Ukrainian Journal of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences
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Paratuberculosis Cases in the Livestock Industry in Nigeria: A Review
Get PDFParatuberculosis, also known as Johne’s (Yo’-ness) disease, is a significant bacterial disease of large and small ruminants, including other animals, caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). Due to its impact on animal health and severe economic loss, the disease is recognized and reported in developed countries as a significant disease of livestock importance. The paper aims to review the current information about paratuberculosis in Nigeria. About 95 research articles were downloaded from various online journals databases such as Scopus, Google Scholar, Research Gate, PubMed, and CABI abstracts based on the following keywords: Johne’s disease, paratuberculosis, Africa, prevalence, Nigeria, report, occurrence, and Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. In addition to the perusal of organization databases, 60 research articles were used in writing this review article. Few cases and suspected cases of paraTB were reported in Nigeria by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). Despite growing global concerns, Johne's disease can be considered an unreported disease of livestock animals in Nigeria based on the knowledge gap and lack of reports about this significant disease of livestock animals. Studies need to be carried out to address the knowledge gaps before the disease becomes endemic and causes severe economic and public health menace in Nigeria and, by extension, Sub-Saharan Africa
Drug potency effects of three anthelmintics against natural fascioliasis with hematological values in goat
Get PDFThe purpose of the study was to compare the effectiveness of three anthelmintics against naturally occurring fascioliasis in goats as well as how they affected various hematological values over the course of 28 days. For this investigation, out of 417 goats, 60 were selected who were suffering from liver fluke infection. After being randomly divided into four groups of 15 animals each, the first three groups got treatment with triclabendazole, oxyclozanide, and nitroxynil while the fourth group was kept as a control group and received no medication. The results of the study showed that the egg per gram (EPG) count of the treatment groups significantly decreased successively (P < 0.01) on days 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 28th, whereas the control group produced significantly from day 3rd through the experimental period. Results revealed that the mean EPG was reduced by 78.40 %, 73.33 %, and 83.11 %, respectively, following treatment with triclabendazole, oxyclozanide, and nitroxynil, while the mean EPG production was 22.66 % in the control group. Hematological parameters including Hb, PCV, and TEC values, were lower before the treatment but turned to increase significantly (P < 0.01) on study day 28th, however, the mean TLC values were decreased substantially (P < 0.01) compared to the untreated control group. This result may indicate that all three anthelmintics were efficient, but nitroxynil had a relatively higher efficacy against goat fascioliasis regarding on the EPG and hematological indices
The dermal toxicity of an antiseptic preparation as determined by the different research methods
Get PDFThe article presents the results of the study of acute and subacute skin toxicity of an antiseptic ointment based on ichthyol. The research was conducted using the classic method and according to the methodology of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD No. 410). The study of the dermal toxicity of the product under study by the classic method showed that long-term use of the drug in animals of the experimental groups did not cause significant changes in the concentration of hemoglobin, the number of erythrocytes, leukocytes, the value of hematocrit, the average concentration of hemoglobin in the erythrocyte (MCHC), the average volume of the erythrocyte (MCV), the average content of hemoglobin in the erythrocyte (MCH) and the number of platelets, the content of total protein, the level of creatinine and the activity of AST. The study of skin toxicity of the product under study according to the OECD method No. 410 showed that the number of erythrocytes increased in the animals of the I, II, and III research groups, respectively, by – 10.7 (Р < 0.01), 6.0 (Р < 0.05), and 7.5 % (Р < 0.05). At the same time, the concentration of hemoglobin did not change. In addition, in the animals of the I and II experimental groups, a tendency towards an increase in hematocrit was established. In the animals of the I, II, and III experimental groups, changes in