Acta Fytotechnica et Zootechnica Online (Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra)
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Polychlorinated biphenyls in cow’s milk, feed and soil in selected areas of Slovakia
Get PDFArticle Details: Received: 2020-09-07 | Accepted: 2020-10-19 | Available online: 2020-12-31https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.04.241-247The contents of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were determined in raw cow’s milk, feed and soil samples from three regions of Slovak Republic (SR) depending on the environmental regional classification of SR. Total 60 pool milk samples from undisturbed environment (Novoť area), moderately disturbed environment (Tulčík area), and from strongly disturbed environment (Čečejovce area) collected in April, July and September were extracted, purified by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and analyzed using the gas chromatography with electron capture detector method (GC-ECD). Thirty feed samples of total mixed ration (TMR) were collected in April and September and after the extraction and purification by GPC were analyzed using gas and liquid chromatography (GLC). Fifteen soil samples collected in April were analyzed using the GC-ECD. All samples of raw milk, feed and soil were under the limit of quantification (LOQ) from all regions and did not exceed the limits set by European Commission. There were no seasonal differences in the PCBs levels in the milk, feed and soil samples. The milk PCBs consumption from these locations has no negative impact on consumer’s health. The results indicate the decreasing trend in PCBs occurrence in the environment and food sources. Despite this positive findings, there is a constant need to monitor environmental burden of PCBs in the different regions of Slovakia where mainly food of animal origin is produced and to recognize another sources of PCBs that may impact the food chain.Keywords: polychlorinated biphenyls, PCB, cow milk, cows, SlovakiaReferencesAHMADKHANIHA, R., NODEHI, R.N., RASTKARI, N. and AGHAMIRLOO, H.M. (2017). Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) residues in commercial pasteurized cows‘ milk in Tehran, Iran. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 15, 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40201-017-0278-yBERGHUIS, S.A. and ROZE, E. (2019). Prenatal exposure to PCBs and neurological and sexual/pubertal development from birth to adolescence. Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care, 49(6), 133–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cppeds.2019.04.006BOUCHER, M.P., LEFEBVRE, C. and CHAPADOS, N.A. (2015). The effects of PCB126 on intra-hepatic mechanisms associated with non alcoholic fatty liver disease. Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, 14, 88. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40200-015-0218-2BOUREZ, S., LE LAY, S., VAN DEN DAELEN, C., LOUIS, C., LARONDELLE, Y., THOME, J.P., SCHNEIDER, Y.J., DUGAIL, I. and DEBIER, C. (2012). Accumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls in adipocytes: selective targeting to lipid droplets and role of Caveolin-1. PLos One, 7(2), e31834. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0031834BRAJENOVIĆ, N., KARAČONJI, I.B. and JURIČ, A. (2018). 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Commission Regulation (EU) No 1259/2011 of 2 December 2011 amending Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 as regards maximum levels for dioxins, dioxin-like PCBs and non dioxin-like PCBs in foodstuffs. Official Journal of the European Union, 54, 18.COSTERA, A., FEIDT, C., MARCHAND, P., LEBIZEC, B. and RYCHEN, G. (2006). PCDD/F and PCB transfer to milk in goats exposed to a long-term intake of contaminated hay. Chemosphere, 64(4), 650–657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.10.052ČONKA, K., FABIŠIKOVÁ, A., CHOVANCOVÁ, J., STACHOVÁ SEJÁKOVÁ, Z., DÖMÖTÖROVÁ, M., DROBNÁ, B. and KOČAN, A. (2015). Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and biphenyls in food samples from areas with potential sources of contamination in Slovakia. Journal of Food and Nutrition Research, 54(1), 50–61.DENG, P., BARNEY, J., PETRIELLO, M.C., MORRIS, A.J., WAHLANG, M. and HENNIG, B. (2019). Hepatic metabolomics reveals that liver injury increases PCB 126-induced oxidative stress and metabolic dysfunction. Chemosphere, 217, 140–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.196FOCANT, J.F., PIRARD, C., MASSART, A.C. and DE PAUW, E. (2003). Survey of commercial pasteurised cows’ milk in Wallonia (Belgium) for the occurrence of polychlorinated dibenzo-pdioxins, dibenzofurans and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls. Chemosphere, 52(4), 725–733. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00127-9FÜRST, P., KRAUSE, G.H.M., HEIN, D., DELSCHEN, T. and WILMERS, K. (1993). PCDD/PCDF in cow‘s milk in relation to their levels in grass and soil. Chemosphere, 27(8), 1349–1357. https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(93)90229-XGAUM, P.M., GUBE, M., ESSER, A., SCHETTGEN, T., QUINETE, N., BERTRAM, J., PUTSCHÖGL, F.M., KRAUS, T. and LANG, J. (2019). Depressive symptoms after PCB exposure: hypotheses for underlying pathomechanisms via the thyroid and dopamine system. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(6), 950. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16060950GUIDA, N., LAUDATI, G., SERANI, A., MASCOLO, L., MOLINARO, P., MONTUORI, P., DI RENZO, G., CANZONIERO, L.M.T. and FORMISANO L. (2017). The neurotoxicant PCB95 by increasing the neuronal transcriptional repressor REST down-regulates caspase-8 and increases Ripk1, Ripk3 and MLKL expression determining necroptotic neuronal death. Biochemical Pharmacology, 142, 229–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2017.06.135HAGMAR, L., RYLANDER, L., DYREMARK, E., KLASSONWEHLER, E. and ERFURTH, E.M. (2001). Plasma concentrations of persistent organochlorines in relation to thyrotropin and thyroid hormone levels in women. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 74, 184–188. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004200000213HAO, Y., LI, Y., WANG, T., HU, Y., SUN, H., MATSIKO, J., ZHENG, S., WANG., P. and ZHANG, Q. (2018). Distribution, seasonal variation and inhalation risks of polychlorinated dibenzo-pdioxins and dibenzofurans, polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the atmosphere of Beijing, China. