Journal of Tropical Crop Science
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Evaluation of Silica Uptake from Foliar-Applied Silicon Nanoparticles in Melon (Cucumis melo L.) under Soilless Culture
Get PDFMelon (Cucumis melo L.) is a fruit commodity that gets a great interest to be developed in Indonesia and has a high nutritional value. However, the fungal infection and pathogens in melon cultivation are considered significant problems that are difficult to manage. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve the productivity and quality of melon and prevent pest and disease attacks. One mineral nutrient that is assumed to enhance plant resistance and increase the quality and production of melon is silica. The purpose of the research was to evaluate silica absorption from foliar-applied silicon nanoparticles in melon under soilless culture and improve melon fruit's growth and quality by applying silica fertilizer. The experimental design used was a split-plot randomized complete block design 3 x 2 factorial pattern with four replicates. The main plot factor is silica fertilizer (Novelgro, water-soluble), consisting of three silica concentrations of 0.67; 1.33 ppm, and control. The spray volume of each treatment was 160 ml per plant with seven days' intervals and a frequency of three times. The subplot factor is melon varieties consisting of “Alisha” and “Glamour”. The findings showed that silica fertilizer significantly increased the plant height, stem diameter, internode length, total number of hermaphrodite flowers, number of hermaphrodite flowers that are swelling, while decreased the fruit moisture content and gave the best average fruit position. Instead, The “Glamour” variety gave the best response to plant growth and fruit quality. Moreover, the melon plant could absorb silica in the low category (<1% Si). The highest silica contents were found in the “Alisha” cultivar leaves and the “Glamour” cultivar's rinds treated with the silica concentration of 1.33 ppm as much as 0.34% and 0.30%, respectively
Evaluation of Growth, Yield and Quality of Turmeric Genotypes (Curcuma longa L.)
Get PDFThis study was conducted to examine growth, yield and quality performances of five turmeric genotypes. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. Results showed that different genotypes significantly influenced on plant growth, yield and quality of turmeric. The highest germination (97 %), number of leaves (8.16), plant height (69.51 cm), weight of rhizome (47.06 g/plant) and yield (6.01 t/ha) was found from “Sinduri Holud” (BARI Holud-2). But this genotype scored the lowest percentage in curcumin (0.30 %) and low dry matter (22.54 %). While local genotype (“Mota Holud”) performed the lowest germination (87.57 %) and minimum plant height (53.52 cm), leaf area (127.42 cm2), number of fingers per rhizome (3.73), weight of rhizome (34.16 g/plant) and yield (4.78 t/ha). But this genotype contained the highest curcumin (2.10 %), and “Mala Holud” attained maximum dry matter (25.20%). Based on flesh color, dry matter and curcumin contents local turmeric genotypes performed superior than that of the check varieties. From the findings of this investigation, it can be concluded that local genotypes can be used in breeding program for development of high quality turmeric in Bangladesh
Advanced Yield Trial for Various Peanut Lines (Arachis hypogaea L.) at Sodonghilir, Tasikmalaya, West Java, Indonesia
Get PDFThis study aims to evaluate yield and yield components in several peanut lines planted in West Java, Indonesia. The genetic materials tested involved 21 genotypes consisting of 18 potential peanut lines (G100, G133, G142, G144, G199, G205, G209, G21, G234, G237, G33, G37, G41, G53, G54, G76, G84, G99) from a selection of 5 biparental population (GWS79A1/”Zebra”, “Jerapah”/GWS79A1, “Zebra”/GWS79A1, GWS79A1/”Jerapah”, “Zebra”/GWS18A1) and 3 comparative varieties (“Gajah”, “Sima”, and “Zebra”) as controls. Results showed that various genotypes have significant effects on plant height (at 9 and 10 WAP), number of branches (at 4, 10, and 12 WAP), flowering age, and harvest age. Some potential lines showed ideal characters expected of a high quality peanut plant. Based on characters such as harvest age, dry pod weight, and productivity, G100, G41, G21, G205, and G84 can be considered the best potential lines. These lines demonstrated high heritability values including characters classified as high category such as plant height, number of branches, age of flowering, age of harvest, harvest index, wet stover weight, fresh pod weight, number of filled pods, number of empty pods, number of filled pods, and weight of 100 seeds. Additionally, these lines also show high productivity, a character classified in the medium category
Pests and Diseases in Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica L. Beauv.) Cultivated in The Greenhouse
Get PDFGreenhouse ecosystem with more stable abiotic factors could affect the population and diversity of pests and diseases found on foxtail millet (Setaria italica L. Beauv.) compared to their natural ecosystems. We observed and identified pests and diseases in seven genotypes of foxtail millet namely “Toraja”, “ICERI 5”, “ICERI 6”, “Botok 4”, “Botok 10”, “Mauliru”, and “Hambapraing”; these activities are important for the formulation of appropriate integrated pest management techniques. Using plant samples that were at the end of their vegetative phase, we found white mycelia of Fusarium incarnatum (yellowish-white colonies) and F. verticilloides (violetish-pink colonies) covering the ear-tip of the seeds and developed rapidly leading to seed rotten symptoms in “Toraja”, “ICERI 5”, and “ICERI 6”. The disease severity remained constant after these integrated management techniques were put in place. However, abnormalities in leaves leading to failure of panicle emergence occurred in “Botok 4”, “Botok 10”, “Mauliru”, and “Hambapraing”. These were caused by the fungi Penicillium sp. Identical controlling techniques were applied to this incidence and the disease incidence was reduced. Corn leaf aphids (Rhophalosiphum maidis) and rice mealybugs (Brevenia rehi) were recorded as main insect pests with severe attack. The aphid, R. maidis, colonized the stems and were associated with the sooty mold (Capnodium sp.), resulting in wilting. The mealybugs, B. rehi, colonized the flag leaves resulting in leaf rotting. Insecticide and isolating the attacked plants were used as the controlling techniques. Red-mites (Tetranychus urticae) were also detected as indicated by chlorotic spots on the upper part of the leaves. Acaricide was used to reduce its population. The pests and diseases found in the seven genotypes of foxtail millet are commonly known to occur in Poaceae. In general, greenhouse ecosystem for foxtail millet facilitated planting with high population with lower diversity of pests and diseases compared to the open field planting
Harvesting Criteria and Drying Methods to Improve the Quality of Foxtail Millet Seeds (Setaria italica L. Beauv.)