the erythrocyte index were noted; in particular, a probable decrease in the average content of hemoglobin in the erythrocyte (MCH) was established, respectively by – 5.2 (P < 0.05), 5.2 (P < 0.01) and 7.1 % (P < 0.001) of the average erythrocyte volume (MCV), respectively by – 6.9 (P < 0.01), 5.5 % (P < 0.01) and 7.2 % (P < 0.001). The use of the drug in a therapeutic dose caused a slight decrease in the level of total protein, urea, and creatinine against a slight increase in the activity of AST and ALT. At the same time, the animals of the II and III research groups, which received the drug under investigation at five times and ten times the therapeutic dose, noted an increase in the level of urea, respectively, by – 3.3 and 8.5 %, and creatinine, respectively, by – 1.9 and 8.0 % (P < 0.05), the activity of AST, respectively, by – 2.3 and 3.2 %, and ALT, respectively, by – 10.4 (P < 0.05) and 13.4 % (Р < 0.05) compared to the values of animals of the control group
Small hive beetle (Aethina tumida) threat on the horizon
Get PDFBeekeeping is an agricultural industry that deals with breeding bees, obtaining honey, wax, and other products. Bees are used for pollination of many types of crops to increase their harvest. Beekeeping products are also used in medicine, pharmacology, chemical, and food industries. One of the essential aspects of successful beekeeping development is ensuring sustainable epizootic well-being from infectious and invasive bee diseases in Ukraine. About 3 million bee colonies are owned by private farms and amateur beekeepers, which give approximately 50-60 thousand tons of commercial honey and 1.2–1.4 thousand tons of wax per year at the current stage of beekeeping development in Ukraine. Honey and bee products from Ukraine received 15 prestigious awards in various categories at the 77th National Honey Show, held in London among many countries in 2008. In recent years, there has been a constant increase in the threat of new little-known invasive and infectious diseases that pose a significant danger to beekeeping worldwide. The invasion of the small hive beetle Aethina tumida belongs to quarantine and hazardous invasive diseases, which have destroyed many bee colonies in several countries worldwide (USA, Canada, African countries, Australia, some European countries – Italy, and Portugal). There are no effective methods of preventing and controlling the small hive beetle. The only way to prevent the invasion of the small hive beetle in Ukraine is constant monitoring and control at the state border of the movement of bee packages and bee products, which may pose a threat to introducing this invasive species into Ukraine
Evaluation of contamination of cow milk with various conditionally pathogenic microflora for mastitis: genera Staphylococcus
Get PDFThe food safety issue of livestock products concerning insemination by opportunistic and accompanying microflora has attracted increasing attention from specialists. The ever-increasing trade and export of dairy and meat products from Ukraine to the EU countries requires constant monitoring of inoculation with mesophilic-aerobic and facultatively anaerobic microorganisms and psychrophilic microorganisms, in particular the genera Listeria and Yersinia, which survive and multiply at low temperatures and in salted and fermented products and pose a threat to human health. Milk and lactic acid products make up a significant part of the diet of a modern person. Therefore, constant control of raw materials from dairy enterprises for the production of milk and directly at enterprises for its processing is a guarantee of food safety. At the stage of milk production, due to violations of technological cycles of production (mastitis and contamination with antibiotics) and the spread of several diseases in Ukraine (paratuberculosis, tuberculosis, leptospirosis, brucellosis), milk from a herd of dairy cows poses a significant threat to human health due to the danger of mastitis milk and milk containing the causative agents of tuberculosis, brucellosis, leptospirosis, and recently there are more and more reports about the association of bovine paratuberculosis and human short bowel syndrome (Crohn's disease) mainly among the young population of Europe, which may be due to extreme variability and adaptive capacity mycobacteria
Evaluation of performances and selection response of three indigenous chicken genotypes at seventh-generation