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 40(5), 1907– 1918. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-017-9961-2 HIRAKO, M. (2008). Distribution of PCDDs, PCDFs and dioxinlike PCBs in the blood, testis and adipose tissue of suckling beef calves. Chemosphere, 71(2), 219–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.09.047INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER (2016). Polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated biphenyls. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, 107, Lyon, France: IARC.LA ROCCA, C. and MANTOVANI, A. (2006). From environment to food: the case of PCB. Annali dell‘Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 42(4), 410–416. LEIJS, M.M., KOPPE, J.G., OLIE, K., VAN AALDEREN, W.M., DE VOOGT, P. and TEN TUSSCHER, G.W. (2009). Effects of dioxins, PCBs, and PBDEs on immunology and hematology in adolescents. Environmental Science and Technology, 43(20), 7946–7951. https://doi.org/10.1021/es901480fMESR and SEA. (2018). State of the Environment Report – Slovak Republic 2018. Bratislava, Banská Bystrica: Ministry of Environment of the Slovak Republic, Slovak Environmental Agency. ISBN 978-80-8213-007-5MÜLLEROVÁ, D. and KOPECKÝ, J. (2007). White adipose tissue: storage and effector site for environmental pollutants. Physiological Research, 56, 375–381. PETRO, E.M.L., COVACI, A., LEROY, J.L.M.R., DIRTU, A.C., DE COEN, W. and BOLS, P.E.J. (2010). Occurrence of endocrine disrupting compounds in tissues and body fluids of Belgian dairy cows and its implications for the use of the cow as a model to study endocrine disruption. Science of the Total Environment, 408, 5423–5428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.07.051RYCHEN, G., JURJANZ, S., FOURNIER, A., TOUSSAINT, H. and FEIDT, C. (2014). Exposure of ruminants to persistent organic pollutants and potential of decontamination. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 21, 6440–6447. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-1882-8SERPE, P.S., SCARAMUZZO, A., MAGLIO, P., LAMBIASE, S. and ESPOSITO, M. (2015). Monitoring plan on PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs milk contamination in Campania Region (Italy). International Journal of Analytical Mass Spectrometry and Chromatography, 3, 32–36. https://doi.org/10.4236/ijamsc.2015.32004SHEN, H., STARR, J., HAN, J., ZHANG, L., LU, D., GUAN, R., XU, X., WANG, X., LI, J., LI, W., ZHANG, Y. and WU, Y. (2016). The bioaccessibility of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) in cooked plant and animal origin foods. Environment International, 94, 33–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2016.05.003STRÉMY, M., ŠUTOVÁ, Z., PALKOVIČOVÁ MURÍNOVÁ, Ľ., RICHTEROVÁ, D., WIMMEROVÁ, S., ČONKA, K., DROBNÁ, B., FÁBELOVÁ, L., JUREČKOVÁ, D., JUSKO, T.A., TIHÁNYI, J. and TRNOVEC, T. (2019). The spatial distribution of congenerspecific human PCB concentrations in a PCB-polluted region. Science of the Total Environment, 651, 2292–2303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.123SUMNER, R.N., TOMLINSON, M., CRAIGON, J., ENGLAND, G.C.W. and LEA, R.G. (2019). Independent and combined effects of diethylhexyl phthalate and polychlorinated biphenyl 153 on sperm quality in the human and dog. Scientific Reports, 9, 3409. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-39913-9ŠALGOVIČOVÁ, D. and PAVLOVIČOVÁ, D. (2007). Exposure of the population of the Slovak Republic to dietary polychlorinated biphenyls. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 45(9), 1641–1649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2007.02.030THOMAS, G.O., SWEETMAN, A.J. and JONES, K.C. (1999) Input-output balance of polychlorinated biphenyls in a longterm study of lactating dairy cows. Environmental Science and Technology, 33(1), 104–112. https://doi.org/10.1021/es980322rTOFT, G. (2014). Persistent organochlorine pollutants and human reproductive health. Danish Medical Journal, 61(11), B4967.TREMOLADA, P., GUAZZONI, N., PAROLINI, M., ROSSARO, B., BIGNAZZI, M.M. and BINELLI, A. (2014). Predicting PCB concentrations in cow milk: validation of a fugacity model in high-mountain pasture conditions. Science of the Total Environment, 487, 471–480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.042WEBER, R., HEROLD, C., HOLLERT, H., KAMPHUES, J., UNGEMACH, L., BLEPP, M. and BALLSCHMITER, K. (2018). Life cycle of PCBs and contamination of the environment and of food products from animal origin. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 25(17), 16325–16343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1811-yWEBER, R., BELL, L., WATSON, A., PETRLIK, J., PAUN, M.C. and VIJGEN, J. (2019). Assessment of pops contaminated sites and the need for stringent soil standards for food safety for the protection of human health. Environmental Pollution, 249, 703–715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.066WIMMEROVÁ, S., WATSON, A., DROBNÁ, B., ŠOVČÍKOVÁ, E., WEBER, R., LANCZ, K., PATAYOVÁ, H., RICHTEROVÁ, D., KOŠTIAKOVÁ, V., JUREČKOVÁ, D., ZÁVACKÝ, P., STRÉMY, M., JUSKO, T.A., MURÍNOVÁ PALKOVIČOVÁ, Ľ., HERTZ-PICCIOTTO, I. and TRNOVEC, T. (2015). The spatial distribution of human exposure to PCBs around a former production site in Slovakia. Environmental Science and Pollution Research (International), 22, 14405–14415. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5047-
Genetics of feed intake traits in Czech Large White pig population
