Journal of Tropical Crop Science
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Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Local and National Aromatic Rice Varieties in Indonesia
Get PDFNitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is a necessitate in order to enhance sustainable rice farming in Indonesia. Thus, objective of present research was to evaluate NUE of local and national Indonesian superior aromatic rice treated with different levels of nitrogen fertilizer (N). Planting plot was arranged using five levels of N as the main plot, i.e; 0, 45, 90, 135 and 180 kg ha-1; and two rice varieties as subplot, i.e: Sigupai Abdya (local) and Inpari 23 Bantul (national). The results showed application 180 kg N ha-1 to Sigupai Abdya significantly increased the plant height. However, it also postponed the flowering time. Inpari 23 Bantul treated with 180 kg N ha-1 produced the highest number of tillers. Combination of 90 kg N ha-1 with Sigupai Abdya variety significantly reduced the number of empty grains. Sigupai Abdya variety has a higher number of grains per panicle and sampling plot yield than Inpari 23 Bantul, and dosage 90 kg N ha-1 increases grain yield per clump also sampling plot yield significantly. Nitrogen at 180 kg N ha-1 made Sigupai Abdya variety has high N content and absorption N in primordia phase, and the Inpari 23 Bantul variety had grain with high N content. Nitrogen at 90 kg ha-1 caused Sigupai Abdya variety at primordia phase had NUE higher than Inpari 23 Bantul. This study showed that local variety Sigupai Abdya is suitable for development as rice with low input NKeywords: Aceh aromatic, low input, nitrogen dose, N uptake, Oryza sativa L.
Spray Hose Irrigation System Increased Yield of Polyethylene Mulched Shallot
Get PDFSpray hose is a micro-irrigation system using perforated hose as for micro irrigation. Shallot conventional cultivation requires lots of water and labor man days therefore is more efficient. Shallot cultivation system needs to be developed to increase yield and to reduce production cost. This research was conducted to compare conventional cultivation methods with using Spray hose and polyethylene mulch for shallot production. This research was conducted in a hydromorphic alluvial soil type at the Center for Tropical Horticulture Studies Field Station in Kersana, Brebes, Central Java (S 6 o, 55’, 20.536”; E 108o, 51”, 50618”) from May to July 2016. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with a single factor and three levels of planting system, i.e. conventional ‘Surjan’ system without mulch, one line spray hose with mulch, and two lines spray hose with mulch, with five replications. The result showed that shallots production using of polyethylene mulch and two-line spray hose had higher yields than the conventional method. In addition, this system is more efficient in terms of labor requirement. Cost Revenue Analysis shows that conventional cultivation R/C ratio was 1.72, one-line spray hose R/C ratio was 1.92, while two-line spray hose was 2.26. This study demonstrated that the use of polyethylene mulch combined with two-line spray hose significantly improved shallot growth and increased bulb production, and more cost efficient.Keywords: R/C ratio, micro irrigation, labor, ‘Surjan’ system, soil drench, fertilizerConclusionIrrigation of shallot with two-line spray hose resulted in a better crop growth and a higher yield than conventional planting system and one-line spray hose for polyethylene mulched shallot. Conventional planting system using more water and labor requirement than the two other treatments. Combination of two-line spray hose and polyethylene mulch had the most eficient cost production of shalot compared to the conventional system and one-line spray hose
Heat Unit Establishment as Harvest Criteria on “Mas Kirana” Banana at Various Times of Anthesis
Get PDFThe method for determining the appropriate time to harvest banana could affect the shelf life and quality of banana fruits during storage. The objectives of this study were to establish the heat unit as harvesting criteria of banana “Mas Kirana” and to evaluate how heat unit affects fruit shelf life and postharvest maturity characteristics. The research was conducted at PTPN VIII Parakansalak Plantation, Sukabumi, West Java, Indonesia, in November 2017 to February 2018. Laboratory analysis was conducted in Postharvest Laboratory, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture IPB in February to April 2018. The experiment was organized in a completely randomized design with a single factor of eight different flower tagging times after anthesis. Each treatment was replicated five times totaling 40 experimental units. The results showed that the different times of anthesis did not affect fruit size, weight per hand, number of fruits per hand and weight per fruit. Different time of anthesis did not affect respiration rate, fruit shelf life, physical and chemical quality. The minimum heat unit of 650ºC degree days can be used as harvesting criteria for banana “Mas Kirana”. The number of day after anthesis was 39 to 43 with fruit shelf life of 12 to 16 days.