Get PDFThe present study was conducted to assessed the performances of three native chicken genotypes under intensive management. A total of 1042 day-old chicks comprising of 3 types of chicken, namely Naked Neck (NN-381), Hilly (HI-313), and Non-descript Deshi (ND-348), were Hatched for this study. The seventh generation, selection was practiced at 40 weeks of age according to 40-week body weight (BW), egg production (EP) up to 40-week, egg weight (EW) at 40 weeks, and age at maturity (ASM). The data were analyzed in a CRD. Day-old chick weight was significantly (P < 0.001) highest in HI (32.52 ± 0.32 g). Significant (P < 0.001) body weight differences among the genotypes were observed at the 12th week of age. Genotype had a significant effect on chick mortality. The average age at the first egg of ND 145.54days was 8.81 days earlier than that of HI 154.35days. Hatchability on fertile eggs differed significantly (P < 0.05) among the genotypes. The percentage of dead germ was affected (P < 0.001) by genotype. Feed consumption from 9 to 16 weeks showed a significant (P < 0.001) variation in feed intake among the native chicken genotypes. EP of ND, HI, and NN birds were expected to increase by 0.875, 1.585, and 0.255 %, respectively. The EW of ND, HI, and NN birds were expected to increase by 0.205, 0.250, and 0.015g, respectively. Responses to selection for EP and EW for three genotypes (ND, HI, and NN) were expected to be positive (increase). It is concluded that the Hilly genotype may be chosen for meat production and the Non-descript Deshi genotype for egg production
Determination of the feed additive “Activo” effect on the productivity of lactating sows and young piglets under paratypic factors
Get PDFThe research was carried out at the pig farm of LLC Barkom, village Dublyany of Sambirsky district, Lviv region, and PE “Chernyuk” from Hrushvytsia Persha, Rivne district, Rivne region. According to the principle of analogs, two groups of farrowing sows of the PIC genetic company of the large white breed (2–3 farrowing) of 5 animals each were formed – control and trial. The animals were kept in the same house under the same conditions. The trial group received a standard diet similar to the control group, but the feed additive “Activo” was added to the diet in 0.1 kg/t of finished feed. From the fifth day after birth until weaning, newborn piglets of the trial group were fed pre-starter feed, to which 0.2 kg of the feed additive “Active” was added. The environmental parameters in the houses where the animals were kept differed according to the following leading indicators: the air temperature (°C) in the box with manual control of the supply-exhaust ventilation system in 5-, 14-, and 28-day-old piglets were, respectively, by 3; 2 and 4 °C higher compared to the temperature regime provided by the Big Duchman microclimate system; air movement speed (m/s) lower by 21.4; 33.3 and 8.3 %, respectively; carbon dioxide concentration (ppm) higher in 1.9; 1.8 and 2.1 times, respectively; ammonia concentration (mg/m3) higher in 4.5; 6.1 and 6.1 times, respectively; hydrogen sulfide concentration (mg/m3) higher in 1.8; 4 and 5.4 times, respectively. During the trial period, a probable tendency to decrease feed consumption by sows of the control group by 3.4 % (Р < 0.01) was noted at LLC “Barkom”, and at PE “Chernyuk”, it amounted to 6.22 % (Р < 0.001). At the same time, the loss of live weight in sows of the control group amounted to 10 % at the end of the period at LLC Barcom in the control group; namely, the sows of the group (K) lost an average of 23 kg during the trial period. The sows of the group (E) lost 17 kg. At the PE “Chernyuk” pig farm, the loss of live weight in sows at the end of the period in the control group was 25.8 kg, and in the trial group 19.4 kg, (Р < 0.001), that is 24.8% less compared to the control group. At the pig complex of LLC "Barkom," when applying the feed additive “Activo” to lactating sows, an increase in the live weight of piglets in the trial group from birth to the fifth day after birth was noted by 18.3 %, compared to the control group. A significant increase in the live weight of piglets in the trial group was 17.16 % on the 14th day and 13.76 % (Р < 0.001) on the 28th day of life, respectively. When calculating the average daily growth from birth to weaning (28 days of piglets' life), the difference was 18.54 % (Р < 0.001). Piglets born from sows of the control group at the PE “Chernyuk” pig complex that did not consume the trial feed additive had a slightly lower live weight at birth by 9.4 % compared to the trial group. On the fifth day of life, the live weight of the piglets in the trial group was significantly greater than 30.2 % (Р < 0.001). The tendency to increase the piglet's live weight on the 14th and 28th day of life was observed in the trial group by 20.1 % (Р < 0.01) and 14.1 % (Р < 0.001), respectively, in the control group. When calculating the average daily weight gain from birth to weaning (28 days of piglets' life), the difference was 15.15 % (Р < 0.001)
Determining the toxicity of the biomass of Cladophora sp.