No full textSubmitted 2020-07-08 | Accepted 2020-08-15 | Available 2020-12-01https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.mi-fpap.217-223Feed represents a substantial proportion of the variable costs of pig production. Feed efficiency is traditionally expressed as the feed conversion ratio (FCR) and more recently as residual feed intake (RFI). Although feed efficiency can be generally improved indirectly by selection for increased growth rate and decreased adipose tissue, a higher genetic response could be achieved through direct selection of feed intake traits. The aim of this study was to provide a pilot analysis of feed intake data of 281 Czech Large White boars. Data were recorded individually using the Feed Intake Recording Equipment in field performance testing from 2018 to 2020. The analysed feed intake traits were average daily feed intake (ADFI), FCR and RFI. RFI was calculated as the deviation of observed ADFI and average population ADFI predicted on the basis of the model, with mid-test metabolic weight and average daily gain as regressors. The heritability estimates were 0.35 and 0.34 for ADFI and FCR, respectively, and the estimate was slightly higher (0.43) for RFI. The genetic standard deviations ranged from 100 to 110 g of feed per day and 103 g of feed per kg of weight gain. The amounts of explained variability by environmental effects of jointly tested animals were from 0.20 to 0.46. The sufficient amount of genetic variability and moderate heritability estimates give the possibility for selection of feed intake traits, although a larger number of animals will be essential to estimate more precise breeding values.Keywords: animal breeding, pig selection, genetic parameters, feed conversion ratio, residual feed intakeReferencesCai, W. & Casey, D.S. & Dekkers, J.C.M. (2008). Selection response and genetic parameters for residual feed intake in Yorkshire swine. Journal of Animal Science, 86, 287–98. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2007-0396Do, D.N. & Strathe, A. B. & Jensen, J. & Mark, T. & Kadarmideen, H.N. (2013). Genetic parameters for different measures of feed efficiency and related traits in boars of three pig breeds. Journal of Animal Science, 91, 4069-4079. doi: 10.2527/jas.2012-6197. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2012-6197Gilbert, H.& Bidanel, J.P. & Gruand, J. & Caritez, J.C. & Billon, Y. & Guillouet, P. & Lagant, H. & Noblet, J. & Sellier, P. (2007). Genetic parameters for residual feed intake in growing pigs, with emphasis on genetic relationships with carcass and meat quality traits. Journal of Animal Science, 85, 3182–3188. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2006-590Gilbert H. & Bidanel, J.P. & Billon, Y. & Lagant, H. & Guillouet, P. & Sellier, P.J. & Noblet J. & Hermesch, S. (2012). Correlated responses in sow appetite, residual feed intake, body composition, and reproduction after divergent selection for residual feed intake in the growing pig. Journal of Animal Science, 90, 1097–1108. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2011-4515Gilbert, H. & Bilon, Y. & Brossard, L. & Faure, J. & Gatellier, P. & Gondret, F. & Labussiere, E. & Lebret, B. & Lefaucheur, L. & Le Floch, N. & Louveau, I. & Merlot, E. & Meunier-Salaün, M.C., Montagne, L. & Mormede, P. & Renaudeau, D.& Riquet, J. & Rogel-Gaillard, C. & van Milgen, J. & Vincent, A. & Noblet, J. (2017). Review: divergent selection for residual feed intake in the growing pig. Animal, 11(9), 1427–1439. https://doi.org/10.1017/S175173111600286XGroeneveld, E. & Kovač, M. & Mielenz, N. (2008). VCE User’s Guide and Reference Manual, Version 6.0. Available from ftp://ftp.tzv.fal.de/pub/latest_vce/doc/ (accessed Aug 1, 2011).Hoque, M. A. & Kadowaki, H. & Shibata, T. & Oikawa, T. & Suzuki, K. (2009). Genetic parameters for measures of residual feed intake and growth traits in seven generations of Duroc pigs. Livestock Science, 121, 45–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2008.05.016Hoque, M.A. & Suzuki, K. (2009). Genetics of residual feed intake in cattle and pigs: A review. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science, 22, 747-755. https://www.ajas.info/upload/pdf/22-101.pdfJiao, S. & Maltecca,C. & Gray, K.A. & J. P. Cassady (2014). Feed intake, average daily gain, feed efficiency, and real-time ultrasound traits in Duroc pigs: I. Genetic parameter estimation and accuracy of genomic prediction. Journal of Animal Science, 92, 2377–2386. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2013-7338Kadarmideen, H. N. & Schworer, D. & Ilahi, H. & Malek, M. & Hofer, A. (2004). Genetics of osteochondral disease and its relationship with meat quality and quantity, growth, and feed conversion traits in pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 82, 3118–3127. https://doi.org/10.2527/2004.82113118xKennedy, B. W. & van der Werf, J. H. & Meuwissen. T. H. (1993). Genetic and statistical properties of residual feed intake. Journal of Animal Science, 71, 3239–3250. https://doi.org/10.2527/1993.71123239xKoch, R. M. & Swiger, L. A. & Chambers, D. & Gregory, K.E. (1963). Efficiency of feed use in beef cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 22(2):486–94. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1963.222486xKrupa E, Wolfová M, Krupová Z, Žáková E. (2020). Estimation of economic weights for number of teats and sperm quality traits in pigs. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics, 137, 189–199. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbg.12437Naou, T. & Le Floc’h, N. & Louveau, I. & Gilbert, H. & Gondret, F. (2012). Metabolic changes and tissue responses to selection on residual feed intake in growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 90, 4771–4780. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2012-5226Neumaier, A. & Groeneveld, E. (1998). Restricted maximum likelihood estimation of covariances in sparse linear models. Genetic Selection Evolution, 30, 3-26. https://doi.org/10.1186/1297-9686-30-1-3Patience, J. F. & Rossoni-Serão, M.C. & Gutiérrez, N.A. (2015). A review of feed efficiency in swine: biology and application. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 6, 33. 10.1186/s40104-015-0031-2Rauw, W.M. & Soler, J. & Tibau, J. & Reixach, J. & Gomez Raya, L. (2006). The relationship between residual feed intake and feed intake behavior in group-housed Duroc barrows. Journal of Animal Science, 84, 956–962. https://doi.org/10.2527/2006.844956xSaintilan, I. & Mérour, L. & Brossard, T. & Tribout, J.Y. & Dourmad,P. & Sellier, J. & Bidanel, J. & van Milgen,J. & Gilbert, H. (2013). Genetics of residual feed intake in growing pigs: Relationships with production traits, and nitrogen and phosphorus excretion traits. Journal of Animal Science, 91, 2542–2554. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2012-5687SAS Institute Inc. (2008). Release 9.2 of the SAS® System for Microsoft® Windows®. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, USA.Strathe, A.B. & Mark, T. & Nielsen, B. & Do, D. N. & Kadarmideen, H. N. & Jensen, J. (2014). Deriving genomic breeding values for residual feed intake from covariance functions of random regression models. In: Proceedings, 10th World Congress of Genetics Applied to Livestock Production.