Get PDFFoxtail millet is annual grasses with grains that are smaller than those of sorghum, rice, and wheat, and is considered one of the minor economic crops but with nutritional values similar to other major food crops. The development of millet as major cereal crop is considered challenging due to the low quality of its seeds, and studies have been conducted to improve millet’s seed quality. We conducted this study to determine the harvesting criteria of foxtail millet seeds based on the change in color of the panicles. We also wanted to determine the drying treatment, and evaluate the relationship between the position of the seed on the panicles and the seed viability and vigor. The first experiment was arranged based on a completely randomized design with panicle color as the first factor (green, yellow 75%, and brown) and drying time as the second factor (0 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours). The second experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with seed position as the main factor (base, middle, tip). The study was conducted on two genotypes of millet, i.e. “BOTOK 4” and “BOTOK 10”. The highest seed quality of “BOTOK 4” and “BOTOK 10” genotypes were obtained when the panicles were brown and dried for 72 hours; the seed chlorophyll content was the lowest and water content was 8.88%, with the highest viability and vigor, i.e., germination rate of 88.3%-90%, maximum growth potential of 92%-95.3%, normal sprout dry weight 596-620 mg, vigor index of 33.6% - 21.6%, and growth rate of 18.2%-17.1% etmal-1. The highest seed viability and vigor in “BOTOK 4” genotypes were obtained from the base position, i.e., 78.7% germination rate, maximum growth potential of 83.7%, vigor index of 56.5%, growth speed of 19.6 etmal-1, normal sprout dry weight of 48 mg, radicle length of 3.3 cm) and “BOTOK 10” genotypes from the middle position with 91.5% germination, maximum growth potential of 97.2%, vigor index of 21.7%, growth speed of 17.0% etmal-1, and normal sprout dry weight 61 mg
Assessment of Food Security Status of Goat Farmers In Lagos State, Nigeria
Get PDFThe goat value chain plays a pivotal role in income and employment generation, livelihood enhancement; food and nutrition security among the poor, marginalized and disadvantaged groups and they are reared to supplement income and as a means of reducing food insecurity. The objective of this study is to assess the food security status of urban goat farmers in some local government areas of Lagos state, Nigeria. The use of qualitative method of data collection in the form of structured questionnaires were executed during the course of this study on a sample size of 80 goat farmers. Furthermore, during the course of the study, the specific objectives were analyzed using descriptive statistics as well as USDA food security code module. Using the Pearson’s rank correlation and binary logistic regression, the hypotheses were accurately tested to achieve results. From the result acquired, it was determined that men dominated women in the goat farming sector as well as revealing that the average age of respondents were 42.4 years. Furthermore, the results revealed that, about 65.4% of the respondents made an annual income ranging from 100,000-300,000 Naira and have been residents of the sample location for about 10-15 years. Another observation made from the results obtained during the course of this study showed that majority of the respondents practiced semi intensive system of management. This involves them using family labor (55.6%), having an average of 18.8 goats, as well as revealing sales as their main purpose of farming. More revelations from the result showed that, majority of the respondents were food insecure without hunger. Showing the major reasons for food insecurity to be insufficient finance, high cost of food and poor storage and processing. It was recommended that farmers be encouraged to belong to organizations such as cooperatives to solve problems in management and also for easy access or contact by government and extension agents
Variation in Leaf Morphology of Sago Trees (Metroxylon sagu) in South Borneo Province, Indonesia.
