsh.org/files/EU%20Equus%202009.pdf [Accessed 16 August 2018].Mark, T. (2013) Genomic selection for performance and health http://www.wbfsh.org/files/Thomas_Mark_Genomic_Selection_in_Horse_Breeding_Oct._7th_2013_Warsaw.pdf [Accessed 12 August 2018].OMIA (2018) Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA). [Online] Maarslet: WBFSH. Available at: http://omia.org/home/ [Accessed 6 September 2018].Philipsson, J. (2009) Mace for horse evaluations. Interstallion: Workshop Le Pin au Haras, 26th March 2009. [Online. Available at: ]https://www.biw.kuleuven.be/Genlog/livgen/research/interstallion/workshop_LePin/I_MACE%20for%20horse%20evaluations.pdf [Accessed 12 August 2018].Reed, T. (2018) Johan Knaap on genomic selection – an interview. [Online]. Available at: http://www.irish-warmblood.com/pdf/Johan_Knaap_on_Genomic_Selection.pdf [Accessed 6 September 2018].Reis, A.P., Palmer, E., Nakhla, M. (2012) Biotechnologies of reproduction in the horse: what has changed? In: Book of Abstracts of the 63rd Annual Meeting of the European Federation of Animal Science Wageningen. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers.Shelbourne Farm. (2018) Cruising Clones. [Online]. Available at: http://www.shelbournefarm.com/stallions/cruising-clones/ [Accessed 6 September 2018].Stock, K., Quinn Brady, K., Christiansen, K., Viklund, Å., Cervantes, I., Ricard, A., Ducro, B., Janssens, S. (2015). Breeding objectives and practices of sport horse studbooks : Results of a worldwide inventory. In: Book of Abstracts of the 66th Annual Meeting of the European Federation of Animal Science Wageningen.Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers.Stock, K., Viklund, Å., Cervantes, I., Ricard, A., Christiansen, K., Vangen, O., Janssens, S. (2018). The role of Interstallion in supporting international sport horse breeding by improved transparency. In: Book of Abstracts of the 69th Annual Meeting of the European Federation of Animal Science Wageningen. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers.Thorén Hellsten, E. (2008) International Sport Horse Data for Genetic Evaluation. Doctoral Thesis. Uppsala: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.Waikato (2018) Waikato Stud offers a truly world-class stallion line up. [Online]. Available at: https://waikatostud.com/stallions/ [Accessed 6 September 2018].WBFSH (2018) World breeding federation for sport horses: Breeder and Studbook rankings. [Online]. Available at: http://www.wbfsh.org/GB/Rankings/Breeder%20and%20Studbook%20rankings.aspx [Accessed 12 September 2018]
Population studies of Czech Sport Pony
No full textReceived: 2016-11-07 | Accepted: 2016-11-18 | Available online: 2017-12-31http://dx.doi.org/10.15414/afz.2017.20.04.84-89Population study of Czech Sport Pony breed was carried out based on pedigree information of animals registered in the Studbook. Pedigree records collected from the year 1972 to 2016 comprised information on 12548 animals used in the analyses. The pedigree depth of the analysed individuals was relatively low (3.7 generations). The mean value of inbreeding coefficient was 0.3 % (with maximum value 26 %). The proportion of non-inbreed animals was high (80 %). The average rate of inbreeding in the reference population was lower than 1 %, and the estimates of effective population sizes were relatively high (789). The presented paper is indicating that genetic diversity in the Czech Sport Pony breeds is still relatively high. However the available genetic variability in the Czech Sport Pony breed as an open population with continuous migration and gene flow was lower than was expected. Active management of the future rate of inbreeding is necessary for this breed.Keywords: inbreeding, rate of inbreeding, effective populations, open populationReferencesÁLVAREZ, I. et al. (2008) Relationship between genealogical and microsatellite information characterizing losses of genetic variability: Empirical evidence from the rare Xalda sheep breed. Livest. Sci., vol. 115, pp. 80–88. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2007.06.009BOICHARD, D. et al., (1997) The value of using probabilities of gene origin to measure genetic variability in a population. Genet. Sel. Evol., vol .29, pp. 5–23. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/gse:19970101CABALLERO, A. (1994) Developments in the prediction of effictive population size. Heredity, vol. 73, pp. 657-679. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1994.174CABALLERO, A. and TORO, M. A. (2000) Interrelations between effective population size and other pedigree tools for the management of conserved populations. Genet. Res. vol., 75, pp. 331–343.CABALLERO, A. and TORO, M. A. (2002) Analysis of genetic diversity for the management of conserved subdivided populations. Conserv. Genet., vol. 3, pp. 289–299.CERVANTES, I. et al. (2011) Estimation of effective population size from the rate of coancestry in pedigreed populations: Effective population size from rate of coancestry. J. Anim. Breed. Genet., vol. 128, pp. 56–63. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0388.2010.00881.xCERVANTES, I. et al. (2008) Population history and genetic variability in the Spanish Arab Horse assessed via pedigree analysis. Livest. Sci., vol. 113. pp. 24–33. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2007.02.011CURIK, I. (2003) Inbreeding, Microsatellite Heterozygosity, and Morphological Traits in Lipizzan Horses. J. 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Preliminary study of insect pests of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) in Ogbomoso Agricultural Zone of Nigeria
Get PDFArticle Details: Received: 2018-06-11 | Accepted: 2018-09-06 | Available online: 2018-09-31https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2018.21.03.108-112A Field experiment was conducted in 2014 to determine insect pests associated with cucumber in Ogbomoso (Southern Guinea Savanna), Oyo-state Nigeria. Market More and Pointset cucumber varieties were used as treatments. Data were collected at three different phonological growth stages with damaged they caused. Data collections commenced at 2 weeks after planting (WAP) and were on weekly basis for six weeks. Four major insect pests observed were Phyllotreta cruciferae Fabricius, Diabrotical undecimpunctata Howardi Barber, Epilachna vigintiopunctata Fabricius and Monolepta spp Coquilletta on the two varieties observed. Except Epilachna, which belong to the family Coccinellidae others are from the family Chrymesolidae. Also, all the insects pest recorded the highest population at seedling and the population reduces at flowering to fruiting stage while Epilachna recorded the highest population at fruiting stage. The same trend was also observed for distribution across the age of the plant.Keywords: Cucumber, insect pest, Epilachna vigintiopunctata, population species and Market moreReferencesADETULA O., DENTON L. (2003) Performance of vegetative and yield accessions of cucumber (Cucumis sativa L.). In Horticultural Society of Nigeria (HORTSON) Proceedings of 21st Annual Conference. doi: https://doi.org/10.5897/JABSD2015.0239 BAKRE, S. et al. (2004) Cadmium, lead and mercury in fresh and boiled leafy vegetables grown in Lagos, Nigeria. Environmental Technology, vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 1367–1370. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09593332508618465BIDEIN T. et al. (2016). Efficacy of combining varietal resistance with organic fertilizer application in reducing infestation of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) by Insect Pests in the Niger Delta. American Eurasian Journal of Agriculture & Environmental. Science, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 532–542. doi: https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.aejaes.2016.16.3.12868BURGESS, L. and SPURR, D.T. (1984) Distribution and abundance of overwintering flea beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in a grove of trees. Environmental Entomology, vol. 13, pp. 941–944. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/13.4.941EKWU, L. G. et al. (2007) Vegetative growth and yield response of cucumber (L) to nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer. In Proceedings of the 20 Annual Conference of Horticultural Society of Nigeria (HORTSON) May 14th–17th, pp.117–200.FAOSTAT (2008) Statistical database of Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.GHALLAB, M M. et al. (2011) Sensitivity of four cucumber cultivars to some piercing sap sucking pests infestation and their impact on yield. Plant Protection Research Institute, vol. 89, no. 4, 1363.GRZYWACZ, D. et al. (2014) The use of indigenous ecological resources for pest control in Africa. Food security, vol. 6, pp. 71–86. KAREIVA, P. (1982) Exclusion experiments and the competitive release of insects feeding on collards. Ecology, vol. 62, pp. 696–704.KHAN, M.W. et al. (1991) Toxicity of crude neem extracts (N-4) and (N-9) against the late 2nd instar larvae of Musca domestica (PCSIR strain). Pak. J. Pharm. Sci., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 77–86.KUHAR, T. P. and SPEESE, J. (2002) Cucumber Beetle Management in Melons. Vegetable, Virginia Small Fruit and Specialty Crops. Virginia State University in Virginia.INDRA, P.S. and KAMINI, V. (2003) Control of flea beetle, Phyllotreta nemorum L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) using locally available natural resources. Himalayas Journal of Science, no. 2, pp. 111–114.MAYOORI, K. and MIKUNTHAN, G. (2009) Damage pattern of cabbage flea beetle Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), and its associated hosts of crops and weeds. American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 303–307.MISHCHENKO, S. et al. (2017) Phenological growth stages of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.): codification and description according to the BBCH scale. Žemės Ūkio Mokslai, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 31–36.PARACHNOWITSCH, A. L. et al. (2012) Phenotypic selection to increase floral scent emission, but not flower size or colour in bee-pollinated Penstemon digitalis. New Phytol., vol. 195, pp. 667–675.ROOT, R. B. (1973) Organization of a plant-arthropod association in simple and diverse habitats: The fauna of collards (Brassica oleracea). Ecological Monographs, vol. 43, pp. 95–124.SELLECK, G.W. and OPENA, R.T. 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Genetic diversity in five Czech native horse breeds assessed using microsatellite markers
Get PDFReceived: 2018-05-07 | Accepted: 2018-05-14 | Available online: 2018-11-26https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2018.21.04.190-193The aim of the present study was to analyse the genetic diversity of the endangered horse breeds kept in the Czech Republic. A set of 13 microsatellites was used for genotyping 349 Silesian Norikers, 397 Norikers, 552 Czech-Moravian Belgian horses, 271 Old Kladrubers (175 greys, 95 blacks) and 241 Hucul horses. The proportion of obtained heterozygosity indicates no major loss of genetic diversity within analyzed breeds. The Wright’s FST and genetic distances indicated genetic segregation of both colour varieties of the Old Kladruber breed and small genetic distances between draft horse breeds. Moreover, the membership probability outputs showed that the frequencies of alleles varied across the three main regions. First region is represented by draft horse breeds, second region is represented by Old Kladruber horse and the last is represented by Hucul breed. The study provides data and information utilizable in the management of conservation programs in order to reduce inbreeding and to minimize loss of genetic variability.Keywords: admixture, endangered breeds, horse, loss of genetic diversityReferencesDelgado J.F., De Andres N., Valera M., Gutierrez J.P., Cervantes I. (2014) Assessment of population structure depending on breeding objectives in Spanish Arabian horse by genealogical and molecular information. Livestock Science, 168, 9–16. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2014.07.012Jombart T., Ahmed I. (2011) adegenet 1.3-1: new tools for the analysis of genome-wide SNP data. Bioinformatics, 27, 3070–3071. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btr521 Jombart T., Collins C. (2015): A tutorial for diskriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) using adegenet 2.0.0. MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling. [Online] London: Imperial College London. Available at: http://adegenet.rforge. r-project.org/files/tutorial-dapc.pdf [accessed 20 November 2017].Kasarda R., Vostry L., Moravcikova N., Vostra-Vydrova H., Dovc P., Kadlecik O. (2016) Detailed insight into genetic diversity of the Old Kladruber horse substructure in comparison to the Lipizzan breed. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A – Animal Science, 66, 67–74. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09064702.2016.1249400Peakall, R. and Smouse P.E. (2012) GenAlEx 6.5: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for taching and research-an update. Bioinformatics 28, 2537-2539. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bts460Szwaczkowski T., Gregula-Kania M., Stachurska A., Borowska A., Jaworski Z., Gruszecki T.M. (2016) Interand intra-genetic diversity in the Polish Konik horse: implications for the conservation program. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 96 (4), 570–580. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2015-017
