Journal of Tropical Crop Science
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Maximizing Seed Quality and Seed Yield of Bread Wheat (Tritium aestivum L.) Through Agronomic Management in Amhara Region, Northwestern Ethiopia
Get PDFA study was conducted to determine the optimum seed rate and row spacing on Kekeba bread wheat seed yield and quality performance at Adet and Wonberema, Ethiopia. The study consists of field experiments that were conducted at Adet Research Center and Wonberema farmer’s field during the 2018 and 2019 cropping seasons, and laboratory experiments at the Seed Science Laboratory at Adet Research Centre. A factorial combination of eight seed rates (75, 100,125, 150, 175, 200, 225, and 250 kg.ha-1) and two-row spacing (20 cm and 30 cm) was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications, and laboratory experiment in a complete randomized design with four replications. The results showed that the interaction effect of seed rate and row spacing was significantly (P<0.05) affected seed yield but had non-significant (P>0.05) on physical quality, physiological, and seedling vigor. Seed rate and row spacing had a significant (P<0.05) effect on standard germination, speed of germination, vigor index-I, and vigor index-II, but a pure seed was not significantly affected by the main effects and interaction. Based on the economic analysis at Adet, the maximum seed yield (4.4 t.ha-1) was obtained from a seed rate of 125 kg.ha-1 with 20 cm row spacing, and at Wonberema the maximum seed yield (3.26 or 3.17 t.ha-1) were obtained from a seed rate of 150 or 125 kg.ha-1 with 30 cm row spacing. Therefore, a seed rate of 125 kg.ha-1 with 20 cm row spacing was recommended at Adet, and at Wonberema seed rates of 150 and 125 kg.ha-1 with 30 cm row spacing was recommended for high seed yield and quality seed production as the 1st and the 2nd options, respectively
Identification of Secondary Metabolite Compounds in Two Varieties of Young Winged Beans (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus L.) at Two Harvest Ages
Get PDFThe winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus L.) is a member of the Fabaceae family (beans). Winged bean is developed as a vegetable, and young winged bean pods can be consumed fresh, steamed, fried, or pickled. In Southeast Asia, winged bean pods are generally cooked or consumed as side dishes or salad. Winged bean contains high protein content equivalent to soybean seed. Besides being rich in protein, vitamins, and minerals, the winged bean also has secondary metabolites, including phenolics and flavonoids. This study aimed to identify secondary metabolites in young pods of two varieties, “Fairuz” and “Sandi”, at two different harvest ages of 8 and 10 days after anthesis (DAA) and provide the biological activity on each identified compound. The experiment was conducted at the IPB experimental field at Leuwikopo, Bogor, from September 2020 to February 2021. The identification of secondary metabolites of the young green pods “Fairuz”, and the young purple pods “Sandi”, was performed using the GCMS method at the Regional Health Laboratory (KESDA) DKI Jakarta. The results of the GCMS analysis showed that 1,2-enzenedicarboxylic acid, mono(2-Ethylhexyl) ester was the most abundant compound identified from pods harvested at 8 DAA in both varieties, namely 42.26% in “Fairuz” and 26.66% in “Sandi”. Other compounds, 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, ethyl ester, (Z, Z, Z) (Linoleic acid ester), were found in “Fairuz”, whereas (9E,12E)-9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Linoleic acid) was found in “Sandi”; these compounds are hydroxyl group and phenolic glucoside compounds and are found in pods harvested at 10 DAA
Maximizing Bulb Yield and Quality of Onion (Allium Cepa L.) Through Agronomic Management of Phosphorus Fertilizer and Transplanting Date Under Irrigation in Alaba, Ethiopia.
