Acta Fytotechnica et Zootechnica Online (Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra)
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Assessment of silage quality of phytogenic fortified feed samples in mini-silos for ruminants
Get PDFArticle Details: Received: 2019-12-04 | Accepted: 2020-02-18 | Available online: 2020-03-31https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.01.24-28This study was conducted to assess the silage quality of Zingiber officinale fortified samples in a completely randomized design. The samples consisted of four treatments as samples: Cassava peel (65%) + Moringa leaf (15%) + PKC (20%)+ Ginger (0 g), Cassava peel (65%) + Moringa leaf (15%) + PKC (20%) + ginger (200 g), Cassava peel (65%) + Moringa leaf (15%) + PKC (20%) + ginger (300 g), Cassava peel (65%) + Moringa leaf (15%) + PKC (20%) + ginger (400 g). The physical characteristics; colour, smell, texture, pH, temperature and mould status were observed. All samples retained their original colour, had pleasant alcoholic smell with a firm texture, the pH ranged from 4.2–4.4, temperature range of 25–26 °C with sample D having the highest temperature range of 26 °C while samples A and B had the same temperature of 25.5 °C. The mould status showed absence of mould. The chemical composition revealed that dry matter ranged from 40.86% (sample B) to 54.68% (sample D). Crude protein content ranged from 13.30% to 14.88%, crude fibre content of the samples was significantly (p <0.05) different and it ranged from 14.67% to 22.14%. The mineral concentrations of the samples were higher in Zingiber officinale samples except in sample A where potassium was higher (100.40 mg 100 g-1) than in other samples. Volatile fatty acid composition showed that lactic acid (3.24–4.86%) had higher concentration than other acids. It can therefore be concluded that Zingiber officinale fortified sample showed better nutritional potential as ruminant feed.Keywords: volatile fatty acid, silage, Zingiber officinale, ruminantsReferencesAdediran , O. A, Uwalaka , E. C. and Kolapo, T.U. (2014). Antihelminthic and Anticoccidial Effects of Vernonia amygdalina in Goats. Journal of Veterinary Advances, 4(7), 610–615.Ademola, S. G., Farinu, G. O. and Babatunde , G. M. (2009). Serum lipid growth and hematological parameters of broilers fed garlic, ginger and their mixtures. World Journal of Agricultural Science, 5(1), 9–104.Aluwong , T., Kobo, P. I and Abdullahi, A. (2010). Volatile fatty acids production in ruminants and the role of monocarboxylate transporters. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9(38), 6229–6232.Ashbell, G. Z.G. et al. (2002). The effects of temperature on the aerobic stability of wheat and corn silages. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 28, 261–263.Association of Analytical Communities (AOAC) (1990). Official Methods of Analysis. 15th edn. Association Official Analytical Chemists, 805–845.Bilal, M.Q (2009). Effect of molasses and corn as silage additives on the characteristics of mott dwarf elephant grass silage at different fermentation periods. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 29, 19–23.Castrillo C. (2001). The effect of crude fibre on apparent digestibility and digestible energy content of extruded dog foods. Journal of Animal physiology and Animal nutrition, 231–236.Daniel, O. A. (2015). Urban extreme weather: a challenge for a healthy Living environment in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. Climate, 3(4), 775–791.Ibhaze, G.A and Fajemisin , A.N. (2015). Feed intake and nitrogen metabolism by West African Dwarf does fed naturally fermented maizecob based diets. World Journal of Animal Science Research, 3(2), 1 – 8.Jenkins, T.C. and McGuire, M.A. (2006). Major Advances in Nutrition: Impact on milk composition. Journal of Dairy Science, 89(10),1302–1310.Kung, L. and Shaver, R. (2001). Interpretation and use of silage fermentation analyses reports. Focus on Forage, 3(13).Manni, G. and Caron , F. (1995). Calibration and determination of volatile fatty acids in waste leachates by gas chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A, 690, 237.Mohammed , A. A and Yusuf, M. (2011). Evaluation of ginger (Zingiber officinale) as a feed additive in broiler diets. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 23(9).Moran , J. (2005). Making quality silage. Tropical dairy farming. Feeding management for small holder dairy farmers inthe tropics. Landlinks Press.N.R.C (1984) Nutrient Requirements of sheep. National Research Council- National Academy of Sciences, Washington DC.Nhan, N.T.H., Hon, N.V., and Preston , T.R. (2009). Ensiling with or without additives to preserve pineapple residue and reduce pollution of the environment. Livestock Research for Rural Development. 21, Article #96. Retrieved November 29, 2010, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd21/7/nhan21096.htmNorton , B.W (2003). Studies of the nutritive of Austrialian goat : thesis (D.Agric; Sc). University of Melbourne.Pauzenga , U. (1985). Feeding Parent Stock. Zootecnica International., 22–24.SAS (2012). Statistical Analysis System. SAS Version 9.2 user’s guide. Cary, NY: SAS institute.Schroeder , J.W. (2004). Corn Silage management. Pub. AS-1253. NDSU Coop. Ext.Ser.pub. 1254.Van Soest, P.J. and Robertson , J.B. (1985). Analysis of forages and fibrous foods. Lab Manual for Animal Science no. 613. Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, 105–106.Weinberg , Z.G. et al. (2001). The effect of temperature on the ensiling process of corn and wheat. J Appl. Microbial., 90, 561–566
Insects as sustainable feed and food
Get PDFSubmitted 2020-07-06 | Accepted 2020-07-31 | Available 2020-12-01https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.mi-fpap.214-216Insects are one of the proposed responses to the increasing request of alternative feed/food productions with high production yield and low environmental impact. Insect production offers a new sustainable alternative for unexploited or underexploited resources, in accordance with the waste hierarchy principles. Insects constitute a reliable alternative or addition to feed due to their nutritional characteristics (e.g. protein content, amino acid profile and/or digestibility levels). Edible insects may be part of human foods mostly as ingredients in already well-known products or integration of insect-based foods into existing diets. In the near future research is needed to increase knowledges and support the insect industry to a considerably scale up to reach competitive price and high-quality products.Keywords: entomophagy, novel food, environment, protein, fatReferenceFinke, M. D., Rojo, S., Roos, N., van Huis, A., & Yen, A. L. (2015). The European Food Safety Authority scientific opinion on a risk profile related to production and consumption of insects as food and feed. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed, 1(4), 245–247. https://doi.org/10.3920/JIFF2015.x006Gasco, L., Biancarosa, I., & Liland, N. S. (2020). From waste to feed: A review of recent knowledge on insects as producers of protein and fat for animal feeds. Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsc.2020.03.003Kroeckel, S., Harjes, A.-G. E., Roth, I., Katz, H., Wuertz, S., Susenbeth, A., & Schulz, C. (2012). When a turbot catches a fly: Evaluation of a pre-pupae meal of the Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) as fish meal substitute — Growth performance and chitin degradation in juvenile turbot (Psetta maxima). Aquaculture, 364–365, 345–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.08.041Lock, E. J., Biancarosa, I., & Gasco, L. (2018). Insects as raw materials in compound feed for aquaculture. In Halloran, A. et al. (eds.) Edible Insects in Sustainable Food Systems. Springer International Publishing (pp. 263–276).Mancini, S., Moruzzo, R., Riccioli, F., & Paci, G. (2019). European consumers’ readiness to adopt insects as food. A review. Food Research International, 122, 661–678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2019.01.041Murefu, T. R., Macheka, L., Musundire, R., & Manditsera, F. A. (2019). Safety of wild harvested and reared edible insects: A review. Food Control, 101, 209–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.03.003Nischalke, S., Wagler, I., Tanga, C., Allan, D., Phankaew, C., Ratompoarison, C., Razafindrakotomamonjy, A., & Kusia, E. (2020). How to turn collectors of edible insects into mini-livestock farmers: Multidimensional sustainability challenges to a thriving industry. Global Food Security, 26, 100376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100376Sogari, G., Amato, M., Biasato, I., Chiesa, S., & Gasco, L. (2019). The potential role of insects as feed: A multi-perspective review. Animals, 9(4), 119. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9040119van Huis, A. (2013). Potential of insects as food and feed in assuring food security. Annual Review of Entomology, 58, 563-583. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-120811-153704van Huis, A. (2020). Insects as food and feed, a new emerging agricultural sector: a review. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed, 6(1), 27–44. https://doi.org/10.3920/JIFF2019.0017van Huis, A., & Oonincx, D. G. A. B. (2017). The environmental sustainability of insects as food and feed. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 37(5), 43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-017-0452-8van Huis, A., & Tomberlin, J. K. (2017). Insects as food and feed : from production to consumption. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers.van Huis, A., Van Itterbeeck, J., Klunder, H., Mertens, E., Halloran, A., Muir, G., & Vantomme, P. (2013). Edible insects. Future prospects for food and feed security. In FAO Forestry Paper (Vol. 171). Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3253e/i3253e.pd
Milk microbiome: evaluation study on the differences among cows with a different health status classified by leukocyte pattern
Get PDFSubmitted 2020-06-30 | Accepted 2020-07-25 | Available 2020-12-01https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.mi-fpap.67-73Milk is considered not only a source of nutrient for the offspring but also a font of immunoregulatory compounds capable to predispose the naïve intestinal immune system of the new-born to react to the external environment. In the present study we evaluated the composition of milk microbiome from cows classified according to milk total and differential somatic cell counts. A total of 34, 13 and 13 milk samples of healthy, at risk and subclinical or chronic cows, respectively, were collected during the same milking from a local dairy herd. Through Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) of bacterial 16S rRNA gene, the differences of taxa in terms of relative abundances (RA) and alpha and beta biodiversity were analysed. The RA of several genera were statistically significant in the three groups, such as Arcanobacterium (p=0.001), Rhodococccus (p<0.05) and Rubrobacter (p<0.05), while at species level the presence of Propionibacterium granulosum, Pseudomonas alcaligenes and Prosthecobacter debontii were found. Shannon and Evenness indices computed at the genus level were not significant, while beta biodiversity showed a clear clusterization between groups. The results highlighted that milk microbiome is associated to a different cellular response at udder level, although more specific studies are needed to assess the source of bacteria species identified in milk microbial population of healthy animals.Keywords: milk microbiome; bovine; mastitis; differential cell countReferencesBOLYEN. E.; RIDEOUT. J.R.; DILLON. M.R.; BOKULICH. N.A.; ABNET. C.C.; AL-GHALITH. G.A.; ALEXANDER. H.; ALM. E.J.; ARUMUGAM, M.; ASNICAR. F.; et al. (2019). Reproducible. interactive. scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME 2. Nat Biotechnol 37, 852-857.BOWEN, J. M.; MCCABE, M.S.; LISTER, S.J.; CORMICAN, P. AND DEWHURST, R.J. (2018). Evaluation of Microbial Communities Associated With the Liquid and Solid Phases of the Rumen of Cattle Offered a Diet of Perennial Ryegrass or White Clover. Frontiers in microbiology, 9, 2389.DERAKHSHANI, H.; FEHR, K.B.; SEPEHRI, S.; FRANCOZ, D.; DE BUCK, J.; BARKEMA, H.W.; PLAIZIER, J.C. AND KHAFIPOUR, E. (2018). Invited review: microbiota of the bovine udder: contributing factors and potential implications for udder health and mastitis susceptibility. J Dairy Sci 101, 10605-10625.GANDA, E.K.; GAETA, N.; SIPKA, A.; POMEROY, B.; OIKONOMOU, G.; SCHUKKEN, Y.H. AND BICALHO, R.C. (2017). Normal milk microbiome is reestablished following experimental infection with Escherichia coli independent of intramammary antibiotic treatment with a third-generation cephalosporin in bovines. Microbiome 5, 74.IVANOVA, N.; SIKORSKI, J.; SIMS, D.; BRETTIN, T.; DETTER, J.C.; HAN, C.; LAPIDUS, A.; COPELAND, A.; GLAVINA DEL RIO, T.; NOLAN, M.; CHEN, F.; LUCAS, S.; TICE, H.; CHENG, J.F.; BRUCE, D.; GOODWIN, L.; PITLUCK, S.; PATI, A.; MAVROMATIS, K.; CHEN, A.; PALANIAPPAN, K.; D'HAESELEER, P.; CHAIN, P.; BRISTOW, J.; EISEN, J.A.; MARKOWITZ, V.; HUGENHOLTZ, P.; GÖKER, M.; PUKALL, R.; KLENK, H.P. AND KYRPIDES, N.C. (2009). Complete genome sequence of Sanguibacter keddieii type strain (ST-74). Stand Genomic Sci 24, 1, 110-118.KEHRLI. M.E. AND HARP, J.A. (2001). Immunity in the mammary gland. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 17, 495-516.KEIKHA M. (2017). Williamsia spp. are emerging opportunistic bacteria. New Microbes New Infect 21, 88-89.KLINDWORTH. A.; PRUESSE. E.; SCHWEER. T.; PEPLIES. J.; QUAST. C.; HORN. M. AND GLOCKNER. F.O. (2013). Evaluation of general 16S ribosomal RNA gene PCR primers for classical and next-generation sequencing-based diversity studies. Nucleic Acids Res 41, e1.KUEHN, J.S.; GORDEN, P.J.; MUNRO, D.; RONG, R.; DONG, Q.; PLUMMER, P.J.; WANG, C. AND PHILLIPS, G.J. (2013). Bacterial community profiling of milk samples as a means to understand culture-negative bovine clinical mastitis. PLoS ONE 13, 8, e61959.LIMA, S.F.; BICALHO, M.L.DS. AND BICALHO, R.C. (2018). Evaluation of milk sample fractions for characterization of milk microbiota from healthy and clinical mastitis cows. PLoS ONE 13, e0193671.LOZUPONE, C. AND KNIGHT, R. (2005). UniFrac: a new phylogenetic method for comparing microbial communities. Appl Environ Microbiol 71, 8228‐8235.MACPHERSON, A.J. AND UHR, T. (2004). Induction of protective IgA by intestinal dendritic cells carrying commensal bacteria. Science 303, 1662-1665.METZGER, S.A.; HERNANDEZ, L.L.; SUEN, G. AND RUEGG, P.L. (2018). Understanding the milk microbiota. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 34, 427-438.OIKONOMOU, G.; BICALHO, M.L.; MEIRA, E.; ROSSI, R.E.; FODITSCH, C.; MACHADO, V.S.; TEIXEIRA, A.G.; SANTISTEBAN, C.; SCHUKKEN, Y.H. AND BICALHO, R.C. (2014). Microbiota of cow's milk; distinguishing healthy, sub-clinically and clinically diseased quarters. PloS one, 9(1), e85904. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0085904 (2014) Microbiota of Cow’s Milk: Distinguishing Healthy, Sub-Clinically and Clinically Diseased Quarters. PLoS ONE 9, e85904.OIKONOMOU, G.; MACHADO, V.S.; SANTISTEBAN, C.; SCHUKKEN, Y.H. AND BICALHO, R.C. (2012). Microbial Diversity of Bovine Mastitic Milk as Described by Pyrosequencing of Metagenomic 16s DNA. PLoS ONE 7, e47671.RODRÍGUEZ, J.M. (2014). The origin of human milk bacteria: Is there a bacterial entero-mammary pathway during late pregnancy and lactation? Adv Nutr 5, 779-784.ROUX, M.E.; MCWILLIAMS, M.; PHILLIPS-QUAGLIATA, J.M.; WEISZ-CARRINGTON, P. AND LAMM, M.E. (1977). Origin of IgA-secreting plasma cells in the mammary gland. Journal of Experimental Medicine 146, 1311-1322.STOCCO, G.; SUMMER, A.; CIPOLAT-GOTET, C.; ZANINI, L.; VAIRANI, D.; DADOUSIS, D. AND A. ZECCONI (2020). Differential cell count as a novel indicator of milk quality in dairy cows. Animals 10, 1-14.TAPONEN, S.; MCGUINNESS, D.; HIITIÖ. H.; SIMOJOKI, H.; ZADOKS, R. AND PYÖRÄLÄ, S. (2019). Bovine milk microbiome: a more complex issue than expected. Vet Res 50, 44.TOLLE, A. (1980). The microflora of the udder. Factors influencing the bacteriological quality of raw milk. International Dairy Federation Bulletin Document 120, 4.VANGROENWEGHE, F.; DOSOGNE, H.; MEHRZAD, J. AND BURVENICH, C. (2001). Effect of milk sampling techniques on milk composition, bacterial contamination, viability and functions of resident cells in milk. Vet Res 32, 565-579.VERDIER-METZ, I.; GAGNE, G.; BORNES, S.; MONSALLIER, F.; VEISSEIRE, P.; DELBÈS-PAUS, C. AND MONTEL, M.C. (2012). Cow teat skin, a potential source of diverse microbial populations for cheese production. Appl Environ Microbiol 78,326-333.WEON, H.Y.; LEE, C.M.; HONG, S.B.; KIM, B.Y.; YOO, S.H.; KWON, S.W. AND GO, S.J. (2008). Kaistia soli sp. nov., isolated from a wetland in Korea. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 58, 1522-1524.YOUNG, W.; HINE, B.C.; WALLACE, O.A.; CALLAGHAN, M. AND BIBILONI, R. (2015). Transfer of intestinal bacterial components to mammary secretions in the cow. PeerJ 3, e888.ZECCONI, A. AND PICCININI R. (2002). Intramammary infections: epidemiology and diagnosis. XXII World Buiatric Congress - Recent developments and perspectives in bovine medicine. HannoverZECCONI, A.; DELL’ORCO, F.; VAIRANI, D.; RIZZI, N.; CIPOLLA, M. AND ZANINI, L. (2020 a). Differential cell count as a marker for changes of milk composition in cows very low somatic cell counts. Animals 10, 1-14.ZECCONI, A.; ZANINI, L.; CIPOLLA, M.; STEFANON, B. (2020 b). 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Genome sequence variation in two subspecies of western honeybee, A.m.carnica and A.m.ligustica