Enrichment of table eggs with selenium and lutein – our experiences
Get PDFReceived: 2018-05-06 | Accepted: 2018-05-14 | Available online: 2018-11-26https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2018.21.04.138-141By modifying meals for hens it is possible to influence the content of selenium and lutein in eggs, which enables the production of eggs with an increased share of the desired functional ingredients. Such eggs on the market represent enriched or functional foods that are characterized by preventive action in order to preserve the human health. The results of our research show that the composition of meals affects the content of selenium and lutein in eggs. The use of Se-yeast in hens’ mixtures in the amount of 0.5 mg·kg of feed increases the selenium content in egg whites and yolks by 62.94% and 41.54% in comparison to eggs from hens fed with a conventional mixture. Addition of 400 mg·kg of lutein to a hens' mixture can enrich egg yolk with lutein by 86.93% with respect to eggs from hens fed with a conventional mixture (without the addition of lutein).By designing hens’ mixtures using selenium and lutein having antioxidant activity, it is possible to produce eggs with improved nutritional value and extended shelf life.Keywords: eggs, enrichment, lutein, seleniumReferencesAljamal, A.A., Purdum, S.E., Hanford, K.J. (2014) The effect of normal and excessive supplementation of selenomethionine and sodium selenite in laying hens. International Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 3 (3), 33-38.Chung, H.Y., Rasmussen, H.M., Johnson, E.J. (2004) Lutein bioavailability is higher from lutein-enriched eggs than from supplements and spinach in men. The Journal of Nutrition, 134 (8), 1887-1893. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/134.8.1887Fašiangová M., Bořilová G., Hulánková R. (2017) Effect of Dietary Se Supplementation on the Se Status and Physico-chemical Properties of Eggs – a Review. Czech Journal of Food Science, 35 (4), 275-284. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.17221/370/2016-CJFSFerencik, M, Ebringer, L. (2003) Modulatory effects of selenium and zinc on the immune system. Folia Microbiologica (Praha), 48 (3), 417-426. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02931378Gajčević, Z., Kralik, G., Has-Schon, E., Pavić, V. (2009) Effects of organic selenium supplemented to layer diet on table egg freshness and selenium content. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 8 (2), 189-199. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ijas.2009.189Gale, C.R., Hall, N.F., Phillips, D.I., Martyn, C.N. (2001) Plasma antioxidant vitamins and carotenoids and age-related cataract. Ophthalmology, 108 (11), 1992-1998. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0161-6420(01)00833-8Gao, S., Qin, T., Liu, Z., Caceres, M.A., Ronchi, C.F., Chen, C.Y., Yeum, K.J., Taylor, A., Blumberg, J.B., Liu, Y., Shang, F. (2011) Lutein and zeaxanthin supplementation reduces H2O2-induced oxidative damage in human lens epithelial cells. [Online] Molecular Vision,17, 3180-3190. Available at: http://www.molvis.org/molvis/v17/a343/ [Accessed 20 April 2018].Golzar Adabi, S.H., Kamali, M.A., Davoudi, J., Cooper, R.G., Hajbabaei, A. (2010) Quantification of lutein in egg following feeding hens with a lutein supplement and quantification of lutein in human plasma after consumption of lutein enriched eggs. [Online] Archiv für Geflügelkunde, 74(3), 158-163. Available at: https://www.european-poultry-science.com/Quantification-of-lutein-in-egg-following-feeding-hens-with-a-lutein-supplement-and-quantification-of-lutein-in-human-plasma-after-consumption-of-lutein-enriched-eggs,QUlEPTQyMTk2ODImTUlEPTE2MTAxNA.html [Accessed 24 April 2018].Grčević, M, Kralik, Z., Kralik, G., Radišić, Ž., Mahmutović, H. (2014) Increase of the lutein content in hens' eggs. In Popović, Zoran (ur.) Proceedings of the International Symposium on Animal Science. Beograd: University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture. 637-642. Available at: http://arhiva.nara.ac.rs/bitstream/handle/123456789/724/91%20Livestocksym%202014%20-%20Grcevic%20et%20al.