Get PDFBulb yield and quality of the onion is constrained by a number of factors, including inappropriate transplanting age and poor fertilizer management practices. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted to determine the best transplanting date on quality, combined with phosphorus level, on onion yield of onion. The study was conducted at Alaba, Ethiopia, during 2018/19 season. The treatments consisted of four phosphorus levels, i.e., 0, 20, 40 and 60 kg.ha-1, and three transplanting dates, i.e., 42, 49 and 56 days, from sowing. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with four replications. The result showed that transplanting date and phosphorus rate significantly affected bulb dry weight and marketable bulb yield which includes medium and large sized bulbs. Among these parameters, marketable bulb yield was also significantly affected by the interaction of transplanting date and phosphorus rate. In this study, onion fertilized with P at 60 kg.ha-1 transplanted at 56 days had the highest marketable bulb yield. The economic analysis revealed that the highest net benefit with the lowest cost of production was obtained from the application of P at 40 kg.ha-1 and the transplanting at 56 days. The marginal rate of return for this treatment was economically feasible for producing onion bulb in the districts
Mechanism and Persistence Dormancy of Ground Cherry Seeds (Physalis peruviana L.) at Different Maturity Stages
No full textGround cherry (Physalis peruviana) seeds have a period of dormancy after ripening. A study was conducted to understand the mechanism of dormancy, the duration of after ripening persistence, and to determine the effective methods to break dormancy. The study was conducted in an experimental field at Ciwidey, West Java, Indonesia, and the Seed Testing Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, IPB University, in February to November 2020. The first study examined the effects of the storage temperatures, i.e. 20 ±2 oC and 25 ± 2oC, and the seed maturity stages, i.e. 49 days after anthesis (DAA), 58 DAA and 62 DAA. Several methods to break seed dormancy were tested, i.e. soaking seeds for 24 hours in distilled water, in 0.5% or 1% KNO3 and, 50 ppm GA3. The results showed that the seed dormancy was broken at 7 weeks after treatment, indicated by seed germination of >80%. The ABA levels of the seeds declined from week 0 to week 11, and the seed ABA and GA reached a balance from week 7 to week 11. Seeds treated with KNO3 or distilled water break dormancy after 8 weeks. The most effective treatment to break seed dormancy is the use of exogenous hormone GA3 at 50 ppm, with seed germination of >80% at week 5
The Effect of Fertilizer Treatment on the Morphology of Maize (Zea mays) Planted in An Intercropping System in the Immature Oil Palm Plantation
Get PDFApplying and optimizing an intercropping system between oil palm and seasonal crops such as maize in the immature palm oil plantation is one way of obtaining additional income for farmers until the main crop (oil palm) mature and ready to harvest. The aim of the research was to determine the effects of fertilizers, particularly nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) on the growth and production of maize in an intercropping system with oil palm. The experiment, using one-factor randomized complete block design, was conducted at the Cikabayan Experimental Station, IPB University, Indonesia, from August to December 2020. Four set-ups were prepared corresponding to four different fertilizer applications as follows: A0 (without treatment), A1 (240 g Urea + 80 g KCl + 320 g SP-36 per plot), A2 (480 g Urea + 160 g KCl + 320 g SP-36 per plot), A3 (720 g Urea + 240 g KCl + 320 g SP-36 per plot). Applying the highest dosages of N and K (A3), significantly increased plant height, fresh weight, number of leaves, leaf area, stem diameter, cob length, cob weight, and husk-free cob weight. Intercropping maize with immature oil palm did not affect the oil palm growth
Evaluation of Some Selected Mango Varieties for Fruit Powder Production In Ghana
Get PDFMango is an important fruit, which receives high patronage in Ghana. However, the highly seasonal and perishable nature of the crop, besides being a constraint to both farmers and processors, also deny consumers the opportunity to enjoy the fruit all year round. Use of the stable powder form of mango can serve to fill the gap during the mango off-season. This study evaluated the fruits of four major mango varieties (“Keitt”, “Kent”, “Palmer” and a local variety) grown in Ghana for their suitability for fruit powder production. The fresh fruit pulp and reconstituted freeze-dried powder of the varieties were analyzed for physicochemical characteristics. The study revealed that “Keitt”, “Kent” and “Palmer”, which are the exotic varieties, had significantly (p≤0.05) high pulp content of 68%, 66% and 63% respectively indicating potential for high fruit powder yield. Acceptable levels of total soluble solids, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid and beta-carotene contents were observed in the fresh fruit and the freeze-dried powders of the varieties. There was no significant (p≤0.05) difference in Yellowness Index between fresh fruit pulp of “Keitt”, “Kent” and “Palmer” and their respective reconstituted freeze-dried powders. These three mango varieties exhibited considerably good quality in terms of physical and chemical characteristics for processing and utilization as fruit powder. The production of high quality mango powder from these varieties could therefore serve as substitutes in the off-season and also reduce postharvest loss
Estimation of Heterosis Among Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Crosses in Ethiopia
Get PDFDetermination of heterosis in tetraploid potato crosses is necessary for identification of superior genotypes for variety development or breeding program. However, producing heterotic potato genotypes through local crossing is not a common practice in Ethiopia. Hence, this study was conducted to estimate the magnitude of better, and standard check heteroses in potato clones that are produced from local crossing. This will help identify potential of hybrid for future breeding schemes. Heterosis of 75 clones were evaluated using a 9 x 9 Simple Lattice design. Results of the analysis of variance showed significant differences for all the growth characters, except medium-sized tubers and specific gravity of tuber. These results indicate the presence of genetic variability among the samples. The clones exhibited as high as 55.62 and 58.31 t.ha-1 marketable and total tuber yield, respectively. These clones also displayed mid, better parent and standard heterosis of 118.8%, 90.5% and 239.1%, respectively, for marketable tuber yield. This result indicates the presence of high magnitude heterosis which could be used to exploit the hybrid vigor. In addition, mid, better parent, and standard check heterosis were estimated at 79.36%, 61.04% and 209.17% for total tuber yield, respectively. Our results show the highest chance of getting heterotic offspring than parental and standard check varieties to developing new potato varieties. The information generated from this study would be valuable for researchers who intend to develop high-yielding varieties of potat
Growth Performance and Productivity of Several Soybean Genotypes (Glycine max L. Merr.) Cultivated at High Altitude Areas in Indonesia.