Reduction of Urea Fertilizer Uses through Application of Livestock Manures in An Integrated Farming of Maize and Cattle
Get PDFCrops and livestock have historically been grown together in an integrated farming; this system facilitates sharing of nutrient and land resources, and benefiting both operations. The current study examined integrated farming of maize and cattle in Waleran Village, East Java, Indonesia. In maize cultivation, the farmers apply 10 ton of the manure, 300 kg Urea (46% N) and 300 kg NPK Phoska (N:P2O5:K2O = 15%:15%:15%) per hectare. However, more nitrogen had actually been applied when manure is added, increasing the amount of nitrogen by 180 kg N.ha-1 which consequently a waste. Therefore, more efficient application of nitrogen in maize production needs to be studied. A field experiment was conducted from November 2017 to March 2018 using maize “Pioneer 32”. The study was organised in a completely randomized block design consists of 10 m x 10 m plots and four replications. The crops were fertilized with nitrogen at 46, 91, 137 and 183 kg.ha-1. Two seeds of maize were planted per hole with planting distance of 70 cm between rows and 40 cm within row. Plant growth were measured weekly at four to eight weeks after planting; yield variables were measured at harvest. The increasing nitrogen levels did not significantly influence the maize growth or yield. The manure contributed about 114 kg.ha-1nitrogen supply. The lowest total nitrogen fertilizer applied (159 kg.N ha-1) resulted in the optimum leaf area index (4.65) and leaf nutrient content of N (2.70%) and P (0.26%) which is above to the critical leaf nutrient content with maize grain yield of 6.19 ton ha-1. The manure in integrated farming could reduce the use of Urea due nitrogen contribution from the livestock manures. Keywords: maize growth, nitrogen levels, leaf area index, leaf nutrient content
Inheritance Of Shape And Kernel Color In Sweet Corn Using JM2 And JM4 Populations
Get PDFCorn kernel is one of the most important characters that correlate with corn yield and quality. Sweet corn kernels can be distinguished by its color which is either yellow and white or pale yellow. Sweet corn breeding by crossing genotypes with different kernel colors will affect the inheritance pattern of kernel color. The aims of this research were to understand the inheritance pattern in sweet corn kernel color by crossing yellow and pale yellow color with red and purple corn kernels using qualitative and quantitative approaches. Genetic materials consisted of P1 (JM2 and JM4) and P2 (Red and Purple) and F1, F2, F3, and F1 reciprocals. P1 consists of JM2 and JM4 with flint shape with yellow and pale yellow color; P2 consists of Red and purple with non-yellow colored kernel and flint shape. The results showed maternal effect influenced the kernel color, but did not affect the kernel shape. Epistatic effects were found in kernel shape but it was co-dominant on kernel color inheritance. Broad-sense heritability values were high for all quantitative variables. Keywords : color, heritability, pale yellow, purple, red, shap
The Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in the Black Cumin Rhizosphere (Nigella sativa L.) in Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia
Get PDFArbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) is a type of fungus that can form a symbiotic mutualism with most plants. Some AMF can only be symbiotic with a certain plant species. This research aims to determine and obtain the genus AMF from black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) accessions from America, Turkey, Hong Kong, Slovenia, India, and Kuwait accessions which had been grown in West Java, Indonesia. Three samples from each accession, four replications each, were collected for examination. The results showed that six generas of AMF were found in the rhizosphere of black cumin: Glomus, Gigaspora, Acaulospora, Scutellospora, Dentiscutata, and Entrophospora. The genus Glomus was predominantly found in the Indian accession, i.e. 96.42 spores.Keywords: black cumin, diversity, fungi, exploration, AM
Correlations between Leaf Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium and Leaf Chlorophyll, Anthocyanins and Carotenoids Content at Vegetative and Generative Stage of Bitter Leaf (Vernonia amygealina Del.)