Get PDFFinding new or alternative feeds, feed additives, and raw materials safe for health and the environment is significant in intensifying livestock production. At the same time, the fodder base obtained from aquatic ecosystems – algae – deserves special attention. The advantage of using algae as fodder is using small areas for their cultivation and a high reproduction rate. In addition, algae are grown where other plants cannot grow, and the productivity of algae is several times higher than that of higher plants. Algae can produce beneficial compounds and biomass, which are also used to increase the nutritional value of food products. Biomass obtained from algae is a source of necessary vitamins, minerals, proteins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, antioxidants, and other necessary nutrients. The composition of algae depends on the environment from which this biomass is collected, the conditions of algae cultivation, the season, the species of algae, and many other factors. In addition, it should be noted that some algae, out of the total amount, are toxic when consumed. That is why it is essential to research their toxicity. The article presents the results of studying the toxicity of the biomass of Cladophora sp. on the body of guppy fish. When studying the effect of biomass Cladophora sp. on the body of guppy fish, it was established that its use for 96 hours in doses of 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 mg/l did not cause their death, and its LC50 is higher than 100 mg/l. In addition, no changes were detected in the behavior of the fish; they were active, mobile, and actively responding to external stimuli. The fish of the experimental groups were not distinguished from those of the control group
Specific features of the morphology of the spinal nodes of homeothermal vertebrate animals in the comparative and anatomical series
Get PDFScientific studies that reflect the evolutionary morphology of the nervous system, namely the spinal nodes of homoeothermic vertebrates, allow us to identify specific patterns, trends, and criteria that relate to the structural organization of the organ at the population and cellular levels of their organization. The evolutionary direction of research into the macro- and microstructure of spinal cord nodes provides an opportunity to investigate the patterns of formation of optimal relationships of their structural components: nerve and glial cells, capillaries concerning the level of development of the organism, and their motor activity. The article contains the results of the morphometric characteristics of the spinal nodes of warm-blooded vertebrates in a comparative aspect: class Aves – Birds (Gallus gallus, forma domestica L., 1758 – domestic chicken); class Mammalia – Mammals (Oryctolagus cuniculus L., 1758 – European krill, Canis lupus familiaris L., 1758 – domestic dog, Sus scrofa, forma domestica L., 1758 – domestic pig, Bos taurus taurus L., 1758 – domestic bull). When performing this work, complex research methods were used: anatomical, neurohistological, morphometric, and statistical. The morphological study of the structural components of the organs of the nervous system was studied on histological sections by the method of light microscopy following the requirements of the international principles of the “European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used in Experiments and for Other Scientific Purposes” (Strasbourg, 1986), a decision of the First National Congress on Bioethics (Kyiv, 2001), Law of Ukraine No. 692 “On the Protection of Animals from Cruel Treatment” (3447-IV) dated February 21, 2006. For histological examination, the newly selected material was immediately fixed in a 10% aqueous neutral formalin solution, with a fixation period of 30 days, followed by step-by-step embedding in paraffin. Using a sled microtome, histological sections with a thickness of 6–10 μm were obtained. The general histological structure and microstructural changes in histological preparations were studied under a light microscope MC (Micros Austria) at magnifications from 70 to 600 times. Photomicrographs of histological preparations were carried out using a CAM V200 video camera mounted in a Micros MC microscope. The work aims to conduct a complex morpho-functional study of spinal nodes in a comparative anatomical series of representatives of higher vertebrates. It was investigated that in phylogenesis, a particular structural and morphofunctional rearrangement of the central and peripheral nervous system organs, namely the spinal nodes, takes place. They differ in shape and size. It was established that the neurocytic organization of the spinal cord nodes of all species of animals studied is characterized by the presence of large, medium, and small nerve cells. Adaptation to various living conditions of animals was formed based on morphometric indicators (the volume of neurocytes and their nuclei), their morphological structures, the density of nerve cells per 0.1 mm2, the number of glial cells per 0.1 mm2, an indicator of nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio, degree of polymorphism chromatophilia. Nissl staining of histopreparations of spinal nodes of homoothermic animals showed that the neuroplasm of nerve cells contains well-defined depths of basophilic substance, compared with lower animals, as evidence of a higher degree of development in nerve cells of the protein-synthesizing apparatus. According to the method of impregnation of spinal cord nodes with silver nitrate in all studied animals, a different intensity of coloring of nerve cells is revealed: dark, light-dark, light, which is related to the peculiarities of species and age neuromorphology, the morphofunctional state of the nervous system and the type of higher nervous activity. The obtained morpho-functional features of the organs of the nervous system are essential not only for evolutionary and comparative morphology but also for developing issues of physiology, pathology, and treatment of peripheral nervous system diseases
SteE enhances the colonization of Salmonella Pullorum in chickens
Get PDFSalmonella pullorum (S. pullorum) is the causative agent of pullorum disease and results in severe economic losses in poultry, and can long-term survival by colonizing host organs. steE is an effector protein secreted by Salmonella pathogenicity island 2. It is not clear in vivo for the colonization of Salmonella. To investigate the role of steE on the colonization of S. Pullorum in the principal organs of chicken, we used S. pullorum and S. pullorum ΔsteE strains immunized chickens, respectively. The results of the virulence assay showed that the LD50 of S. pullorum ΔsteE was 22.8 times higher than that of S. pullorum in chickens. The colonization experiment of bacteria showed that the overall change trend of the number of S. pullorum and S. pullorum ΔsteE strains were similar in chicken liver, spleen, heart, bursa, and cecum, which increased first and then decreased. However, the deletion of steE caused significantly reduced colonization, pathological change, and virulence of S. pullorum in a chicken infection model. Our findings provide exciting insights into the pathogenic mechanism and live attenuated vaccine associated with steE in S. pullorum