Journal of Tropical Crop Science
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Assessment of Yellow and White Fleshed Cassava Tuberous Root Cultivars Reveals Different Responses to Post-harvest Physiological Deterioration
Get PDFIdentification of post-harvest physiological deterioration (PPD) tolerance in cassava is crucial, as PPD significantly hampers the cassava tuberous root industry by shortening storage periods post-harvest and diminishing product quality. Characteristics linked to PPD tolerance encompass high carotenoid levels and low dry matter content (DMC). This study aimed to evaluate the PPD responses of six yellow fleshed and ten white-fleshed cassava tuberous roots and determine the source of PPD tolerance. PPD and DMC assessments were conducted using standard methods at three storage periods: 2, 5, and 10 days after harvest (DAH). The k-means clustering analysis revealed six clusters, each corresponding to distinct PPD symptom patterns and tolerance statuses. Cluster 1, comprising three yellow-fleshed and three white-fleshed cassava cultivars, demonstrated PPD tolerance with minimal symptoms up to 5 DAH. Clusters 2 and 3 exhibited a moderate PPD response with elevated symptoms at 5 DAH, comprising three yellow-fleshed and three white-fleshed cassava cultivars. Clusters 4 to 6 displayed a sensitive response to PPD, showcasing a significant increase in symptoms at 5 and 10 DAH, with four white-fleshed cassava cultivars identified within this cluster. These findings underscored the presence of PPD tolerance in both yellow-fleshed and white-fleshed cassava tuberous roots. The correlation between PPD and DMC was significant only at 2 DAH, displaying a moderate positive correlation. Consequently, this study identified three cultivars, “Carvita-25”, “Manggu”, and ““Ubi Kuning””, with high DMC and low PPD incidence at 5 DAH, suggesting their suitability for further breeding programs
Evaluating the Efficiency of Metsulfuron-Methyl: The Role of Rice Cultivation Practices in Controlling Monochoria vaginalis
Get PDFMonochoria vaginalis is an invasive weed that thrives in rice paddies across Indonesia. Herbicide control is challenging since Monochoria vaginalis is known to be sulfonylurea-resistant in Indonesian rice fields. This weed is highly competitive, with a rapid growth pattern that may diminish rice production. Metsulfuron-methyl, a widely used herbicide, can potentially eliminate sensitive weeds at low dosage levels. This study aimed to identify the optimal dosage of metsulfuron-methyl for controlling Monochoria vaginalis and assess the impact of monoculture rice growing patterns and herbicide application in controlling weeds. The experimental design was a split-plot design with four replications, conducted from June to July 2023 in the Cikabayan Greenhouse at IPB University. The major plot was the Monochoria vaginalis accession: exposed or not exposed to herbicide, consisting of seven sites. The subplot represented the dosage of the active ingredient (a.i.) metsulfuron-methyl: 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 g.ha-1. In addition to the field experiments, interviews were performed with five farmers from each of the seven Monochoria vaginalis sample accessions to assess rice planting patterns and herbicide usage history. The results showed that metsulfuron-methyl at 1 g.ha-1 reduced weed populations by over 50% in rice accessions Bugel, Palumbonsari, and Ciasem Hilir. Variability in Monochoria vaginalis indicated resistance to metsulfuron-methyl, necessitating greater dosages up to 8 g a.i. per ha-1 for Pasirkaliki and Rancajaya accessions. Our study also indicated that some areas could use lower dosages of herbicides to effectively control Monochoria vaginalis. In contrast to other places that required larger, three-yearly dosages of 100 to 125 g.ha-1, Bugel, Palumbonsari, and Ciasem Hilir used a twice-yearly dosage of 20 g.ha-1. These findings highlight the importance of tailored herbicide application strategies based on local resistance patterns and historical herbicide use to manage Monochoria vaginalis effectively
Production of Sorghum Seed and Straw Biomass for Feed as Affected by Different Harvesting Ages