Effect of the supplementation of olive leaves and olive cake on growth performance and bone mineralisation of broiler chickens
Get PDFSubmitted 2020-07-01 | Accepted 2020-09-01 | Available 2020-12-01https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.mi-fpap.105-111The by-products of olive oil production are not traditional feed ingredients in poultry nutrition. Despite their low nutritional value, they can be used not only as a source of energy and nutrients, but also as bioactive substances in nutrition of broiler chickens. The aim of the study was to determine whether the use of olive leaves and cake in feed mixtures for broilers affects their growth performance and bone mineralisation. In the feeding experiment 120 male Ross 308 broilers were used. At the age of 21 days the chickens were randomly assigned to 5 experimental groups each with two pens (replicates) of 12 animals and fed with 5 different feed mixtures without (Control) or supplemented with 5% or 10% olive leaves (OLeave5, OLeave10) or cake (OCake5, OCake10). Live weight and feed intake per pen were recorded weekly. At the end of the feeding experiment (42 days), 12 chickens per group were randomly selected and slaughtered. At the slaughter line, bone samples (femur, tibia and humerus) were taken from each chicken. The supplementation of olive leaves and cake had no significant effect on the growth performance and mineral content in femur, tibia and humerus of the broilers. The addition of 5 and 10% olive leaves to the feed resulted in higher Cu content in the humerus, but bone mineralisation did not change. In conclusion olive leaves and cake did not modify bone mineralisation but could be supplemented in the feed mixtures for broilers without negative effects on growth performance.Keywords: broiler, olive by-product, live weight, bone mineralisationReferencesAL-HARTHI, M. (2017). The effect of olive cake, with or without enzymes supplementation, on growth performance, carcass characteristics, lymphoid organs and lipid metabolism of broiler chickens. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 19 (spe), 83-90. https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9061-2016-0311AVIAGEN. (2014). ROSS 308 broiler: Nutrition Specifications. Retrieved June 5, 2020 from http://tmea.staging.aviagen.com/assets/Tech_Center/Ross_Broiler/Ross-308-Broiler-Nutrition-Specs-2014r17-EN.pdfAVIAGEN. (2018). ROSS 308 broiler: Management Handbook. Retrieved July 28, 2020 from http://en.aviagen.com/assets/Tech_Center/Ross_Broiler/Ross-BroilerHandbook2018-EN.pdfBRANCIARI, R. et al. (2017). Oxidative status and presence of Bboactive compounds in meat from chickens fed polyphenols extracted from olive oil industry waste. Sustainability, 9(9), 1566. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091566ĐUDARIĆ, L. et al. (2015). The role of polyphenols on bone metabolism in osteoporosis. Food Research International, 77(2), 290-298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2015.10.017FLEMING, R. H. (2008). Nutritional factors affecting poultry bone health: Symposium on ‘Diet and bone health’. 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Comparison of metabolizable energy and productive energy determinations with growing chicks. Journal of Nutrition, 64(4), 587-603. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/64.4.587IDRUS, R. B. H. and SAIM, A. B. (2019). Olea europaea and its constituents promote bone health by enhancing osteoblast differentiation and proliferation: a review. Pharmacognosy Journal, 11(1), 01-07. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2019.1.1LESKOVEC, J. et al. (2018). Effects of olive leaf and marigold extracts on the utilization of nutrients and on bone mineralization using two different oil sources in broilers. Japan Poultry Science Association, 55(1), 17-27. https://doi.org/10.2141/jpsa.0170059LIU, D. et al. (2003). Long-term supplementation of various dietary lipids alters bone mineral content, mechanical properties and histological characteristics of Japanese quail. Poultry Science, 82(5), 831–839. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/82.5.831MELGUIZO-RODRIGUEZ, L. et al. (2018). 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Wild sunflower and goat weed leaf meals composite-mix supplementation in broiler chickens: effects on performance, health status and meat
Get PDFArticle Details: Received: 2020-04-02 | Accepted: 2020-06-19 | Available online: 2020-12-31https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.04.205-212Three hundred 1-day old Cobb 500 broiler chickens were randomly assigned to five experimental diets (60 birds/diet; 10 birds/ replicate) using a completely randomized design to assess the effects of wild sunflower and goat weed leaf meals composite mix (CLM) in broiler chickens. At the starter and finisher phases, a basic diet was formulated, divided into five equal parts and tagged diets 1 to 5. Diets 1 and 2 had 0% and 1.1% Oxytetracycline (Oxyt) supplementation; while the diets 3, 4 and 5 were supplemented with 0.4%, 0.8% and 1.2% CLM, respectively. In starter and finisher phases, the highest (P 0.05) to those fed 0.4% CLM, but significantly better (P <0.05) the birds fed the control diet. The dietary CLM supplementation caused increased (P <0.05) serum catalase and glutathione peroxidase concentration. The meat cholesterol levels of the birds were significantly (P <0.05) reduced by dietary CLM supplementation. Conclusively, the CLM supplementation at 0.8% and 1.2% enhanced the BWG. CLM supplementation at 0.4%, 0.8 and 1.2% increased the serum glutathione peroxidase and catalase activity and reduced the broiler’s meat cholesterol.Keywords: phytogens, avian, performance, health status, growth promotersReferencesADETUYI, F.O., KARIGIDI, K.O., AKINTIMEHIN, E.S. and ADEYEMO, O.N. (2018) Antioxidant properties of Ageratum conyzoides L. Asteraceae leaves. Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, 53(4), 265–276.AEBI, H. (1974) Catalase estimation. In: Bergmeyer HV (ed) Methods of enzymatic analysis. 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Changes in growth-production parameters of Lolium perenne L. turf after application of concentrated polysulfide fertilizer