Get PDFSubmitted 2020-08-09 | Accepted 2020-09-21 | Available 2020-12-01https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.mi-fpap.331-337Populations of western honeybee (Apis mellifera) show differences in morphology, physiology and behaviour as a result of adaptation to various habitats. A. m. carnica, which inhabits the South-East and Central Europe, and A. m. ligustica, which is endemic on Apennine peninsula, represent 2 closely related honeybee subspecies living in the neighbouring climatic regions. In the current study, 3,655,618 polymorphisms were identified from the whole genome sequences of 37 individual drone genomes, from A. m. carnica (n=27) and A. m. ligustica (n=10). The analysis revealed variation in genes involved in biological pathways associated with energy production and conversion, cell cycle and cytokinesis.Keywords: A. m. carnica, A. m. ligustica, genomics, honeybee, whole genome sequencingReferencesBoch, R. (1957). 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Metabolism and upper thermal limits of Apis mellifera carnica and A. m. ligustica. Apidologie, 45(6), 664-677. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-014-0284-3Kriventseva, E. V. et al. (2019). OrthoDB v10: sampling the diversity of animal, plant, fungal, protist, bacterial and viral genomes for evolutionary and functional annotations of orthologs. Nucleic Acids Research, 47(D1), D807-D811. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gky1053Kunieda, T. et al. (2006). Carbohydrate metabolism genes and pathways in insects: insights from the honey bee genome. Insect Molecular Biology, 15(5), 563-576. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2583.2006.00677.xLe Conte, Y. and Navajas, M. (2008). Climate change: impact on honey bee populations and diseases. Revue Sentifique et technique, 27(2), 485-497, 499-510.Li, H. and Durbin, R. (2009). Fast and accurate short read alignment with Burrows-Wheeler transform. Bioinformatics, 25(14), 1754-1760. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btp324Li, J. et al. (2007). Proteomic analysis of royal jelly from three strains of Western Honeybees (Apis mellifera). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55(21), 8411-8422. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0717440Okonechnikov, K., Conesa, A. and Garcia-Alcalde, F. (2016). Qualimap 2: advanced multi-sample quality control for high-throughput sequencing data. Bioinformatics, 32(2), 292-294. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btv566Patel, M. S. et al. (2014). The pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes: structure-based function and regulation. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 289(24), 16615-16623. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.R114.563148Perham, R. N. (1991). Domains, motifs, and linkers in 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase multienzyme complexes: a paradigm in the design of a multifunctional protein. Biochemistry, 30(35), 8501-8512. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00099a001Personnic, N. et al. (2014). A role for Ral GTPase-activating protein subunit β in mitotic regulation. 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Estimation of population differentiation using pedigree and molecular data in Black Slavonian pig
Get PDFSubmitted 2020-07-17 | Accepted 2020-08-24 | Available 2020-12-01https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.mi-fpap.241-249The aim of the study was to investigate the genetic differentiation of the Black Slavonian pig population. Two parallel analyses were performed using genealogical records and molecular data. Pedigree information of 6,099 pigs of the Black Slavonian breed was used to evaluate genetic variability and population structure. Additionally, 70 pigs were genotyped using 23 microsatellite markers. Genealogical data showed shrinkage in genetic diversity parameters with effective population size of 23.58 and inbreeding of 3.26%. Expected and observed heterozygosity were 0.685 and 0.625, respectively, and the average number of alleles per locus was 7.826. Bayesian clustering algorithm method and obtained dendrograms based on pedigree information and molecular data revealed the existence of four genetic clusters within the Black Slavonian pig. Wright’s FIS, FST and FIT from pedigree records were 0.017, 0.006, and 0.024, respectively, and did not prove significant population