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y [Accessed 20 April 2018].Grčević, M. (2015) Obogaćivanje konzumnih jaja luteinom . Doktorska disertacija. Osijek: Poljoprivredni fakultet u Osijeku. 121.Jing. C.L., Dong. X.F., Wang. Z.M., Liu. S., Tong. J.M. (2015) Comparative study of DL-selenomethionine vs sodium selenite and seleno-yeast on antioxidant activity and selenium status in laying hens. Poultry Science, 94 (5), 965-975. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps/pev045Kralik, G., Gajčević, Z., Suchy, P., Strakova, E., Hanžek, D. (2009) Effects of dietary selenium source and storage on internal quality of eggs. Acta Veterinaria Brno, 78 (2), 219-222. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb200978020219Kralik, G., Kralik, Z., Grčević, M., Kralik, I., Gantner, V. (2018) Enrichment of table eggs with functional ingredients. Journal of Central European Agriculture, 19 (1), 72-82. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5513/JCEA01/19.1.2025Kralik, Z., Grčević, M., Radišić, Ž., Kralik, I., Lončarić, Z., Škrtić, Z. (2016) Effect of selenium-fortified wheat in feed for laying hens on table eggs quality. [Online] Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 22 (2), 297-302. Available at: http://www.agrojournal.org/22/02-21.pdf [Accessed 22 April 2018].Kralik, Z., Lončarić, Z., Grčević, M., Radišić, Ž., Galović, D., Cimerman, E. (2017) Utjecaj korištenja biofortificiranog kukuruza u hrani za nesilice na kvalitetu jaja kokoši hrvatice. In Antunović, Zvonko (ur.) Zbornik radova 52. hrvatskog i 12. Međunarodnog simpozija agronoma. Vila, Sonja. Osijek: Poljoprivredni fakultet u Osijeku, 528-533. Available at: http://sa.agr.hr/pdf/2017/sa2017_proceedings.pdf [Accessed 20 April 2018].Kryukov, G.V., Castellano, S., Novoselov, S.V., Lobanov, A.V., Zehtab, O., Guigo, R. Gladyshev, V.N. (2003) Characterization of mammalian selenoproteomes. Science, 300 (5624), 1439-1443. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1083516Landrum, J.T., Bone, R.A. (2001) Lutein, zeaxanthin, and the macular pigment. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 385 (1), 28-40. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/abbi.2000.2171Leeson, S., Caston, L. (2004) Enrichment of eggs with lutein. Poultry Science, 83 (10), 1709-1712. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ps/83.10.1709Leeson, S., Caston, L., Namkung, H. (2007) Effect of dietary lutein and flax on performance, egg composition and liver status of laying hens. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 87 (3), 365-372. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4141/A06-043Pan, C., Huang, K., Zhao, Y., Qin, S., Chen, F., Hu, Q. (2007) Effect of selenium source and level in hen's diet on tissue selenium deposition and egg selenium concentrations. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55 (3), 1027-1032. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf062010aPaton, N.D., Cantor, A.H., Pescatore, A.J., Ford, M.J., Smith, C.A. (2002) The effect of dietary selenium source and level on the uptake of selenium by developing chick embryos. Poultry Science, 81 (10), 1548-1554. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ps/81.10.1548Skřivan, M. (2009) Zvýšení obsahu selenu ve vejcích: Metodika [Online.] Prague: Institute of Animal Science. Available at: https://anzdoc.com/vyzkumny-ustav-ivoine-vyroby-vvi-praha-uhinves-metodika-zvye.html [Accessed 23 April 2018].Surai, P.F. (2000) Organic selenium and the egg: Lessons from nature. [Online] Feed Compounder, 20, 16–18. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283153317_Organic_selenium_and_the_egg_Lessons_from_nature [Accessed 22 April 2018]
Molecular and pathogenic characterization of Iranian isolates associated with leaf spot disease of potato