Get PDFThis study evaluated the sorghum “Samurai Two” production for feed harvested at different times after planting during the rainy season. A randomized block design was employed with five groups and five treatments representing different harvesting ages: 90, 95, 100, 105, and 110 days after planting. The variables measured included panicle length, weight, dry weight, seed dry weight per panicle, 1000-seed weight, number of seeds, dry seed production, total fresh and dry weight of panicles, moisture content, and total fresh and dry weight of straw biomass. Harvesting between 90 and 100 DAP resulted in a higher fresh and dry panicle weight, fresh and dry biomass, seed dry weight per panicle, 1000-seed weight, and dry seed production. The optimal seed production for “Samurai Two” occurred at 90 DAP during the rainy season. Conversely, harvesting at 95 DAP significantly increased straw biomass's total fresh and dry weight, with this age being optimal for straw biomass production
Impact of Plant Spacing and Fertilization Dose on the Growth and Yield Traits of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) in Sudan
Get PDFThis study examines the impact of plant spacing and nitrogen fertilization doses on the growth and yield traits of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) in Sudan. Using a factorial experiment within a completely randomized block design, the research explored four spacing levels within raw, S1, S2, S3, and S4 (20, 25, 30, and 35 cm, respectively) and four nitrogen fertilizer doses, Ur1, Ur2, Ur3 and Ur4 (60, 80, 100, and 120 kg.ha-1 , respectively). Key metrics were measured: plant height, number of leaves, number of nodes, pod length, fresh weight, and seed count per pod. The results, analyzed via OPSTAT statistical software and ANOVA, indicated that a 60 cm × 30 cm spacing combined with a nitrogen dose of 60 kg.ha-1 significantly optimized growth parameters and yield components. Specifically, this combination resulted in the tallest plants (15.50 cm), the highest number of leaves (7.30), nodes (7.30), and greater fresh pod weight (7.69 g) and length (5.50 cm). Significant interaction effects between spacing and fertilizer doses were observed across all parameters at a 5% confidence level. The study recommends a 60 cm × 30 cm spacing with a nitrogen dose of 60 kg.ha-1 to maximize okra growth, yield, and quality in Sudan's agroecological zones, supporting sustainable agricultural practices and enhanced productivity. These findings can be directly applied to optimize okra production in Sudan, contributing to the country's agricultural sustainability
Variability of Agronomic Traits of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Lines in Two Agroecosystems in Indonesia
Get PDFWheat is an important agricultural commodity in Indonesia, yet the country remains heavily reliant on imports to meet domestic demand. The diverse agroclimatic conditions in the highlands and lowlands pose significant challenges for national wheat production. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of wheat lines in two distinct altitude environments: Cipanas (1120 m above sea level) and Cisarua (600 m above sea level). An augmented randomized complete block design (RCBD) assessed 50 F6 wheat lines derived from the HP1744/”Selayar” cross. The results revealed significant variability in agronomic traits attributable to altitude differences. However, genotype-by-environment (GxE) interactions were found to be non-significant for all evaluated characters. Broad-sense heritability was classified as medium for the grain-filling period in Cipanas and seed weight of the main panicle in Cisarua, while all other traits exhibited low heritability. Based on the stress sensitivity index (SSI), 14 lines (28%) were identified as tolerant to higher temperatures in the medium-altitude environment, particularly in terms of seed weight of the main panicle. These findings are of utmost importance as they underscore the need to consider genetic and environmental factors in developing wheat cultivars suitable for Indonesia’s diverse agro-climatic conditions
Growth and Yield Performance of Different Mustard Varieties Grown in Barind Tract Soils of Bangladesh
