Journal of Tropical Crop Science
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Agronomic Performance and Light Interception in a Multi Canopy Rice Cultivation System
Get PDFVertical space optimization through a multi-canopy system can potentially increase rice production. This research aims to evaluate the agronomic performance, light interception, and production of rice plants cultivated with a multi-canopy system. This research was conducted at the Sawah Baru Experimental Farm, IPB University. Rice varieties used two common height plants (“Inpari 30” and “Inpari 32”) and the taller plants (“IPB 9G”). This research consisting of nine treatment combinations of cultivation system: mono-variety (“Inpari 30”, “Inpari 32”, and “IPB 9G”), combination of two varieties in one hill multi-canopy (“Inpari 30”-“IPB 9G” and “Inpari 32”-“IPB 9G”), inter-variety one-insertion multi-canopy (“Inpari 30”-“IPB 9G” and “Inpari 32”-“IPB 9G”), and inter-variety two-insertion multi-canopy (“Inpari 30”-“IPB 9G” and “Inpari 32”-“IPB 9G”). The results showed morphological and physiological performance as good in a multi-canopy system (inter-variety one insertion) on the variables of the plant height, number of panicles per clump, panicle length, number of grains per hill, weight of grains per hill, photosynthetic rate and land equivalent ratio (LER). The percentage of light interception in the multi-canopy system decreased by 19.13-61.54%. The inter-variety one-insertion multi-canopy with the “Inpari 30”-“IPB 9G” combination increases yield potential by 10.18%, and the “Inpari 32”-“IPB 9G” combination increases by 13.81% compared to the mono-variety. The combination of the “Inpari 30”- “IPB 9G” and “Inpari 32”-“IPB 9G” variety in an inter-variety one-insertion multi-canopy system produces an LER value of 1.75 and 1.64; this shows that the inter-variety one insertion multi-canopy system is promising to increase rice production
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Agricultural Practices of Coconut Farmers on the Impacts of Climate Change on Coconut Productivity and Sustainability in Barangay Capasnan, Manay, Davao Oriental, Philippines
Get PDFCoconut, a vital tropical crop, and the Philippines’ leading agricultural export, particularly in Davao Oriental, the “Coconut Capital” of the country, is profoundly impacted by climate change, which disrupts its productivity and agricultural practices, thereby threatening its sustainability. This study evaluated the knowledge, attitudes, practices, perceived impacts, and preparedness of coconut farmers in Barangay Capasnan, a major contributor to Davao Oriental’s coconut production. A descriptive research design was employed, with 145 farmers (out of 227 registered) participating through purposive sampling. Data were collected through validated surveys, analyzed with descriptive statistics, and conducted under ethical guidelines. Results showed that most farmers (30%) were over 61 years old, with 59% male and 41% female participants. A majority (63%) had only elementary-level education, and most households (56%) comprised 1-4 members. Nearly all farmers (94%) owned their farms, but 59% had a monthly income below PHP 10,000 (~USD 170.24). Farmers demonstrated a high awareness of climate change, recognizing its effects on temperature, rainfall, seasonality, and its role in exacerbating extreme weather, pests, and diseases. They perceived climate change as a significant threat to agriculture, advocating for education and action, though engagement in community coping strategies remained moderate. Farmers implemented practices such as knowledge-sharing, exploring alternative income sources, investing in protective infrastructure, and planning for renewable energy use. However, moderate adoption was observed in water-saving irrigation, drought-resistant crops, soil conservation, and pest management practices. Climate change was perceived to have severe impacts on coconut yields, quality, soil fertility, seasonal patterns, and labor demands, while moderate impacts included extreme weather, water scarcity, and heat stress. Recommendations include providing emotional and mental support, financial assistance, access to resilient crop varieties, climate-smart agricultural training, affordable adaptive technology, and increased distribution of coconut seedlings by the Philippine Coconut Authority to address declining quality and productivity caused by weather changes
Chili Yields, Nutrient Use, and Water Use Efficiency under Precision Fertigation at Different Plant Density and Drip Irrigation Lines
