Tokyo University of Agriculture Repository / 東京農業大学リポジトリ
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Vegetation Dynamics in the Process of Revegetation on Mt. Makihata in Joetsu
Get PDF1980年から植生復元工が行われてきた巻機山の山頂付近(標高1,700～1,967m)に調査区を設け,植生復元工後の植生動態について調査した。その結果,施工時の播種工(法)や株移植に用いた植物材料に関わりなく,植生復元工後の植生は,1.御機山からニセ巻機周辺(標高1,800～1,900m)に多くみられたショウジョウスゲ-ヌマガヤ群落,2.池[トウ]等の湿地付近に多くみられたミヤマイヌノハナヒゲ-ヌマガヤ群落,3.標高1,900m以上の山頂付近に多くみられたヌマガヤ-ヒロハノコメススキ群落の3タイプに分けることができた。またショウジョウスゲ-ヌマガヤ群落ではショウジョウスゲが年数を経過した区で増加する等,自然植生の構成種が植生復元工の成否の指標となるべく知見を得た。We investigated the changes in vegetation at the top of Mt. Makihata, bordering Niigata and Gunma Prefectures (altitude : 1,800-1,967m), where revegetation has been in progress since 1980. Vegetation profiles after revegetation were found to be divided into three types : 1. Carex blepharicarpa-Moliniposis japonica community located at 1,800-1,900m, 2. Rhynchospora yasudana-Moliniposis japonica community located around ponds and marshy places, and 3. Moliniposis japonica-Deschampsia caespitosa var. festucaefolia community located on the peak of the mountain (1,900m). Classification results were not related to revegetation methods or the plants which had been used for revegetation. Particularly in the Carex blepharicarpa-Moliniposis japonica community, many Carex blepharicarpa, Narthecium asiaticum, and Schizocodon soldanelloides form. alpinus were observed after a certain period. These plants are used as indicators in order to assess the situation of revegetation.E6KJ00003960126論文Article
Study on Application to Farm Road of Semi-hot Asphalt Mixture
Get PDF本研究では,セミホット型アスファルト混合物の農道での適用性を検討するために,プラントでの製造実験および実道での試験施工を実施し,施工性および供用性について調査を行い,従来工法である加熱アスファルト混合物との性能を比較した。その結果,セミホット型アスファルト混合物は,適用箇所をIII交通以下の軽交通の農道に限定することにより,従来工法と同等の供用性能を持ち,環境負荷軽減およびコスト縮減に有効であることが確認された。In this study, an experiment to manufacture semi-hot asphalt mixture in the plant and test construction on the road were conducted, workability and performance were investigated. In order to examine the applicability to farm roads, the performance of hot asphalt mixture and semi-hot asphalt mixture was compared. The result shows that semi-hot asphalt has performance equivalent to hot asphalt mixture when the application is limited to road I～III traffic farm road, and it is effective in environmental burden reduction and cost curtailment.E9KJ00003960129論文Article
The Possibility of Natural Regeneration in Artificial Chamaecyparis obtusa Stands
Get PDF本研究は,ヒノキ天然更新が可能となる条件を明らかにすることを目的に,数多くの条件の違う地況および林況のヒノキ人工林から集めたデータを用いて各種要因と更新の可能性の関係を明らかにすると共に,それらの天然更新への影響力を定量的に評価するために数量化I類を用いて解析した。解析には,天然更新と関係があると考えられる標高,傾斜度,斜面位置,土壌型,林齢,林冠疎密度,林床植生の被覆度,林床型の8つの要因を独立変数として使用した。分析結果から,天然更新の成否は,土壌型と林床型に強く影響され,土壌型は黒色土,植生型はコケ型の林地がそれぞれヒノキ天然生稚樹の好適な更新地であることがわかった。また,実際の林地において天然更新施業の成否を診断する可能性診断ソフトを作成した。これらによって今後,適地判断が定量的に行えるようになり,林地の状態を十分に把握してから施業に着手することが可能となった。The possibility of natural regeneration in artificial Chamaecyparis obtusa stands was esti-mated by logistic regression, using eight factors, such as altitude, inclination, slope position, soil type, stand age, canopy density, floor plants coverage and forest floor type as independent variables. The regression analysis showed that regeneration of C.obtusa was controlled by forest floor vegetation, soil type and stand age. We made a program for diagnosis of the possibility of natural regeneration of C. obtusa based on the regression analysis.E1KJ00004317761論文Articl
Life History of Protaetia orientalis (Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae) in the Kanto District ; and Food Resource Plants of P. orientalis in Japan