Get PDFThe present research was conducted to investigate the growth and yield performance of thirteen mustard varieties grown in Chapai Nawabganj district, Bangladesh. Thirteen mustard varieties, viz. “BINA Sarisha-4”, “BINA Sarisha-7”, “BINA Sarisha-9”, “BINA Sarisha-10”, “BARI Sarisha-14”, “BARI Sarisha-15”, “BARI Sarisha-16”, “BARI Sarisha-17”, “BARI Sarisha-18”, an “Indian tall” variety, “Indian short” variety, a Japanese variety “Sarisha” and a local variety were cultivated during “Rabi” (rainy) season 2021-2022. The preparation of land with recommended fertilizer doses, the experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design consisting of three replications. All the growth, yield, and yield attributes significantly differed among the mustard varieties. In growth attributes, the highest value in plant height (149.97 cm), number of leaves per plant (16.77), leaf length (12.33 cm), number of branches per plant (11.40), and tap root length (22.53 cm) for “Indian tall” variety, “Indian short” variety , “BARI Sarisha-18”, “BINA Sarisha-7”, and “Japanese Sarisha”, respectively. In terms of yield and yield attributes, number of siliqua per plant (102.00), siliqua length (6.37 cm), number of grains per siliqua (39.50), grain yield per plot (576.33), 1000-seeds weight (3.75 g), biological yield (5.06 ton.ha-1), and harvest index (35.23%) was highest in the “Indian tall” variety , “BARI Sarisha-14”, “BARI Sarisha-14”, “BINA Sarisha-9”, and “Indian short” variety , respectively. The maximum benefit cost ratio (BCR) was 2.21, observed in “BINA Sarisha-9”. Besides, BCR 1.71 and 1.66 were for “BARI Sarisha-14” and “Japanese Sarisha”, respectively. The findings of the study suggested that “BINA Sarisha-9”, “BARI Sarisha-14”, and “Japanese Sarisha” would be suitable for better productivity and recommended for cultivation in the medium highland of Chapai Nawabganj district of Bangladesh
Modification of The Spectrophotometric Analysis Protocol by Sims D. and Gamon to Analyze Leaf Pigment Content using Green Spinach (Amaranthus hybridus) as a Model Plant
Get PDFThe analysis of pigment content in plants, particularly chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, anthocyanin, and carotenoids, is crucial to assess their physiological performance. The spectrophotometry method by Sims and Gamon offers practicality and reliable results. This research established several variables to achieve more precise results. Green spinach leaf samples were used as a model to analyze their pigment content, determining the minimum sample area or weight, the maximum limit that does not violate Beer’s law, and the temperature during analysis. The limit of quantitation (LoQ) is the smallest quantity of analytes in a sample that still meets the criteria for accuracy and precision in testing. The research results show that using a leaf punch with a diameter of 9 mm approaches the LoQ value. To avoid measurements nearing the LoQ limit, it is advisable to use leaf punch diameters of 10- or 12-mm. Leaf punches of 22 mm are still safe to use, as there has been no deviationfrom Beer’s law. Using unchilled acetone at 27°C did not show significant differences compared to using cold acetone at 7°C for the content of chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids. However, for chlorophyll b and anthocyanin, despite significant differences, the chlorophyll content measured at room temperature was more practical and relatively higher compared to cold acetone, thus disproving concerns about pigment damage
Genotype × Environment Interaction and Stability of Field Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Genotypes for Seed Yield in Northwestern Ethiopia
Get PDFField pea (Pisum sativum L.) is a self-pollinated diploid (2n=14) annual cool-season pulse crop. It is a major food legume with a valuable and cheap source of plant protein having essential amino acids that have high nutritional value for resource poorhouseholds. Biotic stress such as weed and insect pests and abiotic stresses like water logging, soil acidity, and low soil fertility are the major constraints to field pea production and productivity. Fourteen field pea genotypes, obtained from Holeta Agricultural Research Center, were evaluated in eight environments in Northwestern Ethiopia in the main production season (2018-2019) to identify stable and high-yielding field pea genotypes. The trial was laid out using a randomized complete block design and replicated three times. Combined analysis of variance for seed yield revealed that genotype, environments, and genotype-by-environment interaction effects were significant (P < 0.05). The lowest hundred seed weight value (12.83 g) was manifested by the local check, while the highest value (20.73 g) was revealed by EH 07007-3 genotype from the overall mean of location. The highest mean grain yield of 2400 kg.ha-1 was obtained from the EH08003-2 genotype, while the lowest yield 1660 kg.ha-1 was obtained from EH 08041-3. The maximum grain yield of 4140 kg.ha-1 was recorded from Debark by EH 09015-3 genotype, while the minimum grain yield of 560 kg.ha-1 was revealed by EH 08041-3. The environments, GxE, and genotypes accounted for 74.8%, 16.3%, and 