Get PDFVernonia amygdalina Del. (Asteraceae) is a nutritional and medicinal plant that is used widely throughout tropical Africa and other countries. The leaves are proved to have strong antioxidant property. The concentration of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, anthocyanins and carotenoids in five different leaf positions of vegetative and generative phases were studied. The aim of the study is to understand and to correlate the content of the three nutrients and the bioactive compounds along the five leaf positions at vegetative and generative stage of the crop growth. The study showed that the concentration of chlorophyll a and b was higher, and anthocyanin concentration was almost zero in the generative than in the vegetative stage. The leaf concentration of N, P, and K were higher in vegetative than in generative stage. At vegetative stage, N positively correlated with chlorophyll a at the 1st leaf; K had strong correlations with anthocyanins at the 2nd and 3rd leaf and with chlorophyll a at the 2nd and 5th, and with chlorophyll b and carotenoids at the 5th leaf. At the generative stage, P had a strong positive correlation with carotenoids at 4th and 5th leaves, and K positively correlated with chlorophyll a and b at 5th leaf. The findings suggest that bitter leaf is better to be harvested at vegetative stage, and that potassium level is important to increase anthocyanins and carotenoids content
Status of Rice Biochemical Composition under Lodging Treatment
Get PDFExtreme weather conditions due to strong wind and high rainfall cause rice lodging. Lodged plants have lower photosynthetic rate and nutrient transport capacity which resulting in lower rice quality. However, physiological process of rice plant under lodging condition is rarely reported. Therefore the objective of this research was to evaluate the biochemical compounds of two rice varieties under artificial lodging treatment. IR64 and HIPA8 varieties were planted at the Experimental Farm in Leuwikopo, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) in November 2016 to June 2017. At grain filling stage, rice hills were enforced to lodge using manual force until culm break. Analysis of untargeted biochemical compounds was conducted at Research and Development Institute, Laboratory of Regional Health, DKI Jakarta where rice culms from upper and below breaking position were compared. Results showed that rice culms had different biochemical compounds after lodging, especially in fatty acid, terpene, alkane, and steroid group. Lodging culms had a total of 22 to 25 compounds compared to 15 to 17 of the normal plants. It means that lodging stimulated different physiological process in rice plants. A decrease in fatty acid and an increase in the steroid level of lodged plants indicated an increase in oxidative stress of lodging condition. It is possible that low rice grain quality under lodging condition was caused by the changes in the plant physiological processes in response to the environmental stress.Keywords: extreme weather, metabolomics, oxidative stress, rice culm, rice lodgin
Improving Growth and Production of Cabbage (Brassica oleraceae L.) with Compound Fertilizer Application
Get PDFNatural soils at times do not supply sufficient amount of nutrients for the crops including cabbage, an important vegetable crop in the tropics. Therefore it is necessary to add fertilizer to supplement the soil nutrients to optimize crop growth and production. A study was conducted to examine seven different rates of inorganic fertilizers Cap Daun at 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25 and 1.5 of the recommended rate with the no fertilizer as the control. The results showed that inorganic fertilizer treatment generally improved the growth and yield of cabbage compared to the control. The number of leaf, yield per plant, yield per plot, and yield per ha of cabbage treated with inorganic fertilizers was significantly higher than the control treatment. The recommended rate for cabbage plants is 0.5 recommendation rate, which means applying 136 kg.ha-1 of inorganic fertilizer and urea fertilizer of 64 kg.ha-1 and SP-36 27 kg.ha-1 applied twice, 50% at 1 WAP and the rest at four WAP to get the best results. Keywords: inorganic fertilizer, recommendation rate, relative agronomic effectivity valu
In Vitro Adventitious Shoot Proliferation of Three Basil Species (Ocimum sp. L.) by Addition of Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) and Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP)
Get PDFBasils are mainly used as food flavoring and source of aromatic oil, but the leaves have also been used for herbals and cosmetics. Basil is propagated by seeds but the germination is often low in the field. This study aims to investigate the effect of different concentrations of NAA (Naphthalene Acetic Acid) and BAP (Benzyl Amino Purine) to induce the adventitious shoot proliferation of three species of basil (Ocimumsp. L.) in vitro. The research was conducted at the Tissue Culture Laboratory II of the Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) from November 2016 till October 2017. This research consisted of three separate experiments with one basil species for each experiment, Lemon Basil, “Greek Minette”, and “Thai Siam Queen”. The experiments were organized in a completely randomized block design with two factors: NAA concentrations (0, 0.5, and 1 mg.L-1) and BAP (0, 1, 2, and 3 mg.L-1) using Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplied with 25 ml.L-1 coconut water. The three basil species responded differently to NAA and BAP in the media. The optimum concentration of NAA and BAP to induce callus growth in Lemon Basil was 0.5 mg.L-1 and 3 mg.L-1, respectively, with BAP alone showing the best effect on proliferation. In “Greek Minette”, however, the addition of NAA and BAP had no significant effect on the callus growth, proliferation, height, and number of leaf, node and root per explant. Media without growth regulators provide the best results in increasing height, explant proliferation rate, number of nodes and shoots, and percentage of proliferating shoots of “Thai Siam Queen”.Keywords: cytokinin, “Greek Minette”, Lemon Basil, “Thai Siam Queen”, synthetic auxi