Get PDFシロテンハナムグリの生活史を,屋外飼育実験の結果を基に推定した。飼育実験の結果,本種の生活史型は,年1化・幼虫越冬・多回繁殖型であった。成虫の寿命は約1年で,活動期間は5月から9月であるが,夏季に羽化した新成虫は摂食活動の後に地中で越冬して,翌年も再び活動を行った。なお,新成虫の多くは初年度には繁殖活動を行わないが,一部は初年度と次年度の2回,繁殖を行った。幼虫は3齢が終齢であり,初年度の冬季は終齢幼虫の状態で休眠室を形成し,この中で越冬した。成虫の餌資源植物について調査した結果,餌資源植物は3綱18目25科42種であった。このうち訪花植物は2綱14目19科30種,樹液利用植物は2綱3目3科5種,果実利用植物は1綱4目5科8種であった。本研究の結果から,季節を通じ成虫が花粉・花蜜食と樹液食や果実食への切替えを行っていることが,餌資源の枯渇時期を回避することに繋がり,このことが同じハナムグリ亜科の他種に比べて成虫の活動期間と寿命が長い一因であると考えられた。The life history of Protaetia orientalis (Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae) was studied by an outdoor breeding experiment. The result of the breeding experiment showed that the chafer has [one-year life history]-[larva hibernation]-[numerous time breeding period]-life history type. The adult lifetime was about 1 year. An adult of the chafer, which underwent an adult eclosion in the summer, stayed over winter in the ground after feeding. It emerged the following year in the early summer and became active again. Incidentally, many adults did not reproduce in the first year ; however, a small number of adults had two breeding seasons, one in the first year and one in the following year. The larvae pass through a total of three instars, and in the winter of the first year, it formed a diapause chamber by the last instar larva and stayed over winter among these. After investigating the food resource plants that adult chafers visited for feeding, 42 species in 25 families of 18 orders of 3 classes were confirmed. Of these, as for visiting-plants, 30 species in 19 families of 14 orders of 2 class, and as for sap use plants, 5 species in 3 families of 3 orders of 2 classes, and as for fruit use plants, 8 species in 5 families of 4 orders of 1 class were confirmed. These results proved that the chafer changed its food source from pollen and nectar to sap and fruit, with the change of the season. In addition, by this action, it was able to avoid any lack of food resources. This factor is thought to give the chafer a long active period and lifetime as compared with other species of Cetoniinae.E2KJ00004669911論文Articl
Effects of Lifestyle Modification on Orientation towards Food and Regional Activation
Get PDF本稿の目的は,「食」のあり様を決定する人びとのライフスタイルの変化・変容の効果と地域の活性化の関連を検討することにある。今日,「食」に関する問題は,農薬混入や食品偽装あるいは賞味期限の改ざん行為等,枚挙にいとまがない。「食」に関する問題は,経済・産業の発展に随伴する,人為的な環境の悪化によるものもあれば,企業の利潤追求に帰結する場合もある。さらには,コスト削減のために海外から食品・食材を輸入する場合も少なくない。このような問題を解決するためには,一見すると,企業経営の社会性を問題点とすれば,解決されるようにも思えるが,本稿では,企業経営の改善にのみ言及するのではなく,近年のライフスタイルの変化・変容による地域の「食」のあり様や指向性に焦点を当て考察を試みた。この視点は,企業社会の中心になる集権化した都会型ではなく,地域へ分散型化した経営に着目することで,地域経済の活性化へと発展するものと理解される。このような視点から,「食」の問題は,人びとのライフスタイルの変化によって,地域に着目することから地域の活性化につながるものといえるであろう。This paper aims to examine the effects of lifestyle modification on orientation towards Food and the activation of a region. A lot of problems related to food, such as the use of agricultural chemicals, disguising the contents of food, and falsification of expiration dates, have happened recently. Many problems concerning food occur together with the development of economy and industry. Some are due to the deterioration of an artificial environment, while others stem from the pursuit of profits by the corporations. Moreover, problems arising from importing from overseas producers because of cost reduction are not uncommon. To solve such problems, it would seem one has only to inquire into the management of an enterprise. This paper, however, makes reference not only to improvements in the management of an enterprise, but also considers a focus on regional orientation towards food in light of lifestyle modifications in recent years. From this point of view it was understood that the activation of a region comes, not from centralizing the corporate community in large cities, but from decentralizing regionally. Lifestyle modifications shift the focus on food problems to the region, which in turn leads to the activation of the region.E10KJ00005049284論文Articl