Get PDFReceived: 2017-10-05 | Accepted: 2018-01-23 | Available online: 2018-03-31 https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2018.21.01.01-05Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler is one of the main causal agents of leaf spot on potato in Iran and worldwide. In this study, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and pathogenicity assay were employed to analyze 28 A. alternata isolates obtained from potato plants. The isolates were collected from main potato growing regions of Iran, including Ardebil, Hamedan, Isfahan and Fars provinces. Cluster analysis of genotypes produced by RAPD marker, using UPGMA method indicated that the isolates have been clustered into different groups with no correlation to geographical origins of the isolates. Pathogenicity assay indicated that all A. alternata isolates were pathogenic on potato;however, virulence variability was observed among the isolates. The findings revealed that because of extant diversity in pathogenicity and genetics of A. alternata isolates, a single isolate should not be used for evaluating resistance of potato.Keywords: Alternaria alternata, pathogenicity, RAPD, Solanum tuberosum L.ReferencesANDERSEN, B., HANSEN, M.E. and SMEDSGAARD, J. (2005) Automated and unbiased image analyses as tools in phenotypic classification of small-spored Alternaria spp. In Phytopathol, vol. 95, pp. 1021–1029.DROBY, S. et al. (1984) Pathogenicity of Alternaria alternata on potato in Israel. In Phytopathol, vol. 74, pp.537–542.KAKVAN, N. et al. (2012) Study on pathogenic and genetic diversity of Alternaria alternata isolated from citrus hybrids of Iran, based on RAPD-PCR technique. In Eur J Exp Biol, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 570–576.MAHMODI, F. et al. (2014) Genetic Diversity and Differentiation of Colletotrichum spp. Isolates Associated with Leguminosae Using Multigene Loci, RAPD and ISSR. In Plant Pathol J, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 10–24.McDONALD BA and LINDE, C. (2002) Pathogen population genetics, evolutionary potential, and durable resistance. In Annu Rev Phytopathol, vol. 40, pp. 349–379.MEENA, RK., SHARMA, SS. and SINGH, S. (2015) Studies on variability in Alternaria alternata (Kessler) causing leaf blight of Isabgol (Plantago ovata). In SAARC J Agric, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 63–70.MORRIS, P.F., CONNOLLY, M.S. and CLAIR, D.A. (2000) Genetic diversity of Alternaria alternata isolated from tomato in California assessed using RAPDs. In Mycol Res, vol. 104, no. 3, pp. 286–292.NASEHI, A. et al. (2014) Analysis of genetic and virulence variability of Stemphylium lycopersici associated with leaf spot of vegetable crops. In Eur J Plant Pathol, vol. 140, no. 2, pp. 261–273.NASR ESFAHANI, M. and ANSARIPOUR, B. (2006) Identification of common leaf blight diseases of potato in Fereidan. In Proceedings of the 17th Iranian Plant Protection Congress, Campus of College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran. Teheran: College of Agric Sci, p. 213.NATIONAL INSTITUTION OF AGRICULTURE BOTANY (NIAB) (1985) Diseases assessment manual for crop variety trials. Cambridge: UP.PRYOR B.M. and MICHAILIDES, T.J. (2002) Morphological, pathogenic, and molecular characterization of Alternaria isolates associated with Alternaria late blight of pistachio. In Phytopathol, vol. 92, no. 4, pp. 406–416.ROHLF, E.J. (1993) NTSYS-pc: Numerical taxonomy and multivariate analysis system, version 1.80. Setauket, New York: Applied Biostatistics Inc. ROTEM, J. (1994) The Genus Alternaria; Biology, Epidemiology, and Pathogenicity. Minnesota, USA: American Phytopathological Society Press. 326 p.TALBOT, N. (2001) Molecular and Cellular Biology of Filamentous Fungi. New York, USA: Oxford University Press.WAALS Van der, J. E. et al. (2003) Evalution of Plant-plus, a decision support system for control of early blight on potatoes in South Africa. In Crop Prot, vol. 22, pp. 821–828.WAALS Van der, J. E. et al. (2011) First report of Alternaria alternata causing leaf blight of potatoes in South Africa. In Plant Dis, vol. 95, no. 3, pp. 363–363.WEIR, T. L. et al. (1998) RAPD-PCR analysis of genetic variation among isolates of Alternaria solani and Alternaria alternata from potato and tomato. In Mycol, pp. 813–821
Determination of the efficient enzyme concentration for lytic digestion of vegetative cells but not spores in Schizosaccharomyces pombe.