differentiation based on the geographical location of herds, despite the natural mating system. Obtained results indicate that despite the increased number of animals in the population, genetic diversity of Black Slavonian pig is low and conservation programme should focus on strategies aimed at avoiding further loss of genetic variability. Simultaneous use of genealogical and molecular data can be useful in conservation management of Black Slavonian pig breed.Keywords: autochthonous pig breed, microsatellite, genealogical data, genetic structuringReferencesBarros, E. A., Brasil, L. H. de A., Tejero, J. P., Delgado-Bermejo, J. V. & Ribeiro, M. N. (2017). Population structure and genetic variability of the Segureña sheep breed through pedigree analysis and inbreeding effects on growth traits. Small Ruminant Research, 149, 128-133.Belkhir, K. (2004). 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Predicted Feed Efficiency index applied to Italian Holstein Friesian cattle population
Get PDFSubmitted 2020-08-02 | Accepted 2020-09-21 | Available 2020-12-01https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.mi-fpap.326-330Feed efficiency has a major influence on farm profitability and environmental stewardship in the dairy industry. The aim of this study was to describe a new selection index adopted by the Italian Holstein and Jersey Association (ANAFIJ, Cremona, Italy) to improve feed efficiency using data recorded by the official dairy recording system. Predicted dry matter intake (pDMI) was derived from milk yield, fat content, and estimated cow body weight. Fat-protein corrected milk (FPCM) was derived from milk yield corrected for fat, protein, and a fixed coefficient for lactose content (4.80%). Therefore, the predicted feed efficiency (pFE) was estimated as ratio between FPCM and pDMI. Average pFE was 1.27±0.18 (kg.d-1) with heritability of 0.32. Predicted Feed Efficiency index (pFEi), traditional and genomic, has been implemented in the Italian Holstein Friesian evaluation system. Results suggest that pFEi may be a new breeding objective for Italian Friesians. The official selection index (PFT), in use since 2002, is positively correlated with pFEi. However, the introduction of pFEi will improve the positive feed efficiency trend. This approach will permit the Italian Holstein Friesian breeders to improve feed efficiency, without increasing costs of recording system. However, to avoid the risk of selecting animals with an excessive negative energy balance after calving, it would be useful to include in the pFE a correction for body condition score and reproductive performances. Meanwhile, in order to increase the accuracy of the predicted phenotype, an Italian consortium is creating a consistent phenotypic critical mass of individual data for dry matter intake in cows, heifers and young bulls.Keywords: feed efficiency, cattle breeding, dry matter intake, breeding value estimationReferencesCassandro, M. (2020). Animal breeding and climate change, mitigation and adaptation. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics, 137(2), 121-122. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbg.12469Cassandro, M. et al. (2010). Genetic parameters of predicted methane production in Holstein Friesian cows. Proceedings of the 9th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production, Leipzig, Germany.Cassandro, M., Mele, M. and Stefanon, B. (2013). Genetic aspects of enteric methane emission in livestock ruminants. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 12(3), 450-458.De Haas, Y. et al. (2012). Improved accuracy of genomic prediction for dry matter intake of dairy cattle from combined European and Australian data sets. Journal of Dairy Science, 95(10), 6103-6112.De Vries, M. and Veerkamp, R. (2000). Energy balance of dairy cattle in relation to milk production variables and fertility. Journal of Dairy Science, 83(1), 62-69.Finocchiaro, R. et al. (2017). Body weight prediction in Italian Holstein cows. ICAR Technical Series, 22, 95-98.Hegarty, R. et al. (2007). Cattle selected for lower residual feed intake have reduced daily methane production. Journal of Animal Science, 85(6), 1479-1486.Hurley, A. M. et al. (2018). Characteristics of feed efficiency within and across lactation in dairy cows and the effect of genetic selection. Journal of Dairy Science, 101(2), 1267-1280. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-12841Meuwissen, T. H., Hayes, B. J. and Goddard, M. E. (2001). Prediction of total genetic value using genome-wide dense marker maps. Genetics, 157(4), 1819-1829.National Research Council. (2001). Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle: Seventh Revised Edition, 2001. The National Academies Press. http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=9825Pryce, J. et al. (2014). Genomic selection for feed efficiency in dairy cattle. Animal, 8(1), 1-10.Sjaunja, L. et al. (1990). A Nordic proposal for an energy corrected milk formula. Proceedings of the 2nd Session of Committee for Recording and Productivity of Milk Animal, Paris, p. 156.Veerkamp, R. et al. (2000). Genetic correlation between days until start of luteal activity and milk yield, energy balance, and live weights. Journal of Dairy Science, 83(3), 577-583.Verbyla, K. et al. (2010). Predicting energy balance for dairy cows using high-density single nucleotide polymorphism information. Journal of Dairy Science, 93(6), 2757-2764.Wall, E., Coffey, M. and Brotherstone, S. (2007). The relationship between body energy traits and production and fitness traits in first-lactation dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 90(3), 1527-1537.Wallace, R. J. et al. (2019). A heritable subset of the core rumen microbiome dictates dairy cow productivity and emissions. Science Advances, 5(7), eaav8391
Morphological characteristics as a key attribute for a successful determination of selected Cotoneaster species
Get PDFArticle Details: Received: 2019-12-17 | Accepted: 2019-01-24 | Available online: 2020-03-31 https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.01.15-23In this paper, morphological features, such as the number of pyrenes in pome and the number of pomes in infructescence, were used for determination of closely related tetraploid Cotoneaster species. Samples were collected from various localities in the Western Carpathians. The collection of samples, designed for counting of pyrenes in pome, included 2353 pomes of >130 individuals. Number of pyrenes in pome ranged from 1 to 5. Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference in pyrenes per pome mean values between C. integerrimus (3.01), C. melanocarpus agg. (2.46; including C. matrensis) and C. tomentosus (3.93). The collection of samples, designed for counting of pomes in infructescence, included 1019 infructescences of 141 individuals. Number of pomes in infructescence ranged from 1 to 5. Statistical analysis also revealed a significant difference in pomes per infructescence mean values between C. integerrimus (1.14) and C. melanocarpus agg. (1.54; including C. matrensis), and between C. integerrimus and C. tomentosus (1.50).Keywords: pyrenes, pomes, infructescence, Cotoneaster, Western CarpathiansReferences:Baranec, T. (1992). Cotoneaster Medicus. In Bertová, L. (Ed.) Flora of Slovakia IV/3. Bratislava: Veda (pp. 452–462). In Slovak.Baranec, T. and Eliáš ml., P. (2004). Taxonomy and chorology of genus Cotoneaster Medicus in the territory of Nízke Tatry Mts. In Jasík, M. et al. (Eds.) Nature of Low Tatras. Banská Bystrica: State Nature Conservancy of the Slovak Republic, The Administration of the National Park Low Tatras (pp. 101–106). In Slovak.Bartha, D. (2009). Cotoneaster Medik. In Király, G. (Ed.) New Hungarian Herbal. The Vascular Plants of Hungary. Identification key. Jósvafő: Aggteleki Nemzeti Park Igazgatóság (pp. 229). In Hungarian.Bartish, I. V. et al. 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The effect of zinc application on annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) under drought stress
Get PDFArticle Details: Received: 2020-09-28 | Accepted: 2020-10-14 | Available online: 2020-12-31https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.04.198-204 The aim of the vegetation pot experiment observed the effect of zinc foliar application in combination with nitrogen fertilization on annual ryegrass plant ability to deal with drought stress. Experiment with two irrigation regimes was established and the rate of drought stress was evaluated by determination of abscisic acid (ABA) content in above-ground part of ryegrass, dry matter weight and nutrient content in plant were also determined. Foliar Zn application had statistically significant effect (P <0.05) on decrease of ABA content in comparison to variants without Zn fertilization which implies that zinc contributed to better plant dealing with