Journal of Tropical Crop Science
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Analysis of the Morphology and Secondary Metabolite Content of Several Katuk (Sauropus androgynus) Accessions
Get PDFKatuk (Sauropus androgynus) is a species valued for its nutritional and medicinal properties, as well as its potential applications in food, herbal medicine, livestock feed, and cosmetics. This study aimed to evaluate the morphological diversity and secondary metabolite profiles of four katuk accessions. Two analyses were conducted: (1) morphological characterization using cluster analysis and (2) qualitative and quantitative assessment of secondary metabolites. Cluster analysis revealed that all accessions showed high similarity with the “Paris”, an accession widely grown in West Java, Indonesia (similarity coefficient = 1.00), and moderate similarity with accessions “K1”, “K2”, “K4”, “Bastar”, and “Zanzibar” (distance coefficient = 0.68). Metabolite profiling indicated variations in compound abundance among accessions. “Ciaruteun Ilir 1” exhibited the highest vitamin E content; “Ciaruteun Ilir 2” had the highest fatty acid and phenolic content; “Pager Jangkung 1” accumulated the most flavonoids, while “Pager Jangkung 2” contained the most terpenoids and carboxylic acids. The leaves of katuk accessions in this study contains 14-17% squalene; this is an important finding for the pharmaceutical and health industries
Growth Diversity, Total Phenol, and Flavonoid of Various Cayenne Pepper (Capsicum frutescens) Genotypes Under Shading Stress
Get PDFThe study of adaptation mechanisms in cayenne pepper under shade stress is crucial for further exploration. Cayenne pepper is one of the primary commodities that play an essential role in the agricultural industry. This research focuses on the adaptation of morphological, physiological, and secondary metabolite characteristics of cayenne pepper under shading treatments, while also examining the role of microclimate on these characteristics. The study was conducted from August 2023 to February 2024 at the Leuwikopo experimental field of Bogor Agricultural University, using five genotypes of cayenne pepper cultivated under two shading treatments: 0% and 50% shading, achieved using shade netting. The results showed that among the five genotypes tested, shade-loving genotypes, such as “Bonita,” and shade-tolerant genotypes, like “Ori 212,” displayed a greater morphological response in terms of plant height and canopy width under 50% shade compared to the other genotypes. In terms of yield traits, shade-tolerant genotypes, such as “Ori 212”, exhibited the highest fruit weight per plant under a 50% shading treatment compared to the other genotypes. Regarding physiological responses, specifically pigment content, no significant effect of shading treatment was observed. However, in terms of secondary metabolite content, all genotypes responded by increasing total phenol and flavonoid levels when grown in unshaded conditions or under full light intensity. This study provides insights into the adaptive responses of various cayenne pepper genotypes to microclimatic conditions in their growing environment
Plant Growth, Nitrogen Content, Nitrogen Uptake, and Seed Quality in Six Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc) Landraces
Get PDFBambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc) is recognized for its nutritional benefits and ability to improve soil fertility through nitrogen fixation. This study evaluated growth performance, nitrogen dynamics, and seed quality across six landraces: Tasikmalaya, Sukabumi, Sumedang, Small Sumedang, Bogor, and Gresik. The experiment was conducted at IPB University’s Sawah Baru experimental field from July 2022 to March 2023. The experiment used a randomized complete block design with four replications. The measured variables were petiole length, number of petioles, number of leaves, leaf greenness, plant dry weight, nitrogen content, nitrogen uptake in roots, petioles, leaves, and pods, protein content in pods, and seed quality. Results showed significant variation among landraces. Gresik exhibited superior vegetative growth and dry biomass, while Tasikmalaya had the highest pod nitrogen (4.58%) and protein content (28.03%), indicating efficient nitrogen assimilation. Nitrogen analysis revealed distinct uptake patterns across landraces, particularly with Gresik, where a rapid increase in nitrogen suggests that this landrace is well-suited to environments where nitrogen is efficiently fixed and mobilized toward reproductive growth. Sukabumi and Bogor showed the highest germination rates (94%), and Bogor and Gresik had the highest vigor indices (76% and 72%). Overall, Gresik is recommended for balanced performance in growth and seed vigor, while Tasikmalaya is optimal for protein yield and nitrogen use efficiency