Get PDFReceived: 2016-05-24 | Accepted: 2016-05-30 | Available online: 2017-06-20http://dx.doi.org/10.15414/afz.2017.20.01.20-22The fact that lytic enzymes such as b-glucuronidase are capable of cell wall lysis, while the integrity of the spore is not affected, is used in the spore viability tests to investigate meiotic processes. Meiosis as a fundamental feature in all living organisms comprises of a complex tightly linked and mutually dependent processes most of which are scientific targets of many research institutions. The fission yeast Shizosaccharomyces pombe is a powerful tool for studies on eukaryotic meiosis. Mating of yeast strains of opposite mating types on nitrogen free medium results in spores production. Whereas not all cells undergo meiosis, some cells persist in vegetative stage even in the absence of nitrogen, this leads to generation of a mixed suspension of vegetative cells and spores. Thus, in order to separate spores from vegetative cells obtained mixture was exposed to lytic enzyme action. This treatment kills vegetative cells without affecting spores. To obtain the best and reproducible results of spore recovery and viability, different lytic conditions were analysed. Obtained results show, that use of b-glucuronidase as lytic enzyme for random spore analyses in the fission yeast is dose and time dependent.Keywords: b-glucuronidase, cell cycle, spore viability, Schizosaccharomycesn pombeReferences BAHALUL, M., KANETI, G. and KASHI, Y. (2010) Ether–zymolyase ascospore isolation procedure: an efficient protocol for ascosppores isolation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast. Yeast, vol.27, no.12, pp.999–1003. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.1808DAWES, I.W., HARDIE, I.D. (1974) Selective killing of vegetative cells in sporulated cultures by exposure to diethyl ether. Mol Gen Genet, vol.131, no. 4, pp. 281–289. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264859DONOVAN, D.M., KERR, D.E. and WALL, R.J. (2005) Engineering disease resistant cattle. Transgenic Res, vol. 14, pp. 563–567. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11248-005-0670-8KHARE, A. K., SINGH, B., and SINGH, J. (2011) A fast and inexpensive method for random spore analysis in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Yeast, vol. 28, pp. 527–533. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.1855MORENO, S., KLAR, A. and NURSE, P. (1991) Molecular genetic analysis of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Methods Enzymol, vol. 194, pp. 795–823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(91)94059-LPARENTI-CASTELLI G, et al. (1974) Effect of soluble and membrane proteins upon diethyl ether extraction of aqueous phospholipid dispersions. Lipids, vol.9, pp.221–228. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02532197SALAZAR, O. and ASENJO, J.A. (2007) Enzymatic lysis of microbial cells Review Biotechnology Letters, vol. 29, no. 7, pp. 985-994. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10529-007-9345-2SMITH, G.R. (2009) Genetic Analysis of Meiotic Recombination in Schizosaccharomyces pombe Methods Mol Biol., vol. 557, pp. 65–76. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-527-5_6YANG, Y.G, et al. (2000) The application of a novel lytic system to the recovery of recombinant proteins in E. coli. Sheng Wu Hua Xue Yu Sheng Wu Wu Li Xue Bao (Shanghai) Acta biochimica et biophysica Sinica, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 211–216.ŽUKAITE, V. and BIZIULEVIČIUS, G.A. (2000) Acceleration of hyaluronidase production in the course of batch cultivation of Clostridium perfringens can be achieved with bacteriolytic enzymes. Lett Appl Microbiol, vol. 30, pp. 203–206. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-765x.2000.00693.