Fruit and Seed Rot of Pandanus Plants and its Causal Fungi
Get PDF南西諸島(沖永良部島・与論島・宮古島)および小笠原諸島(父島)において,タコノキ属植物の樹上あるいは落下した果実の腐敗症状が観察された。分離検出した糸状菌のうち5種が腐敗に関与しており,Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Microsphaeropsis olivacea, Haematonectria haematococcaは果実内部および果実を構成する種子全体を激しく腐敗させ,Colletotrichum gloeosporioidesおよびPestalotiopsis gracilisは果実表層部を腐敗させるが種子内部までは侵さなかった。これらの菌の生育適温は前3者が30℃,あとの2菌は25℃で,とくにL. theobromaeは40℃でも生育可能であった。日本でのタコノキ属植物の果実腐敗性病害の病徴再現記録はなく,上記5種を病原菌としてタコノキ属の果実腐敗病の病名を提案した。A fruit (seed) rot of Pandanus plants has been noticed in Nansei Islands (Okinoerabu, Yoron, and Miyako), and Bonin Islands (Chichijima). Five isolated fungi showing pathogenicity by the artifical inoculation on Pandanus seeds were identified as Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Microsphaeropsis olivacea, Haematonectria haematococca. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. and Pestalotiopsis gracilis, and they were shown to be pathogenic on Pandanus seed only through the wound. The optimum growth temperatures were 30C for the former 3 species and 25C for the latter 3 species. From the results of isolation, inoculation and identification of the fungi in relation to the fruit (seed) rot of Pandanus plants, it was concluded that this fruit (seed) rot is a new disease caused by the above listed five fungi. A new disease name Pandanus fruit rot (kajitu-fuhai-byo in Japanese) is proposed.E7KJ00005049266論文Articl
Japan's and the World's Food Security
Get PDF食料安全保障を,供給の安定性,価格の安価性,品質の安全性の3面からとらえ,その確立に向けての現状の把握と課題の検討を行った。コメ,小麦等主要穀物の需給構造の長期変容パターンの特徴を実証分析するための枠組みとして,自給指向型,輸入依存型,輸出指向型の3つの需給構造変容の5段階モデルを作成し,米国農務省等の統計データを利用して,日本を中心に主要食料の需給構造の変容過程と現段階の特徴をモデルに照らして同定した。それにより,例えば60年代以降の日本のコメ需給は,国内需要が国内生産で賄われる自給指向型の変容過程をとりながらも,その現段階は,需給量が一貫して漸減する「成熟段階」にあることが示唆された。また日本では,食料安全保障の確立には食料自給率の向上が不可欠とする考えが一般的であるのに対し,筆者は,単純な国産比率である「自給率」の意味の「限界」と,上記3側面で見る安全保障への無関係さと無力さを,小麦の自給化政策の効果や生鮮かぼちゃの「自給率の季節変動」の実証分析によって明らかにした。結論として,世界の食料安全保障は,世界各国の自由貿易体制下の協調と国際的な相互協力の結果として保証されるものである以上,日本の食料安全保障もその枠組みの中で,国際協調と自由貿易による便益を活用しつつ,地球規模的な視野でその確立を図るべきことを提言した。The purpose of this study is to discuss the salient feature of the present situation and issues of Japan's and the World's Food Security, in terms of three principal dimensions : 1) stability of demand & supply of food, 2) rationality of food prices and 3) safety of food. As a conceptual framework to undertake the empirical study on the long term changes of food demand & supply structure, 3 types of 5-stage figure models, 1) Self-sufficiency oriented structural change model, 2) Import dependent structural change model and 3) Export oriented structural change model, were established. Using internet statistical data provided by U S Department of Agriculture, FAO of UN and MAFF of Japan, empirical analysis of the structural change of demand & supply relations of major food was conducted comparing the result of analysis with the models established. The result of the analysis identified that the changed pattern of demand & supply of Japanese rice is just at "The