Assessment of Physio-Chemical Properties of Bahir Dar Textile Sludge and Its Impact on The Growth of Lettuce (Lactuca Sativa) and Soil Nutrient Improvement
Get PDFTextile produces large volumes of sludge due to industrial activity, and its disposal is a serious environmental concern because it includes toxic contaminants, including heavy metals. Due to its vast volume and mass, sludge management is seen as an additional burden to the industry. This study aims to characterize solid sludge from the textile industry. The sludge’s pH, organic matter (OM), nutrient elements (N, P, K), and metal content were determined using appropriate analytical techniques. Treatment consisted of 4×3 factorial combinations of nitrogen and phosphorus, i.e., full recommended (100 kg N and 50 kg P), half recommended (50 kg N and 25 kg P), control, and dried sludge at 0, 5, 10, and 20 tons per ha. The textile industrial sludge’s Cu, Cr, Fe, Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations are 511.568, 251.166, 7991.667, 67.333, and 463.00, respectively. The Cu, Cr, Fe, and Zn concentration levels exceeded the recommended upper limit for agricultural soil. Nonetheless, cadmium and lead are below WHO standards. Soil pH, % total nitrogen, % total organic content, and % organic matter increased after sludge application. Applying textile sludge to soil considerably raised the soil Cr, Fe, and Cu contents compared with the control, and lettuce growth increased from 75 g to 143.5 g per pot after applying 20 tons of sludge per ha. Therefore, textile sludge could be an alternative to organic fertilizer or soil conditioner if metals, especially Fe and Cr, are reduced by proper treatment strategies
Effects of Seed Rates on Seed Quality and Seed Multiplication Factor of Bread Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) in Early Generation Seed Classes Under Rain-Fed Conditions in Amhara Region, Ethiopia
Get PDFSeed is a vital agricultural resource for enhancing crop production and productivity. However, a variety of variables limit bread wheat seed output and quality, including an insufficient seed rate for early generation seed production. The experiment was conducted in three districts, Adet, Debre Tabor, and Enewari, over two years (2020 and 2021) under rain-fed conditions to determine the optimal seeding rate for early-generation seed classes of bread wheat. Treatments included factorial combinations of five seeding rates (50, 75, 100, 125, and 150 kg.ha-1) and two seed classes, breeder and basic seeds. A randomized complete-block design with three replications was employed. A combined study across years and locations revealed that the interaction effect of seed rate and seed class was not significant (P > 0.05) for the parameters of days to heading, days to maturity, plant height, spike length, seed yield, and seed multiplication ratio. The combined results showed that seed rate had a substantial effect on bread wheat spike length, yield, and seed multiplication ratio. Lower seed rates resulted in a higher seed multiplication ratio at all three locations. Increasing the seed rate from 50 to 150 kg.ha-1 increased seed yield from 2555.2 kg.ha-1 to 3235.2 kg.ha-1, although the difference in seed yield between 125 and 150 kg.ha-1 was statistically insignificant (p>0.05 for the combined study). Finally, seed rates as low as 125 kg ha-1 can be employed for all seed classes to boost early-generation seed output in the three locations and similar agroecologies
Early Identification of Potentially Drought-Tolerant Doubled Haploid Rice Lines During the Seedling Stage