7.0% of the total sum squares, respectively, indicating that field pea seed yield was significantly affected by the changes in the environment, followed by GxE interaction and genotypic effect. The candidate genotype, EH08003-2, was the most stable genotype followed by EH 09068-2 and EH 08042-2 having an IPCA score closer to zero with a yield advantage of 26.3% and 36.4% over the standard and local checks, respectively. Considering the eight environments’ data and field performance evaluation during the variety verification trial, the National Variety Releasing Committee has approved the official release of EH08003-2 for kik seed utilization class with a vernacular name of Hasset for high potential areas of Northwestern Ethiopia and similar agro-ecologies
Performance of Convergent Breeding Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Lines in the Lowlands
Get PDFThe development of tropical wheat in Indonesia is currently confined to the availability of wheat’s optimal environments in the highlands. Wheat competes with major highland crops, such as vegetables, which also have high economic values. Despite this, the demand for wheat in Indonesia remains high, whether in the form of wheat flour, wheat meal, or oats. Wheat breeders are actively working to create various crossbreeds so that wheat can adapt and perform effectively in lowland areas. The convergent breeding method is one of the strategies employed to produce genotypes with superior performance. Convergent breeding enhances genetic diversity by incorporating superior traits from all parent plants. The breeding results expedite the emergence of genetic combinations between selected parents. This method involves combining several parent varieties with various traits, with the hope that their offspring will inherit all the characteristics of the crossed parents. Our study with wheat convergent breeding has reached the F6 generation, and in this current study we evaluated the performance of each observed trait in different environments, with the goal of determining the levels of homogeneity and homozygosity. The study utilized a randomized complete block design with three replications, and the crops were planted in various locations. The planting locations selected were those that are >1000 m above sea level (asl), and at a lowland of ± 250 m asl. Wheat performance based on stomatal characteristics showed a reduction in the lowland, which indicates a response to climatic conditions in a particular environment. The higher the environmental temperatures, the smaller the stomatal size, which reduces plant water loss. Noteworthy findings include the tallest plant in CBF-6. CAMN23(265), the highest number of tillers in CBF-6. CAMN233 and CBF-6.CAMN8(4), the largest flag leaf area in CBF-7.CAMN60, and the highest 100-seed weight, as well as overall yield in CBF-7.CAMN119. An analysis of the lowland sensitivity index identified ten moderate genotypes that could potentially adapt well and achieve optimal yields
Modeling of Climate Change Prediction and its Impact on the Tea Production in Sylhet District, Bangladesh
Get PDFClimate change, one of the most pressing issues, poses the greatest threat to human existence on our planet ever understanding the underlying structure, function and forecasting the future behavior has become considerable apparatus in numerous applications like metrological phenomena and production pattern of any observations. This study was conducted to model and forecast micro climatic variables in Sylhet district. The weather data for humidity, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, light duration, wind speed and monthly rainfall for the period 2005 to 2017 in Moulvibazar and Sylhet was collected for this study. Using Box-Jekins methodology, seasonal ARIMA model has been applied and models have also been verified. The best models were selected mainly based on AIC criterion. The best fitted SARIMA models for in Moulvibazar for humidity, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, light duration, wind speed and rainfall are ARIMA(1,0,1)(2,1,0)[12], ARIMA(1,0,0)(2,0,0)[12], ARIMA(2,0,1)(2,1,0)[12], ARIMA(1,1,1)(1,0,0)[12], ARIMA(4,0,1)(2,1,0)[12] and ARIMA(2,0,3)(1,1,2)[12] and in Sylhet ARIMA(0,0,1)(1,1,0)[12], ARIMA(0,0,0)(2,0,0)[12], ARIMA(0,0,0)(2,0,0)[12], ARIMA(0,1,2(2,0,0)[12], ARIMA(3,0,1)(1,0,0)[12] and ARIMA(1,0,0)(2,1,1) [12], respectively. This model can help to predict the climatic condition earlier, which could enhance the estimation of tea production in the next preceding years