Get PDFArticle Details: Received: 2020-03-03 | Accepted: 2020-04-24 | Available online: 2020-09-30 https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.03.155-160The changes in growth rate, daily production of above-ground phytomass and lawn density of turfgrass after application of fertilizer based on polysulfide (Sulka NKS+) were evaluated in Nitra (the Slovak Republic) climatic conditions. The polysulfide preparation was applied 2-times, 4-times and 6-times during the vegetation period in 2015–2017 and the effect was compared with a zero control. Stimulatory effect of Sulka NKS+ was shown in the average daily gain of grass height and average daily gain of aboveground phytomass weight with the most visible expression in the 2nd and 3rd year of cultivation. For the thickening lawn index was found out inhibitory effect of polysulfide fertilizer. The average values of the first two characteristics (average daily gains of grass height and weight of above-ground phytomass) have also increased with the increasing number of Sulka NKS+ applications.Keywords: polysulfide, Lolium perenne, average daily gain of height, average daily gain of weight, lawn density, turfgrassReferences BALÍK, J. et al. (2009). Differences in soil sulfur fractions due to the limitation of atmospheric deposition. Plant, Soil and Environment, 55(8), 344–352. https://doi.org/10.17221/101/2009-PSEBLAKE-KALFF M. M. A. et al. (2001). Using plant analysis to predict yield losses caused by sulphur deficiency. Annals of Applied Biology, 138(1), 123–127. https://doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.2001.tb00093.xCARROW, R.N. et al. (2011). Turfgrass soil fertility and chemical problems: Assessment and management. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Willey & Sons., Inc.FECENKO, J. (2002). Importance of sulfur for plant nutrition and its need for fertilization of crops grown in Slovakia. Agrochémia, 42(6), 13–15. In Slovak.GREGOROVÁ, H. (2009). Special turfgrass management. Nitra: SPU. In Slovak. HAVLIN, J.L. et al. (2005). Soil fertility and fertilizers: An introduction to nutrient management. 7th ed., New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, 528 p.JEDLOVSKÁ, L. and FESZTEROVÁ, M. (2003). Dynamics of changes of selected sulfur fractions in different soil types. Retrieved April 14, 2020 from http://www.slpk.sk/eldo/ax_10/ sekcia1/05.pdf. In Slovak.KERTESZ, M.A., FELLOWS, E. and SCHMALENBERGER, A. 2007. Rhizobacteria and plant sulfur supply. Advances in Applied Microbiology, 62(1), 235–268.KOVÁČIK, P. (2014). Principles and methods of plant nutrition. Nitra: SPU, 278 p. In Slovak.KOVÁR, P. and VOZÁR, Ľ. (2015). Special turfgrass management. Nitra: SPU. In Slovak.KOVÁR, P. et al. (2012). The turfs quality of selected Slovak varieties of the genus Festuca under the conditions without irrigation. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 60(6), 181–188. https://doi.org/10.11118/actaun201260060181LEHMANN, J. et al. (2008). Atmospheric SO2 emissions since the late 1800s change organic sulfur forms in humic substance extracts of soils. Environmental Science & Technology, 42(10), 3550–3555. https://doi.org/10.1021/es702315gMATULA, J. (2007). Nutrition and sulfur fertilization. Methodology for practice. Praha: VURV, v.v.i. In Czech.PESSARAKLI, M. (Ed.) (2014). Handbook of Plant and Crop Physiology, 3rd Edition, Revised and Expanded. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Publishing Group, Florida.POLÁČEK, Š. et al. (2009). Inorganic chemistry. Nitra: SPU, 513 p. In Slovak.POLLÁKOVÁ, N. and Šimanský, V. (2015). Selected soil chemical properties in the campus of the Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra. Acta Fytotechnica et Zootechnica. 18(3), 66–70. https://doi:10.15414/afz.2015.10.03.66-70SCHERER, H.W. (2001). Sulphur in crop production – invited paper. European Journal of Agronomy, 14(2), 81–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1161-0301(00)00082-4SLOVAK Hydrometeorological Institute (2015). Bulletin Meteorology and Climatology. Retrieved January 10, 2019 from http://www.shmu.sk/sk/?page=1613. In Slovak.STATSOFT, Inc. (2011). STATISTICA (data analysis software system), version 10. www.statsoft.comŠEVČÍKOVÁ, M. et al. (2002). Classifier – Grasses. Zubří: OSEVA PRO s.r.o.ŠPÁNIK, F., REPA, Š. and ŠIŠKA, B. (2002) Agroclimatic and phenological characteristics of the town of Nitra (1999–2000). Nitra: SPU, 39 p. In Slovak.Liquid fertilizers based on polysulphides. Retrieved November 15, 2019 from https://www.vucht.sk/sk/kvapalne-hnojiva-nabaze-polysulfidov. In Slovak.MAP AMOFOS 12–52 – Agricultural fertilizer. Retrieved November 15, 2019 from http://www.agrozetaservis.cz/hnojiva/amofos-np-12-52-zemedelske-hnojivo. In Czech.VOZÁR, Ľ. et al. (2018). Application of polysulfides in lawn nutrition. Agrochémia, 58(1), 31–37. In Slovak
The technological meat quality of the White Mangalitsa breed
Get PDFArticle Details: Received: 2019-08-21 | Accepted: 2019-10-10 | Available online: 2019-12-31https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2019.22.04.124-129The aim of the experiment was to evaluate the technological meat quality of the breed White Mangalitsa through the pH, electric conductivity, drip loss and meat color parameters. Totally, 20 pigs of the breed White Mangalitsa (10 barrows and 10 gilts) were evaluated. Pigs were bred under the intensive breeding conditions. The animals were fed ad libitum using a complete feed compound with the added silage. Pigs were slaughtered upon reaching 110 kg of live weight. The muscles of MLD (Musculus longissimus dorsi) and MSM (Musculus semimembranosus) were evaluated. The meat quality analysis showed that pH1 was similar between the muscles. The evidently lower pH2 value was in MLD (P <0.01). The EC1 value (P <0.01) was significantly higher in the MSM muscle. The EC2 values in MLD and MSM were similar. Between the muscles, an evidentiary difference was observed in water drip loss (P <0.01), higher losses were recorded in MLD. In the SCI a* and SCI b* values, which express the redness and yellowness of the meat, the values in MSM were higher. The lightness of the meat (SCI L*) was the same in both muscles. The differences between the sexes in the observed qualitative parameters were not detected.ReferencesBEDNÁŘOVÁ, M. et al. (2014) Monitoring of color and pH in muscles of pork leg (M. adductor and M. semimembranosus). In Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences, vol. 8, no. 11, pp. 48–53. doi: https://doi.org/10.5219/337EGERSZEGI, I. et al. (2003) Mangalica – an indigenous swine breed from Hungary: Review. In Archives Animal Breeding, vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 245–256. doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/aab-46-245-2003ENDER, K. et al. (2002) Fleisch und Fett von MangalitzaSchweinen im Labor. In Fleischwirtschaft, vol. 82, no. 6, pp. 125–128.FLEGLER, J. (2015) Das Wollschwein. 