mature stage" in the model, in which both the demand volume and the supply decrease in parallel trend in the long run. On the other hand, the author argued that it is inevitably needed to increase self-sufficiency ratios of food to consolidate food security in Japan, because the author does not agree with such opinion, since the concept of "Food Self-sufficiency Ratios" has simple and severe limitations and it is clear that, in any case, there is no relationship between the ratios of food self-sufficiency and the degree of Food Security. In conclusion, it is proposed from the global view point that we should promote international free trade and economic cooperation more in order to develop agriculture and food supply especially in the developing regions of the world. Thus, we in Japan can consolidate our food security.E1KJ00005352359綜説Revie
Irrigation Water Requirement, Consumed Water Use and Irrigation Effects by Drip Irrigation : Study on Rainwater Use and Water-saving Irrigation in a Greenhouse (1)
Get PDF本研究は,東京農業大学内のエコテクハウスにおいて,雨水利用節水灌漑システムにおける水収支および節水灌漑方法と灌漑効果について検討したものである。今回,ハウス内で栽培した作物は灌漑効果が高いといわれている陸稲である。試験結果からみて,灌漑水量,湿潤域内における土壌水分増加量,消費水量および灌漑効果に関して以下のように要約される。(1) 標準区(消費水量相当量灌漑区) : 土壌水分増加量は灌漑水量よりも多く,消費水量も灌漑水量よりも多くなり,土壌水分量は十分に供給され,陸稲の生育・生体重とも他の2試験区に比べて多い結果であった。(2) 中間区(標準区の75%灌漑区) : 土壌水分増加量は灌漑水量よりも多く,消費水量は計画用水量に近似し,陸稲に必要な水分は供給された。生育・生体重とも標準区と比べて遜色ない結果であり,節水灌漑からみて灌漑効果を維持し,灌漑水量の節減につながる可能性をみいだせた。(3) 節水区(標準区の50%灌漑区) : 土壌水分増加量および消費水量とも灌漑水量よりも少なく,水分不足が発生した。生育・生体重結果からみても他の2試験区と比べて劣り,極端な節水灌漑は,本来の畑地灌漑の効果からみて問題であるといえる。以上の灌漑試験結果から,標準灌漑水量の75%で灌漑効果を維持しつつ用水の節減につながる可能性があると判断される。The objective of this study is to evaluate water saving effect of the new water saving irrigation system which used rainwater as irrigation water and solar energy for saving water and energy use in a greenhouse. In the green house, upland rice was cultivated under three different irrigation intensities, (i) same intensity as expected consumptive water use (standard plot), (ii) 75% of the irrigation intensity of (i) (medium saving plot), (iii) 50% of that of (i) (saving plot). Soil water contents were monitored to clarify the water balance and the soil water distribution in each plot distribution. From the results of the calculation, consumptive water use in the standard plot was higher than the amount of irrigated water. Growth and live weight of upland rice in the standard plot were higher compared with the other plots. Soil moisture in medium saving irrigation plot seemed to be also enough for upland rice cultivation because the calculated consumptive water use was nearly equal to the amount of irrigated water. Growth and live weight in medium saving plot leached those in the standard plot. But in the saving plot, consumptive water use was less than the amount of irrigated water and the growth and live weight were less than those of the other plots.E3KJ00006055381論文Articl
Relationship between Diversity of Soil Meso-Fauna and Soil Moisture Condition in Green House
Get PDF本報では土壌動物相の多様性を利用した畑地の環境評価の一助として施設栽培環境下の中型土壌動物の多様性について調査を行い,土壌の水分環境の違いと中型土壌動物相との関連性について考察した。その結果多様度指数においてはSimpsonの多様度指数(1/λ),Fisherの多様度指数(α+1)とも点滴灌漑の節水区が最も高く,次いで点滴灌漑の中間区,多孔管灌漑区,点滴灌漑の標準区の順となった。多孔管灌漑区では点滴灌漑の各区に比べて団粒が少なく,中型土壌動物の住処となる土壌間隙が少なかったためと推察された。各試験区の観測回ごとのSimpsonの多様度指数とFisherの多様度指数の関係から,点滴灌漑区ではFishierの多様度指数の変動よりSimpsonの多様度指数の変動が大きいことがわかった。中型土壌動物の個体数が最も多かった点滴灌漑の標準区と最も少なかった多孔管灌漑区とではSimpsonの多様度指数とFisherの多様度指数の差が小さくなった。多孔管灌漑区と点滴灌漑の標準区の体積含水率が比較的安定していたことから,土壌の体積含水率の安定は土壌動物相の多様度の安定に寄与するが,個体数や種数の多少とは必ずしも関係がないと考えられた。