Dragonflies (Odonata) of the Nature Reserve Torozlín and water area Štrkáreň gravel-pit in the southwestern part of the Slovak Republic
No full textReceived: 2016-04-19 | Accepted: 2016-06-05 | Available online: 2017-09-30http://dx.doi.org/10.15414/afz.2017.20.03.49-53Over the period of the years 2014 and 2015 in the locality of nature reserve Torozlín and water area Štrkáreň gravel-pit being located at the village Komjatice, lying in the southwestern part of the Podunajská pahorkatina upland was evaluated the species of dragonflies. 179 individuals of dragonflies were collected during the monitoring period, of which 13 species were determined as belonging to eight families. On the locality of the Torozlin Nature Reserve, the dominant species were Ischnura elegans (37.50%), Platycnemis pennipes (28.85 %), Sympetrum vulgatum (10.58 %), Sympetrum sanguineum (5.76 %) and Platycnemis pennipes (54.67 % Ischnura elegans (37.33 %) and Libellula depressa (5.34 %). Based on the fact that the Torozlin site has a marshy character, the species composition was more varied. Protection and vulnerability were assessed by the Red List of IUCN, the European Red List of dragonflies and the Red List of dragonflies of the Slovak Republic. Evaluation of protection was carried out under the Decree of the Ministry of Environment of the Slovak Republic No. 492/2006 Collection of Laws. For individual species found also their dominance was calculated.Keywords: dragonflies, locality, nature reserve, dominance, SlovakiaReferences ASKEW, R.R. (1988) The dragonflies of Europe. Colchester: Harley Books. 291 p.DAVID, S. (2001) Red (ekosozological) list of dragonflies (Insecta: Odonata) Slovakia. In BALÁŽ, D., MARHOLD, K. and URBAN, P.(Ed.): Red list of plants and animals of Slovakia. Nature protection, 20 (Suppl.), pp. 96–99.DAVID, S. (2005) The research results of dragonflies (Odonata) in the Slovak Republic. In Ochrana prírody, vol. 24, pp. 168-187 (in Czech).DAVID, S. (2006) Dragonflies (Odonata) of selected water habitats. In HREŠKO, J., PUCHEROVÁ, Z. and BALÁŽ, I. (eds.): Landscape Nitra and its surroundings. The initial stage of research. Nitra: UKF. 182 p. (in Slovak).DAVID, S. (2013) Annotated Checklist of dragonflies (Odonata), Slovakia. In BRYJA, J., ŘEHÁK, J. and ZUKA, J. (eds.): Zoological days Brno 2013. Abstracts from the conference. Brno: Mendelova univerzita. 242 p.DAVID, S. and ÁBELOVÁ, M. (2015) Dragonflies (Odonata) of the Protected Area Mlyňany Arboretum. Folia faunistica Slovaca, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 135–139.DECREE OF THE MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT. 492/2006 Coll., Amending and supplementing Decree of the Ministry of Environment of the Slovak Republic no. 24/2003 Coll., Implementing the Act. 543/2002 Coll. on nature and landscape protection.DIJKSTRA, K.D.B. and LEWINGTON, R. (2006) Field guide to the dragonflies of Britain and Europe including western Turkey and north-western Africa. London: British Wildlife Publishing, 320 p.DOLNÝ, A. et al.(2007) The dragonflies of the Czech Republic. Ecology, conservation and distribution. Vlaším: Český svaz ochránců přírody. 672 p. (in Czech).HANEL, L. and ZELENÝ, J. (2000) Dragonflies (Odonata), research and protection. In Metodika Českého svazu ochránců přírody, no. 9. 240 p. (in Czech).HEIDEMANN, H. and SEIDENBUSCH, R. (1993) Die Libellenlarven Deutschlands und Frankreichs. Handbuch für Exuviensammler. Keltern: Verlag Erna Bauer Keltern, 391 p.IUCN (2014) IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014. 3.JANSKÝ, V. and DAVID, S. (2010) Dragonflies (Odonata) PR Šúr. In Majzlan, O., Vidlička, Ľ. Nature Reserves Sur. Institute of Zoology, 2010. 410 p.KALKMAN, V. J. et al. (eds.) (2010) European Red List of Dragonflies. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. 28 p.KOHL, S. (1998) Odonata. Anisoptera – Exuvien (Grosslibellen-Larvenhäute) Europas. Bestimmungsschlüssel. Berlin: Kohl. 27 p.LAPIN, M. et al. (2002). Climate zones. In MIKLÓS, L. (ed.) Atlas of landscape of Slovakia. Bratislava: Ministerstvo životného prostredia SR. 95 p. (in Slovak).LOSOS, B. et al. (1984) Animal Ecology. Praha: Státní pedagogické nakladatelství. 300 p. (in Czech).LOSOS, B. (1992) Animal ecology: Exercises. Brno Masarykova univerzita. 229 p. (in Czech).THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE VILLAGE KOMJATICE 2015 – 2023. Komjatice: Obecký úrad. 86 p. (in Slovak).WALDHAUSER, M. and ČERNÝ, M. (2014) Dragonflies Czech Republic. Guide for determining our species and their larvae. Vlaším: Český svaz ochránců přírody Vlaším. 184 p. (in Czech).WASSCHER, M. T. and BOS, F.G. (2000) The European dragonflies: notes on the checklist and on species diversity. Odonatologica, vol. 29, pp. 31–43