Get PDFThe study aimed to evaluate the effects of irrigation line number and plant density on the growth and yield of curly red chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cv. Tangguh. The study was conducted from August 2023 to January 2024 at the Cikarawang Experimental Station of IPB University (6°32’56” S; 106°43’54” E; 240 m above sea level) on Ultisol characterized by severely low phosphorus (1.1 ppm) and high potassium content (66 ppm). A split-plot design within a randomized complete block design was employed, with irrigation line number (single or double drip lines per bed) as the main plot and four planting densities (26,666, 53,322, 80,000, and 106,666 plants.ha-1) as subplots. Each treatment was replicated three times, resulting in 24 plots (each 1.5 m × 10 m). Fertilizers applied included Urea (45% N), SP-36 (36% P2O5 ), cattle manure, dolomite, biofertilizers (Trichoderma spp.), and PGPR. Irrigation and fertigation were managed using the Nutrigads automatic drip system. The data collected included plant growth, yield components, nutrient use efficiency, water use efficiency, and partial factor productivity for nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). The results showed that the irrigation line number had no significant effect on individual plant growth parameters. However, using double lines significantly increased total fruit yield per bed and hectare, indicating its contribution to overall productivity. Conversely, the double line system reduced water use efficiency (WUE = 2.07 kg.mm-1) compared to the single line system (WUE = 3.64 kg.mm-1; P<0.0001). Higher planting densities (up to 106,666 plants.ha-1) enhanced total yield by promoting vertical growth but reduced individual plant performance, and had a positive effect on WUE, NUE, and PUE
Agronomic Evaluation and Yield Potentials of Grafting of Piper nigrum and Piper colobrinum
Get PDFFoot rot disease (Phytophthora capsica) is Indonesia's primary challenge in cultivating pepper (Piper nigrum). Grafting to another Piper species, Piper coclobrinum, or melada (the local name), is a potential solution to increase resistance to this disease. The use of melada as rootstock has shown promising results during the seedling phase, but it has not been thoroughly evaluated during the production phase. The study was conducted in the pepper grower’s location in Puput and Simpang Katis Villages, Central Bangka, Bangka Belitung Islands Province. The study used kapok (Ceiba petandra) as the standard; plant morphology, leaf area, leaf thickness, and crown diameter for grafted melada and non-grafted pepper were recorded. Harvest variables included panicle length, panicle weight, the number of fruits per panicle, and fruit diameter, measured in three different areas of the canopy: the lower area (0-1 meter above the ground surface), the middle area (1-2 meters above the ground surface), and the top area (more than 2 meters above the ground surface). Physiological variables measured included rates of photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, intercellular CO2, and CO2 conductance. The study demonstrated that the grafted pepper plants had a larger leaf area than the non-grafted pepper plants; the panicle weight and the number of fruits per panicle were higher. Panicles located in the middle zone of the plant canopy tended to be longer for grafted and non-grafted peppers. Panicle weight, fruit size, and the number of fruits per panicle were generally more significant at the top of the plant canopy. In all parts of the canopy, grafted peppers exhibited larger fruit size, greater panicle weight, and a higher number of fruits per panicle than non-grafted “Nyelungkup” peppers, highlighting the potential of melada as a rootstock for pepper plants
Genetic Diversity of Yellow and Red Berries Arabica Coffee Populations Grown in a Mix Populations in Garut, West Java, Indonesia, Based on SSR Markers
Get PDFFarmers in Garut, West Java, grow mixed varieties of Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.). Subsequently, they use harvested beans as seeds. Intercrossing among varieties may result in hybrid progenies and harvesting hybrid progenies as seed results in genetic variations. This research aims to evaluate the genetic diversity of Arabica coffee grown in a mixed population. Ninety-one Arabica coffees comprised 37 Arabica cv. “Ahernt GRT KN” (yellow-), 45 “Sigararutang” (red-), and nine “S795” (red berries) were sampled. Twenty SSR primer pairs were validated using 15 samples representing three varieties; six were polymorphic and used to genotype 91 Arabica accessions. Genetic data were analyzed using PowerMaker 3.25 and Darwin version 6 software. The results showed that the six SSR loci generated from 2 – 3 alleles, with an average of 2.17 alleles per locus. Genetic analysis of Arabica coffee from Garut, West Java, generated SSR markers with an average PIC of 0,33 across loci and varieties. The PIC within Arabica coffee cv. “Ahernt GRT KN” and “Sigararutang” were low, and within “S795” was moderate. Those PICs indicate the presence of more genetic diversity within “S795” than the other two cultivars. The Ho across Arabica coffee cv. “Sigararutang” and “S795” were lower than the He values, confirming their self-pollination nature. However, the Ho values of Arabica coffee cv. “Ahernt GRT KN” was larger than the others, indicating the presence of residual heterozygosity and a low percentage of recent outcrossing. The low Ho values of “Sigararutang” suggest that Arabica coffee is homozygous. Arabica coffee cv. “S795” also showed a low Ho value, but its moderate He value indicates the presence of more genetic diversity than the othercultivars