Get PDFClimate change and reduced crop yields caused by drought stress have increased the demand for drought-tolerant varieties. The anther culture technique allows the production of improved varieties with high homozygosity in a short time. The study aimed to select the drought-tolerant double haploid lines at the seedling stage. This research was conducted in the greenhouse of the Indonesian Center for Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Instrument Standard Testing (BBPSI Biogen), Bogor, from August to November 2023. The drought-tolerant selection of 12 doubled-haploid rice lines (AE1-AE12) and four check varieties, i.e., two commercial checks (“Inpari 18” Tadah Hujan Agritan or AE13, “Bioni63” Ciherang Agritan or AE14), one drought-tolerant check (“Salumpikit” or AE15), and one drought-sensitive check (“IR20” or AE16). The research used a randomized complete block design with three replications. The characters observed were leaf rolling, leaf drying, recovery ability, and plant fresh and dry weight. The Friedman test results showed that the lines with the lowest rankings, three lines (AE2, AE5, and AE12) with mild tolerant criteria for leaf rolling, five lines (AE1, AE2, AE5, AE8, and AE12) with mild tolerant criteria for leaf drying, and three lines (AE1, AE5, and AE12) with tolerant criteria for recovery ability. The selection index for drought tolerance at the seedling stage identified seven lines with positive values. Based on the Friedman test, selection index, and heatmap visualization, AE12, AE1, AE5, and AE8 exhibited a tolerance similar to “Salumpikit” and were deemed suitable based on drought tolerance characters
Effectiveness of Vermicompost Priming in Improving the Physiological Quality of Soybean Seeds
Get PDFSoybean seeds deteriorate rapidly, especially under humid tropics. An effective method for boosting seed germination is invigoration, which is applied as a pre-planting seed treatment to stimulate the metabolic activity in the seed. The research aimed to compare the effectiveness of vermicompost priming with other invigoration methods in improving the physiological quality of soybean seeds. The experiment was arranged in a split-plot, randomized design. The main plots were seed lots based on low, medium, and high germination of three soybean varieties (“Argomulyo”, “Detap 1”, and “Devon 1”). Subplot, invigoration method: control, matriconditioning with rice husk charcoal, a ratio of seed (g): rice husk charcoal (g): water (mL) 9:6:7 for 12 hours; osmoconditioning with 15% PEG 6000 solution, a ratio of seed (g): solution (mL) was 1:2 for 12 hours, and vermicompost priming with a ratio of seed (g): vermicompost (g): water (mL) 12:14:12 for 18 hours. Each experimental unit used 120 g of seeds. The invigoration treatment was conducted in a room with a temperature of 25 ± 2°C and a relative humidity (RH) of 65-70%. The results showed that invigoration treatment can be used on soybean seeds with moderate viability (germination rate of 70-79%). In “Argomulyo” and “Detap 1”, the seed physiological quality increased with vermicompost priming, and in “Devon 1”, it increased with matriconditioning. The enhanced physiological quality of soybean seeds may be attributed to the complete nutrient and phytohormone content in vermicompost
Participatory Variety Selection and Promotion of Improved Soybean (Glycine max L.) Variety in Northwestern Ethiopia
Get PDFA participatory variety selection (PVS) approach was used to evaluate the varieties when selecting new soybean varieties. Farmers were requested to state the most important traits when deciding which soybean varieties to adopt. The study aimed to identify a high-yielding variety that fulfills farmers’ preferences, creates wider demand, and strengthens linkage among the possible actors in improved soybean varieties. The study was conducted at Jawe, Guangua, and North Achefer locations in the Awi and West Gojam zones during the 2018 and 2019 cropping seasons. Eight improved soybean varieties were considered in the experiment. Farmers identified seven biological attributes as their selection criteria and considered social factors when deciding which variety to grow. High grain yields of 1830 kg.ha-1 and 1680 kg.ha-1 were recorded for varieties “Pawe-02” and “Wegayen,” respectively, whereas the lowest grain yield of 1430 kg.ha-1 was recorded for the variety “Ethio-Yugoslavia.” “Pawe-02” variety was ranked 1st by farmers’ selection in two districts among the eight varieties. The average performance of the “Pawe-02” variety in the pre-scale-up activity was 2580 kg.ha-1 with a yield advantage of 48.87%. Likert-scale analysis indicated that farmers positively perceived the important traits “Pawe-02” against the existing soya bean variety. Therefore, the “Pawe-02” variety should be recommended to farmers on a large scale to benefit them in this study area and similar agroecology