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In Meat Science, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 447–457. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0309-1740(98)00034-5HONIKEL, K. O. (2007) Physikalische Messmethoden zur Erfassung der Fleischqualität. In Qualität von Fleisch und Fleischwaren. 2. Auflage. Frankfurt am Main, DE: Verlagsgruppe Deutscher Fachverlag. Band 2, pp. 855–881.KASPRZYK, A., TYRA, M. and BABICZ, M. (2015) Fatty acid profile of pork from a local and a commercial breed. In Archives Animal Breeding, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 379–385. doi: https://doi.org/10.5194/aab-58-379-2015KIM, T. W. et al. (2016) Pork Quality Traits According to postmortem pH and Temperature in Berkshire. In Food Science of Animal Resources, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 29–36. doi: https://doi.org/10.5851/kosfa.2016.36.1.29LÍPOVÁ, P. et al. (2019) Effect of intramuscular fat content on physical-chemical parameters of pork from mangalitsa and their crossbreeds. 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Acute behavioural and physiological responses of sheep to S/C ivermectin injection
No full textArticle Details: Received: 2018-07-05 | Accepted: 2018-10-09 | Available online: 2019-01-31https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2019.22.01.1-6This study was designed to compare between the effects of subcutaneous injection of ivermectin at the left neck region versus behind the left elbow on the acute behavioural and biochemical responses of sheep, with the aim of selecting the most suitable injection strategy causing the least adverse effects on the animal health and welfare. Twenty-five sheep were assigned to 5 groups: one control group (C, without injection), and two groups injected with 0.9% NaCl either at neck (SN) or elbow (SE), and two groups injected with ivermectin (IVM) at a dose of 0.2 mg kg-1 BW either at neck (IN) or elbow (IE). Results reflected that head shaking and neck scratching showed significant increases in the IN group, while standing was significantly lower in the IE group compared to the C group. Pawing was significantly higher in both SE and IE groups compared to the C group. Plasma levels of cortisol, glucose and lactate were significantly increased in both IN and IE groups. There were no obvious changes in the levels of other stress markers among the different treated groups. In conclusions, the magnitude of acute stress reactivity was not significantly different between IVM injections behind the elbow and at the neck region.Keywords: Ivermectin, sheep, behaviour, biochemicalReferencesAL-QARAWI, A.A. (2004) Immobilization (restraint) stress in desert sheep and goats, and the influence of pretreatment with xylazine or sodium betaine thereon. Pol J Vet Sci, vol. 8, pp. 73–78.BESSEY, P.Q. and LOWE, K.A. (1993) Early hormonal changes affect the catabolic response to trauma. Ann Surg, vol. 218, pp. 476–491.BOKISCH, A.J. and WALKER, R.J. 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Effects of low protein diets with amino acids supplementation on biochemical and faeces parameters in weaned piglets
Get PDFArticle Details: Received: 2019-09-19 | Accepted: 2019-10-01 | Available online: 2019-09-30https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2019.22.03.71-75The goal of this study was to determine the effects of a low-protein diet supplemented with crystalline amino acids on the biochemical parameters in the blood serum, and the indicators of fermentation in the faeces in 12 crossbred piglets. The weaned piglets (at 28 days of age) were divided into two groups with 6 piglets each. The control diet contained 195 g/kg crude protein and the experimental diet contained 167 g/kg. The experimental diet was supplemented with lysine, methionine and threonine to achieve a more ideal amino acid pattern. The blood collections from the sinus ophthalmicus for the determination of the biochemical parameters were performed 2 times at 2 weekly intervals in both groups. The faeces were taken from the rectum at the end of the study period. The decrease in the dietary crude protein content of the experimental group was manifested by a significant decrease of the blood urea level (3.77 mmol/l average concentration) compared to the control group (4.97 mmol/l average concentration) (P <0.001). The serum concentrations of other components showed no significant statistical changes between the control and experimental groups. The results of the fermentation process analysis indicated that the acetate and the butyrate concentration decreased in the experimental group compared to the control group (P <0.05; 0.01, respectively). The decrease crude protein intake in the experimental group revealed significant lover levels of ammonia (P <0.001) and crude protein (P <0.01) compared to the control group.Keywords: pigs, amino acids, proteins, metabolism, fermentationReferencesAOAC Association of Official Analytical Chemists International (2001) In Horwitz, W. (Ed.). Official Methods of Analysis. 17th ed. Arlington: AOAC Inc.BALL, M. E. E. et al. (2013) The effect of level of crude protein and available lysine on finishing pig performance, nitrogen balance and nutrient digestibility. In Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 564–572. doi:https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2012.12177BIKKER, P. et al. (2006) The effect of dietary protein and fermentable carbohydrates levels on growth performance and intestinal characteristics in newly weaned piglets. In Journal of Animal Science, vol. 84, no.12, pp. 3337–3345. doi:https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2006-076DOUBEK, J. et al. (2010) Interpretation of Basic Biochemistry and Haematology Findings in Animals. Brno: Noviko. 