drought stress. Foliar application of higher Zn dose (1.25 g l-1) under drought stress was found the strongest decreased of ABA in comparison with variant without Zn fertilization (about 50.1%). Zinc supported also the growth of above-ground part regardless to irrigation, we found the highest dry matter weight on variant with higher nitrogen dose (0.5 g pot-1) and higher Zn dose (1.25 g l-1). Graded levels of zinc application significantly effected of Zn content in plant.Keywords: annual ryegrass, foliar zinc application, drought stress, abscisic acid contentReferences ALVES, A. A. C. and SETTER, T. L. (2000). Response of cassava to water deficit: Leaf area growth and abscisic acid. Crop Science, 40, 131–137. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mch179AMANUEL, B. A. et al. (2015). Forage yield and quality response of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) to different water and nitrogen levels. African Journal of Range & Forage Science, 32(2), 125–131. https://doi.org/10.2989/10220119.2015.1056228ASHKAN, A. et al. (2020). Effects of foliar zinc application on yield and oil quality of rapeseed genotypes under drought stress. 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Use of High-density SNP analyses to develop a long-term strategy for conventional populations to prevent loss of diversity - review
Get PDFArticle Details: Received: 2020-09-10 | Accepted: 2020-10-30 | Available online: 2020-12-31https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.04.236-240The aim was to review obtained results related to molecular-genetic analyses by high-density SNP chips and mtDNA in farm and wild populations within the project APVV-17-0060 Genomic Indicators of extranuclear DNA as a source of Diversity for Animal Breeding. Continuous human activity and subsequent socioeconomic and climatic changes of the environment significantly affect the genetic diversity of livestock on both intra- and inter-population levels. Concerning the conservation of local livestock populations and thus animal genetic resources (AnGR) for future generations is, therefore, necessary to monitor and look for new “more precise“ tools to measure the amount of genetic diversity. The expected result will be the identification of SNP markers and spot mutations with a significant effect on the process of development resp. variability of traits. In the case of the dog, identification of regions related to fitness, health, and trainability will be the primary objective. Keywords: Genetic diversity, economically important breeds, Animal genetic resources, SlovakiaReferencesCURIK, I., FERENČAKOVIĆ, M. and SÖLKNER, J. (2014). Inbreeding and runs of homozygosity: a possible solution to an old problem. Livestock Science, 166, 26–34.ENGELSMA, K.A., VEERKAMP, R.F., CALUS, M.P., BIJMA, P. and WINDIG, J.J. (2012). Pedigree and marker-based methods in the estimation of genetic diversity in small groups of Holstein cattle. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics, 129, 195–205.FERENČAKOVIĆ, M., BANADINOVIĆ, M., MERCVAJLER, M., KHAYATZADEH, N., MÉSZÁROS, G., CUBRIC-CURIK, V., CURIK, I. and SÖLKNER, J. (2016) Mapping of heterozygosity rich regions in Austrian Pinzgauer cattle. 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Homozygosity indicators in canine MHC region of the Standard Poodle and Leonberger populations
Get PDFSubmitted 2020-06-15 | Accepted 2020-08-04 | Available 2020-12-01https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.mi-fpap.29-37Dog breeds are the leading examples of artificial selection, with sometimes extreme changes between the wolf-like phenotypes and current breeds. This increased selection pressure manifest in increased homozygosity throughout the genome, including the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) with large influence on the immune system. The MHC region in 98 Leonberger and 37 Standard Poodle dogs was examined using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data. The overall homozygosity levels and via the runs of homozygosity (ROH) were calculated as indicators to assess the MHC regions, compared to other random parts of the dog genome. High proportion of homozygosity was observed in all examined chromosomes, ranging from 58 to 78%. The ROH was preferred to the overall level of homozygosity, as it showed the variability within the MHC regions. 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