Get PDFNatural populations of sago (Metroxylon sagu) in Indonesia show morphological variations in its organs, particularly the leaves. The existing variations resulted in sago type names provided by the locals. The sago plant types include Mahang, Buntal, Salak, Madang and Gandut. Sago leaves are economically important in Indonesia, mainly because they provide a potentially profitable and environment-friendly source of house roofing materials. Determining leaf variation among sago plants would provide information for a better way of choosing which among the current accessions/varieties of sago has the best leaf quality and production. Leaf variations in sago were recorded in shape, size, and color. The aim of this study are a) to compare differences in leaf morphology among sago types obtained from different geographic areas, and b) to determine whether these different sago types correspond to certain sago plant grouping. The qualitative and quantitative analysis showed variations in leaf characteristics of sago trees. Additionally, this study shows that based on leaf variations, the sago of South Borneo Province can be separated into two groups. The first group is Mahang and Gandut, which have long rachis, leaflets and leaves, and largest leaf area. The second group composed of Buntal, Salak and Madang accessions, which have short rachis and leaves, and smallest leaf area. Other results showed that there were characters that contributed significantly to the diversity of sago plants in the study area including spines, white stripe or banding on the rachis and petiole length. In line with our results, Mahang and Gandut accessions are the best accessions to be cultivated in the area, because they have wider leaves which support higher rates of photosynthesis. Further study should be conducted on phylogenetic using DNA sequencing to confirm divisions of the two sago groups.
 
Fruit Scar Incidence and Its Effect on Guava ‘Kristal’ Fruit Quality (Psidium guajava L.) at Low- and Middle-altitude Orchards in Bogor, Indonesia
Get PDFInformation on scar incidence and its effect on fruit quality of ‘Kristal’ guava (Psidium guajava L.) grown on different altitudes is currently limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate the fruit scar incidence and fruit quality of 'Kristal' guava var. grown on low- and middle-altitude orchards. The research was conducted by collecting 50 samples of fruit harvested from each orchard from January to June 2019. Fruit quality evaluation was carried out at Postharvest Laboratory, Department of the Agronomy and Horticulture, IPB University, whereas scarring pest observation was conducted at Insect Biosystematics Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, IPB University. Our results showed that the low-altitude orchard produced more fruits with medium, high, and very high scar intensity, while the middle-altitude orchard produced more fruits with low and very low scar intensity. Fruit scar was caused by fruit scarring pests, especially thrips and mites. Fruit tissue damage only occurred on the epidermis of fruit pericarps where the tissue turned brownish and thickened. Additionally, there was no expansion of the damage into the pulp. The peel damage did not affect the fruit taste as indicated in the level of total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), TSS/TA ratio, vitamin C, and total flavonoids content. Fruit external quality was varied in response to altitude, where middle-altitude orchard produced a heavier, a bigger and a lower fruit softness than low-altitude ones. Present findings could be the baseline information for determine the best growth site and adjustment of pest control to maintain fruit quality
Occurrence and Distribution of Viruses Associated with Okra and Their Alternative Hosts in Kaduna and Zamfara States, Nigeria.
Get PDFOne of the major constraints to production of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) in Nigeria and in particular in Kaduna and Zamfara States, is the problem of okra mosaic virus and okra leaf curl virus. This study was carried out to provide information on the occurrence and distribution of okra mosaic and okra leaf curl viruses on okra, in Kaduna and Zamfara states, Nigeria. A survey of okra-producing farms was carried out during dry and wet seasons of 2017 cropping season in Kaduna (Zaria, Lere, and Igabi Local Government Areas) and Zamfara (Gusau, Bungudu, and Zurmi LGAs) states. Leaf samples (15) of symptomatic okra plants were collected from each farm in the study area. The total number of plants and the number of symptomatic plants within each subplot were recorded, and the disease incidence was determined. Double Antibody Sandwich Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (DAS- ELISA) kit was used in the detection of Okra Mosaic Virus while Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was employed for the detection Okra Leaf Curl Virus. The results showed that all the okra leaf samples tested for OLCV were negative in this study while OkMV was tested positve in all the samples with a recorded incidence of 20 % and 14 % in Kaduna and Zamfara states respectively, however, only 8 out of total weed samples were also tested positive for OKV, but all were tested negative to OLCV
Vegetative Morphology and Starch Production Among Sago Plants (Metroxylon spp.) in Kepulauan Meranti District, Riau, Indonesia
Get PDFSago (Metroxylon spp.) is the world’s highest starch producer that have high productivity. Sago starch, however, is still underutilized compared to other starch. Sago can produce dry starch of 20-40 ton per ha per year. Indonesia has the largest sago area in the world with more than 90% of the world’s total sago area. Sago have high species diversity and not all of them have the same starch-producing capability. This research was conducted to gather information on the morphological characters and starch production potentials of several types of sago in Meranti Islands Regency, Riau Province, Indonesia, especially in Bandul, Mengkirau, Tanjung Peranap, and Bagan Melibur. Three different types of sago in Kepulauan Meranti Regency, Riau, has been identified, namely Beremban, Meranti and Sangka. The morphology and starch production of different types of sago vary depending on environmental conditions, including soil types. Beremban Sago collected from Bandul Village were found to have the highest starch content, therefore it has potentials to be developed for starch production in Indonesia