102 p. (in Czech).FANG, L. H. et al. (2019) Effects of dietary energy and crude protein levels on growth performance, blood profiles, and nutrient digestibility in weaning pigs. In Asian-Australasian journal of animal sciences, vol. 32, no.4, pp. 556–563. doi:https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.18.0294FIGUEROA, J. L. et al. (2002) Nitrogen metabolism and growth performance of gilts fed standard corn-soybean meal diets or low-crude protein, amino acid supplemented diets. In Journal of Animal Science, vol. 80, no.11, pp. 2911–2919. doi:https://doi.org/10.2527/2002.80112911xHAN, K. and LEE, H. J. (2000) The role of synthetic amino acids in monogastric animal production. Review. In AsianAustralasian Journal of Animal Sciences, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 543– 560. doi:https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2000.543HE, L. et al. (2016) Low-protein diets affect ileal amino acid digestibility and gene expression of digestive enzymes in growing and finishing pigs. In Amino Acids, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 21–30. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-015-2059-1HEO, J. M. et al. (2008) Effects of feeding low protein diets to piglets on plasma urea nitrogen, faecal ammonia nitrogen, the incidence of diarrhoea and performance after weaning. In Archives of Animal Nutrition, vol. 62, no. 5, pp. 343–358. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17450390802327811HTOO, J. K. et al. (2007) Effect of dietary protein content on ileal amino acid digestibility, growth performance, and formation of microbial metabolites in ileal and cecal digesta of early-weaned pigs. In Journal of Animal Science, vol. 85, no. 12, pp. 3303–3312. doi:https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2007-0105JIAO, X. et al. (2016) Effects of amino acids supplementation in low crude protein diets on growth performance, carcass traits and serum parameters in finishing gilts. In Animal Science Journal, vol. 87, no. 10, pp. 1252– 1257. doi: https://doi. org/10.1111/asj.12542KERR, B. J. (2006) Opportunities for utilizing crystalline amino acids in swine. In Advances in Pork Production, vol. 17, pp. 245–254.KIM, S. W., CHEN, H. and PARNSEN, W. (2019) Regulatory Role of Amino Acids in Pigs Fed on Protein-restricted Diets. 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(2008) Luminal threonine concentration acutely affects intestinal mucosal protein and mucin synthesis in piglets. In The Journal of Nutrition, vol. 138, no. 7, pp.1298–1303. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/138.7.1298NYACHOTI, C. M. et al. (2006) Performance responses and indicators of gastrointestinal health in early-weaned pigs fed low-protein amino acid-supplemented diets. In Journal of Animal Science, vol. 84, no.1, pp.125–134. doi:https://doi.org/10.2527/2006.841125xREGMI, N. et al. (2018) Effects of dietary lysine levels on the concentrations of selected nutrient metabolites in blood plasma of late‐stage finishing pigs. In Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition, vol. 102, no. 2, pp. 403– 409. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12714ROTH, F. X. and RACZEK, N. N. (2003) Nutritive effectiveness of sorbic acid: effects in piglet feeding. In Kraftfutter, vol. 86, pp.105–110.SALDANA, C. I. et al. (1994) Digestible threonine requirements of starter and finisher pigs. In Journal of Animal Science, vol. 72, no.1, pp. 144–150. doi:https://doi.org/10.2527/1994.721144xŠIMEČEK, K., ZEMAN, L. and HEGER, J. (1994) The nutrient requirements and nutrient value of feed for pigs. Nitra: VUŽV. 77 p. (in Slovak).TOLEDO, J. B. et al. (2014) Reduction of the crude protein content of diets supplemented with essential amino acids for piglets weighing 15 to 30 kilograms. In Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 301–309. doi:https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982014000600004WANG, Y. et al. (2018) Advances in low-protein diets for swine. In Journal of animal science and biotechnology, vol. 9, 60. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-018-0276-
Effects of seed bed types and weed control methods on the vegetative parameters of long cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutesens L)
Get PDFArticle Details: Received: 2019-03-03 | Accepted: 2019-05-28 | Available online: 2019-09-30https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2019.22.03.90-100 The type of seed beds and weed control methods play significant role in determining sustainability in vegetable production.Field experiment was conducted during 2015 growing season to determine the effects of three seed bed types such as: raisedbed (RB), flat bed (FB), ridged bed (RB) in combination with four weed control methods such as: hoe weeding (T1), hand weeding(T2), use of Panicum maximum as live mulch (T3) and zero weeding (T4) on the vegetative performance of long cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutesens L.) The experiment was arranged as split plot fitted into Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The growth parameters measured were the plant height (cm); number of leaves, numbers of branches, stem girth (cm), leaf area (cm2), weed density (m-2) and weed biomass (kg/ha). The result revealed that the seed bed types and the weed control methods had significant effect on the parameters measured. However, raised bed and hoe weeding (RBT1) enhanced all the parameters measured more than other treatment combinations by recording the highest mean value in all character and also proved to be more effective in reducing weed biomass than other weed control treatment combinations. It was concluded that sowing on raised bed and using hoe weeding as a means of controlling weeds should be recommended for effective performance of pepper for optimum growth.Keywords: seed bed, weed control, Long cayenne pepper ReferencesABIDKHAN M.S., ZAHID, H. and ABDUL MATEEN, K. (2012) Effect of different weed control methods on weeds and yield of chili (Capsicum annuum L.). In Pakistan Journal of Weed Science, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 71–78.ADIGUN, J.A. (2001) Influence of intra-row spacing and chemical weed control on the growth and yield of Chili pepper (Capsicum frutesens L.) in the Nigerian Northern Guinea Savanna. In Nigerian Journal of Horticulture Science, vol. 5, pp. 67–73.ADIGUN, J.A. et al. (2018) Impact of nitrogen levels and weed control methods on growth and yield of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) in Nigerian forest zone. In International Journal of Agriculture, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 1–11.AKINFASOYE, I.A., D.J. NMYAN, R.M. and TAHIRU. (2006) Effect of harvesting frequency on the duration, yield and quality of pepper. In Proceeding of 24th Conference of Horticulture Society of Nigeria. 