Performance of Bambara Nuts (Vigna subterranean L. Verdc) as Influenced by Genotypes and Weed Control Treatments in the Sudan Savanna Ecology, Nigeria
Get PDFGlobal food security is threatened by population growth, climate change, and limited arable land. Bambara groundnut, an underutilized crop, faces challenges like low yields governed by weed competition and climate change stress. Given this, field trials were conducted to assess the performance of the Bambara nut as influenced by genotypes and weed control methods. The experiment comprised three genotypes of Bambara nut, “Yar Gombe”, “Duna Baki” and “Cream”, and eleven (11) weed control treatments, i.e. unweeded plots, hoe weeding at 3 and 6 weeks after sowing; application of imazethapyr at 2.0 kg a.i.ha-1; imazethapyr at 1.5 + bentazone at 1.5 kg a.i.ha-1; metolachlor at 2.0 kg a.i.ha-1; metolachlor at 1.5 + bentazone at 1.5 kg a.i.ha-1; pendimethalin at 2.0 kg a.i.ha-1; pendimethalin at 1.5 kg a.i.ha-1 + bentazone at 1.5 kg a.i.ha-1; pendimethalin at 1.5 kg a.i.ha-1 + supplementary hoe weeding; metolachlor at 1.5 kg a.i.ha-1+ supplementary hoe weeding; imazethapyr at 1.5 kg a.i.ha-1 + supplementary hoe weeding). The study was laid out in a split-plot design and replicated three times, with genotypes and weed control occupying the main and subplots. Findings revealed that plant height did not significantly differ due to genotypes, but “Duna Baki” had the widest canopy. Application of metolachlor at 1.5 kg a.i.ha-1 + hoe weeding conducted at 6 weeks after sowing, resulting in noticeably taller plants. The application of metolachlor and + imazethapyr each at 1.5 kg a.i.ha-1 + hoe weeding at 6 weeks after sowing produced the widest canopy cover. “Duna Baki” had the highest seed yield, whereas the “Yar Gombe” and “Duna Baki” had the heaviest seed. The phytosociological analysis identified Amaranthus spinosus, Eleusine indica, Cynodon dactylon, and Leucas martinicensis as the four most common weeds based on their importance value index (IVI). Consequently, farmers in the study area should be advised to use metolachlor and pendimethalin each at 1.5 kg a.i to increase yield and efficiently manage weeds
Participatory Evaluation and Promotion of Tef Production Technologies for Moisture Deficit Areas of Simada District in Amhara Region, Ethiopia
Get PDFTef (Eragrostis tef Zucc. Trotter) is a small cereal crop resilient to adverse climatic and soil conditions and possesses desirable storage properties. It provides high-quality food and grows under marginal conditions which are not unsuitable for other cereal crops. Although tef is a major cultivated crop in the Simada district, demonstration and adoption of improved tef varieties and agronomic practices are very limited. Therefore, the study was initiated to select and promote the higher grain yielding tef varieties with agronomic practices and create awareness to farmers and end users. The activity was conducted on six farmers’ fields in the Simada district in the 2019 and 2020 cropping seasons. Early maturing tef released varieties, namely “Hiber-1”, “Boset”, and “Tseday” (Cr-37), and local tef varieties were used for the study in a plot area of 10m by 10m for each variety across sites. Farmers and researchers selected the “Hiber-1” tef variety due to agronomic traits and grain yield performance. “Hiber-1” was ranked 1st by farmers in both the Vertisol and Nitisol areas. It showed 31%, 28.4%, and 25.1% grain yield advantage over “Boset”, “Tseday”, and the local varieties respectively. In addition, the rank correlation of farmers’ rank and grain yield rank of the varieties showed a strong positive correlation. Therefore, the “Hiber-1” tef variety should be scaled out in the Simada district and areas with similar agro-ecologies in Amhara Region and Ethiopia