Determination of Seed Physiological Maturity and Invigoration using Plasma-Activated Water and Ultrafine Bubble Water on Okra Seeds
Get PDFSeeds physical and physiological qualities are primarily determined by seed physiological maturity. Seed enhancement technology has developed rapidly, including using ultrafine bubbles (UFB) and plasma-activated water (PAW) to increase seed viability. This study aimed to determine seed physiology maturity on okra seed to get the optimal harvesting period seeds and to examine the most effective seed enhancement plasma-activated water and ultrafine-bubble Water. The first experiment was arranged using completely randomized design with fruit maturity as the single factor, harvested at 3, 4, 5, or 6 weeks after anthesis (WAA), with three replications. The second experiment used factorial completely randomized design; the first factor is seed lots with different storage times (fresh seed and one-year storage seed), and the second factor seed invigoration using UFB (20 ppm dissolved oxygen) and PAW (10-, 20-, and 30-min exposure) as the second factor. Untreated seeds were used as control. Fifty seeds were used in each treatment. Okra seed physiological maturity was reached at 5 WAA based on seed dry weight, germination capacity, seedling vigor, and speed of germination. The pod color at 5 WAA is olive brown, and seed testa has dark greyish purple. Plasma-activated water at 10 minutes exposure increased the vigor index of seed lots stored for one year by 86% and PAW20 by 87%. Plasma activated water at 10-, 20- and 30-minutes exposures significantly increased the seedling vigor index and germination speed of fresh seeds harvested at 5 WAA
Analysis of Potential Cropping Seasons of Cayenne Pepper (Capsicum frustescens L.) Based on Water Balance in Alfisol Dryland, Tuban Regency, East Java, Indonesia
Get PDFDryland agriculture is crucial for understanding how to effectively manage land water for the crops. Water balance analysis plays a pivotal role in comprehending the hydrological cycle and water availability for crop production. The Tuban Regency is one of the fifth largest cayenne pepper-producing areas in East Java, Indonesia, particularly in Grabagan and Bancar Districts. However, for sustainable growth, it is imperative to extend cultivation to other sub-districts within Tuban Regency. In the cultivation of cayenne pepper, attention to soil water availability is important due to its susceptibility to drought, directly impacting vegetative growth and overall plant production. This research aims to establish a planting pattern for cayenne pepper based on water balance analysis in Alfisol drylands within Montong, Kerek, and Singgahan Districts of Tuban Regency. The study, conducted from July to September 2023, employed Thornthwaite and Mather water balance analysis,drought index assessment, and day without rain analysis. The research findings reveal variations inwater balance conditions within the study areas, with Montong and Kerek Districts experiencing a land water surplus for three months and a nine-month deficit. Singgahan District, on the other hand, encountered a surplus for four months and a deficit for eight months. The drought index indicates a high level, peaking in September for Montong (87%), Kerek (91%), and Singgahan (87%) Districts. Cayenne pepper plants exhibit the potential for annual cultivation in Alfisol drylands of Montong, Kerek, and Singgahan Districts, with a growing duration of six months. The optimal planting window spans from December to May, followed by potentially a second planting in June and July for crops with a minimum available water value exceeding 19% or those with a shorter harvest life. From August to November, the land lies fallow due to a soil water availability that is close to 0% and a 27% risk of days without rain in the extreme drought category, rendering the soil unsuitable for growing crops
Bibliometric Analysis of a Decade Orchidaceae Research: A Comprehensive Study in the Agriculture Field
Get PDFOrchidaceae is a family of flowering plants esteemed in numerous countries globally, so they are a promising subject for further exploration. The evolution of Orchidaceae research over the past decade is a foundation for identifying areas warranting deeper investigation. bibliographic analysis based on the Scopus database was used to elucidate the advancements in research over a decade. We brought data on an increasing number of publications between 1943 to 2023. About 7139 documents were found about orchid research, and 59% were in agriculture filtered by subject area, from around 2013 until 2023. America and Asia have the most significant number of Orchidaceae species, approximately 12000. However, China stands out with many publications with a high citation rate. Regarding the organization that publishes the