17–22 September 2006, Gombe, Nigeria.ALABI, D.A. (2006) Effects of fertilizer Phosphorus and poultry droppings treatments on growth and nutrient components of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). In African Journal of Biology and Environment, no. 5, pp. 671–677.ASHENAFI, W. and TEKALIGN, T. (2014) Yield and yield components of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) as influenced by stage and intensity of productive organs. In Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare, vol. 4, no. 15, pp. 114–120.AUWALU, B. M. and MUHAMMAN, M.A. (2009) Seedling performance of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) as influenced by growth media and fertilizer sources in Northern Guinea Savanna Zone of Nigeria. Bayero University Kano. In Nigerian Journal of Biology and Environmental Science, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 109–112.BELEL, M.D., SAIDU M.S. and SAJO A.A. (2011) Effect of Land Preparation and Weeding Regime on the Yield of Sweet Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in Mubi, Adamawa State. In Journal ofAgronomy, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 62–67. doi: https://doi.org/10.3923/ja.2011.62.67BULLOCK, Fitzroy D. (2011) Weed control in peppers. In Agricultural and Natural Resources, Fact Sheet ANR-5, 4 p.GOMEZ A.K. and GOMEZ A.A. (1984) Statistical Procedure for Agricultural Research. New York: John Willey and Sons.GRUBBEN GJH and EL TAHIR IM (2014) Capsicum annuum L. In Grubben, G.J.H and Denton, O.A. (eds). PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa/Ressources végétales de l’Afrique tropicale). PROTA Foundation: Wageningen, pp. 154–163.GUNGULA D.T. and BOYASO I. (2005) The Influence of nutrients and growth media on the nursery performance of sweet pepper seedlings. In Journal of Sustainable Development in Agriculture and Environment, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 104–112.IDOWU-AGIDA O. O, E.I NWAGUMA and ADEOYE I.B. (2010) Cost implication of wet and dry season pepper production in Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria. In Agric. Biol. J. N. Am., vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 495–500.IDOWU-AGIDA O.O., OGUNNIYAN D.J. and AJAYI, E.O. (2012) Flowering and fruiting behaviour of long cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.). In International Journal of Plant Breeding and Genetics, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 228–237.IMOLOAME, E.O. (2014) The effect(s) of difference weed control methods on weed infestation, growth and yield of soya beans (Glycine max L, Merril) in the Southern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria. In Journal of Agricultural Research, vol. 14, no. 2, pp.129–143.KANTON, R.A.L. et al. (2000) Influence of tillage systems and seedbed types on sorghum yields and economics in Northern Ghana. In Journal of Soil and Tillage Research, vol. 55, no. 1–2, pp. 79–85.KHANTUN, M.J., BEGUM M. and HOSAAIN, M.M. (2016) Effects of tillage method and weeding regime on soil weed bank status and yield performance of wheat. In Progressive Agriculture, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 9–19. doi: https://doi.org/10.3329/pa.v27i1.27528MADUKWUE, D.K., H.C. OGBUECH AND M.O. ONUH. (2012). Effects of Weed Control Methods on the Growth and Yield of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) under Rain-Fed Conditions of Owerri. In American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., vol. 12, no. 11, pp. 1426–1430. doi: https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.aejaes.2012.12.11.1791MONSOOR K.K et al. (2008) Enhancement of wheat and yield components by controlling weeds with deep tillage practices under irrigated clay loam soil conditions. In Pakistan Journal of Biology and Environment Science, vol. 6, no. 3, pp.109–112.PETER, D. and NATHAN, B. (2014) Weed management principles in commercial vegetable production. HS717, UF/IFAS Extension. 6 p.SAMUEL, T.M. and AJAV E.A. (2010) Optimum tillage systems for pepper production in an Alfisol of South-Western Nigeria. In Academic Journal, vol. 5, no. 19, pp. 2647–2652.SCHONBECK, Mark. (2014) Weed Management Strategies for Organic Tomato, Pepper, and Eggplant in the Southern United States [online]. Retrieved 2019-10-10 from http://hightunnels.org/weed-management-strategies-for-organic-tomatopepper-and-eggplant-in-the-southern-united-states/SHAIKIA, M.A. et al. 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The morphological changes of oviductal mucose in oestral cycle of sows
Get PDFArticle Details: Received: 2019-01-25 | Accepted: 2019-03-26 | Available online: 2019-06-30https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2019.22.02.34-41The aim of this work was to describe microscopic and submicroscopic changes in uterine tube of 40 sows in the estral cycle. Samples of the uterine tube were obtained for histological studies by vivisection from three sections of uterine tube. Samples were fixed for light microscopy (LM) in formaldehyde and in glutaraldehyde paraformaldehyde for scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy. They were subsequently processed in the usual manner in the LM and electron microscopic studies laboratories. We did not detect progressive changes in the length of the uterine tube. Unlike the sows‘ weight (2.57 ± 1.12 g or 2.26 ± 0.96 g), the length of the uterine tube was virtually unchanged depending on the stage of the cycle (30.2 ± 2.51 cm in FF or 30.1 ± 2.39 cm in LF). 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