Get PDFThe low productivity of soybeans (Glycine max) and the impacts of climate change have led to the need for adaptive varieties to high altitude to produce high yields. In this study, nine soybean genotypes from different geographic regions, tropical and subtropical, were tested. The aim of the research was to investigate the growth and productivity of different genotypes of soybean when grown in high-altitude environment. Results showed that the tropical genotypes, “Tanggamus” and “SC-1-8” from Indonesia, “Manshuu-masokutou” from China, and “San Sai” from Thailand, had longer growth duration than the subtropical genotypes, “Enrei” and “Fukuyutaka” from Japan, “Stressland” and “Ht-2” from the United States, and “Hakubi” from China. Tropical genotypes have greater growth values than subtropical genotypes as shown by taller plants, greater number of leaves and dry weight. Among the tropical genotypes, “SC-1-8”, which is a soybean line from IPB, showed the best growth rates and competitive crop yield, making it a potentially good candidate for high yielding soybean in Indonesia
Plant Growth and Morphological Characters of Sonchus arvensis L. from Different Chicken Manure Rates and Harvest Intervals with Ratooning Practices
Get PDFSonchus arvensis L., commonly known as perennial sow thistle, field milk thistle, among other names, is a weedy species that has medicinal values. Belongs to the Daisy family (Asteraceae), S. arvensis has a rosette form and it can be harvested more than once. The determination of harvest interval for ratoon of S. arvensis is necessary because ratooning can save time to produce the consecutive plant biomass, but the second harvest must be conducted at the correct time as it will determine the quantity and quality of leaves. As source of herbal medicine, cultivation of S. arvensis with organic fertilizer is preferred, and determination of organic fertilizer rates is also important for ratooning. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the plant growth response and yield with different chicken manure rates and different harvest intervals. The field experiment was conducted at IPB experimental station in Cikarawang, Darmaga Bogor, Indonesia. The study used a randomized complete block design with different manure rates (0, 7, 14, 21 ton.ha-1) and various harvest intervals (6, 8, and 10 weeks after the first harvest) as treatments. The results showed that for the first harvest, the effect of chicken manure rates was linear almost on all variables. For the ratoon (second harvest), manure rate of 14 ton.ha-1 (for first harvest) added with 4 ton.ha-1 (after first harvest) was enough for leaf production. The results indicate that ratoon should be harvested at 10 weeks after the first harvest to obtain the highest yield. The interaction between manure rates and harvest interval was not significant for growth variables of the second harvest
The Effects of Different Rates of Chicken Manure and Harvest Intervals on the Bioactive Compounds of Bitter Leaf (Vernonia amygdalina Del.)
Get PDFBitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina Del.) is a valuable functional vegetable and traditional medicinal plant in many tropical countries including Indonesia. Bitter leaf is commonly used to remedy hypertension and diabetes among Indonesian people. The leaf extract comprises bioactive compounds such as sesquiterpene lactones, steroid glycosides, and flavonoids. Despite its growing market demand, there is insufficient data on agronomic practice in order to obtain optimum yield with high bioactive compounds. The experimental design used was a randomized complete block design with two factors namely chicken manure rates (0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5 kg per plant) and harvest intervals (2 and 3 months). There was a significant difference in fresh and dry weights of leaves, chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids, nitrogen concentration, anthocyanins, and flavonoids among different manure treatment. The highest concentration and production of bioactive compounds on the bitter leaf was found on the highest treatment of 7.5 kg chicken manure per plant. The harvest interval of three months significantly increased fresh and dry weights of leaves, concentration of anthocyanins, phosphorus, and potassium, uptake of phosphorus and potassium, and production of anthocyanins and flavonoids. Cultivation using chicken manure with frequent period of pruning can enhance the production of biomass as well as secondary metabolites in bitter leaf