journal, from 16204 organizations, the University of Chinese Academy is a prominent contributor characterized by substantial collaboration in advancing orchid research. Furthermore, the co-occurrence and all keywords indicating genetics, biodiversity, and taxonomy have been used as basis research topics in the last ten years. With additional analyses and reviews, this bibliometric analysis demonstrates that the research on Orchidaceae, specifically in agriculture, thrives every decade. Hence, we recommend future orchid conservation and research that should focus on the current gaps in knowledge and practice, including species distributions, management of species, and threats of extinction for developing or creating new cultivars to intensify a high potential commercial value
Genetic Diversity Analysis of Ethiopian Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Genotypes Based on Agronomic Traits Using Cluster and Principal Component Analysis
Get PDFGenetic diversity is essential for barley breeding, enabling the selection of desirable traits for improvement. Previous genetic diversity studies on barley have not been sufficient compared to the genetic resources available in the gene bank and ever-changing weather conditions. This study was therefore conducted to assess the extent of genetic variability and association of agronomic traits in barley genotypes at the Adet and Debark experimental stations during the 2023 main cropping season. Eighty-one barley genotypes were evaluated using a 9x9 simple lattice design. The analysis of variance revealed a high level of variability among barley genotypes. The first four principal components at Adet accounted for 78.4% of the total variation, while the first five components accounted for 80.5% at Debark. Traits such as grain-filling period, plant height, biomass, grain yield at Adet, grain yield, grain-filling period, harvest index, and thousand-seed weight at Debark contributed most to the first two components. The biplot analysis also revealed a strong negative correlation between days to heading and leaf rust severity with grain yield, harvest index, and grain filling period. Using hierarchical cluster analysis, the genotypes were grouped into five clusters at each location, each with a specific trait composition. and clusters I and III (71.84). At Adet, the greatest intercluster distance was between clusters II and IV (75.0), followed by clusters II and III (59.35), while at Debark, it was between clusters III and V (103.98), followed by clusters III and IV (82.14). The greater intercluster distance observed in this study indicates genetic diversity among the barley genotypes. This study also identified high-yielding genotypes (5, 9, 18, 32, 41, 50, 51, 53, 54, 60, 65, 68, 75) with grain yield potentials ranging from 2681.2 kg.ha -1 to 7291.6 kg.ha -1 at Debark and 80.5 kg.ha -1 to 4631.8 kg.ha -1 at Adet. These genotypes show potential as varieties for selection or as parents for hybridization. However, multi-year and multi-location trials are needed to confirm these results
Development of Brown Seed and Release of “Biradama” Tef Variety for Potential Areas of Amhara Region and Beyond
Get PDFBrown seed tef variety development did not get much attention as white seed in tef improvement program in Ethiopia. However, brown seed tef is locally demanded for home consumption and foreign markets. It has wider genetic variability that can be exploited in tef improvement program. Therefore, the study was conducted to develop high yielding brown seed tef variety with desirable agronomic and quality traits. Eighteen tef genotypes with standard and local checks were used for this study. The study was conducted at Adet (2019 and 2020), Mota (2019 and 2020), Takusa (2019 and 2020) and Finote Selam (2020) in Amhara region with a total of seven environments. A randomized complete block design with 3 replications was used in this experiment. The analysis of variances showed significant differences for the evaluated traits in genotypes, environments and genotypes by environment interaction. The genotype Accession # 236756-3 is a stable genotype than theother tested genotypes. The grain and straw yield performance of the genotype accession # 236756-3 was 2529 kg.ha-1 and 6040 kg.ha-1, respectively. It had 14.3% and 25.2% grain yield advantage over standard check “Filagot”, and the farmer’s variety, respectively. In addition, it had 13.6% and 19.4 % straw yield advantage over “Filagot” (standard check) and the farmer’s variety, respectively. A variety verification trial of the genotype accession # 236756-3 was conducted in test locations with a standard check (“Filagot”) and the farmer’s variety. The field performance of the verification trial was evaluated by National Technical Committee and released the variety for large production in tef production potential areas of Amhara Region and similar agro-ecologies of Ethiopia with a local name ‘Biradama”. This newly released variety can be used as parental material in the genetic improvements of tef.