Relationships in diversity of soil meso-fauna and soil moisture conditions were investigated in some types of drip irrigation plots and tube irrigation plot in green house. Water content and soil, animal population, number of genera, diversity index of Simpson (1/λ) and that of Fisher (α+1) were measured. The results showed that both standard irrigated plot in drip irrigation and underground water irrigation plot showed stable conditions of diversity indices, and moisture conditions were stable. But populations and number of genera in the standard irrigated plot were much larger than in the under ground one. Low and Less irrigated plots showed unstable conditions of diversity indices and soil moisture. Therefore, we concluded that stable soil moisture condition is useful for balancing soil animal's diversity, but not for the population and number of genera.E7KJ00006290819論文Articl
Estimation of Soil Moisture Using Pattern Decomposition Method and Vegetation Survey in Mongolian Grasslands
Get PDF本研究では,モンゴル草地における植生調査とパターン展開法を応用した土壌水分推定手法について,現地調査データへの適用を試みた。調査はモンゴルのトブ県,ドンドゴビ県とヘンティ県における牧草地や耕作放棄地など多様な土地利用状況における全10箇所を対象地とした。植生調査は,植被率の算出と坪刈りによる植物種の同定を行った。次に,可視・近赤外波長域(350-1050nm)が観測可能なセンサを持つ分光放射計を用いて,土壌分光反射率を測定した。分光反射率は,衛星画像への適用を考慮に入れ測定波長域を4バンドに分類し,解析では各バンドの平均値を利用した。植生調査の結果,いずれの調査地においてもイネ科植物が生息していた。また,植被率が同程度の地域でも,土壌水分量に差異が認められた。著者らは,既にパターン展開法を応用した土壌水分推定手法を報告している。屋外実験により測定した土壌分光反射曲線(反射パターン)が,土壌含水比の低下に伴い直線形状に近づいたことから,パターン展開法を応用し,土壌含水比が低い場合の特性を示す直線モデルパターンを考案したものである。現地調査で測定した土壌分光反射率データを用いて土壌水分推定を行った結果,パターン展開により算出した直線モデルパターン展開係数と土壌含水比の間に有意な関係が示された(r^2=0.72)。この際,土壌タイプの考慮は行わなかったことから異なるタイプの土壌を対象にした場合でも良好な精度の土壌水分推定値が得られることが示された。In this study, we conducted the measurements of soil spectral reflectance and soil moisture content, and vegetation surveys over ten plots within the prefectures of Tov, Dundgovi and Henti of Mongolian grasslands. We attempted to apply a method for estimating soil moisture content to the field measured data. We also collected the data of vegetation species by the quadrate method, and calculated the vegetation cover ratio. The soil spectral reflectance of land surface was measured using a spectroradiometer which had a sensor in visible and near infrared wavelength (Wavelength range : 350-1050nm). For an application to satellite imagery of optical sensors, four spectral bands were selected to be analyzed. The estimation method of soil moisture content by applying pattern decomposition has already been reported. In this investigation, we found that the soil spectral reflectance curve was steep when the soil moisture content is high, and becomes flat when the soil moisture content is low. Thus, in the pattern decomposition method, the flat model pattern is defined as the spectral reflectance pattern that corresponds to completely dried soil. The pattern decomposition coefficient for the flat model pattern was calculated from the pattern decomposition method using flat model pattern. The result of application of the suggested method to soil reflectance pattern from field survey showed a negative correlation (r^2=0.72) between soil water content and the pattern decomposition coefficient for the flat model pattern. This high correlation was shown throughout all the soil types in this study. The result of vegetation survey showed that there was a difference of soil water content between the two survey plots where low vegetation cover ratios were recorded. The reason for this result was assumed to be the effect of soil moisture deficiency or overgrazing.E8KJ00006290839論文Articl