Tokyo University of Agriculture Repository / 東京農業大学リポジトリ
Not a member yet
1196 research outputs found
Sort by
Regulation of Political Donations by Business Corporations under the Corporation Code of the Philippines
Get PDFフィリピン会社法は,母法アメリカ会社法と同様に会社の権利能力範囲内の行為として慈善,学術,教育等への寄付を認める一方で,母法と異なり政治献金は会社の能力外の行為として禁止している。一般に,会社の政治献金は公法により制限されており,フィリピンのように会社法により政治献金を直接規制する例は他になく,わが国の会社法研究上において示唆に富むものであると言える。The Corporation Code of the Philippines provides that corporations may make reasonable donations for public welfare, charitable, cultural, scientific, civic or similar purposes in the provision of Corporation Laws of the US. However, it also provides that corporations shall not give donations to any political party or candidate for the purpose of partisan political activity. This provision has originality and it is very significant to rethink the legal problems of political donations by business corporations in Japan. This paper shows the content and meaning of the provision and necessity to adopt such a provision into the Company Law of Japan.E15KJ00006504999短報Not
Regional Forest Management and Composite Management of Agriculture and Forestry at Iwaki, Fukushima
Get PDF農林複合経営は,労働力や生産物の補完関係,経営の危険分散をメリットとしており,個々の農林家により農家経営に密着した形で実施されてきた。近年,地域の住民が都市部に勤務し農作業が週末などに集中して分散的になる中で,圃場整備,機械化に伴う効率化が推進され様々な集落営農が行われてきている。しかしながら,森林管理は木材価格の低迷のために,作業が充分行われず資源の有効活用も行われていない。そこで本論文は,集落営農により農林業従事者と都市への常勤者が地域内で共存する中で,森林の地域管理の現代的特徴とその問題点を明確にし,担い手と地域住民との関係について検討した。事例は,集落営農の実施とその担い手が存在すること,都市への常勤者が多いこと,共有林が存在しその管理が行われていることなどの特徴を踏まえ,福島県いわき市S地区と地区の中心的な農林家であるT家を事例として取り上げた。その結果,T家では農業(稲作,大豆,和牛)と林業(素材生産,共有林利用,丸棒生産)の複合経営が時代のニーズに対応しながら行われてきていること。S地区では,都市への常勤者は農業を委託しているが,森林からの収入は期待されず,また委託も行われていないため個人所有の森林は放置傾向にあること。一方,共有林管理は,地区住民による伝統的な組織体制の中で作業が行われてきていることがわかった。そして,林業の長期性,素材生産などの特殊技術と作業規模を考慮した組織化が必要であること。材価の低迷が地域の独自性を活かす方向となっていないことから,素材の活用や販売先についての情報管理や戦略が必要であることを示唆した。Composite management of agriculture and forestry have been implemented individually with complementary advantages of work distribution, product utilization and/or risk management. Recently, due to the increase in numbers of residents working in urban areas, lack of labor on their farms has become a constraint on agriculture management, so communal agriculture has been implemented by farm arrangements and more efficient use of machinery. However, forest management has problems not only in production but also environmental conservation. This paper discusses communal forest management in a place of agriculture and forestry where urban workers live in the same community. Especially the study focuses on characteristics and constraints, and how to create relationships between them. Location of the study area was Iwaki City, Fukushima pref. and the person most intensively studied was Mr. T (a leader of agriculture). In considering the circumstances of communal forest management, we need to take into account the situation where communal agriculture is already created, agricultural farmers are existing, and a lot of urban workers live in the community, so communal forest exists in and is affected by the role of community. The results show that : The management by Mr. T was conducting a good combination with agriculture (rice, soybean, and cattle) and forestry (log production, communal forestry, and pole production). The treatment of communal forest apart from private forest depends on the forest owners. Most of the residents are practicing agriculture and are not managing forest well. So based on long term forest management, special techniques of logging, organization of forest for efficient treatment, and reconstruction of forest management system are necessary. Decrease in log prices have brought about lack of initiative and motivation of forest owners in management, so not only log production, but also information about utilization and wood demand are necessary to create a viable strategy.E5KJ00006637543論文Articl
Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Ornamental Breeds of Japanese Native Chicken Based on Microsatellite DNA Polymorphisms
Get PDF日本鶏はわが国の貴重な遺伝資源であるにもかかわらず,生産性が低く,その維持を個人愛好家に依存する品種も少なくない。それらの品種の保全においては,遺伝的多様性や集団構造を明らかにすることが必要となる。本研究はマイクロサテライトDNA多型情報から,観賞用品種を中心に解析をおこなった。供試鶏として7品種125羽を用い,マイクロサテライト28座位の分析をおこなった。その結果,愛好家に維持されている観賞用品種であっても,試験研究機関維持集団や銘柄鶏の素材鶏として系統的に維持されている集団と同程度の遺伝的多様性を示すことが明らかとなった。今回分析した7品種すべてに近親交配(正のFIS値)が認められる結果となった。特に蓑曳,蓑曳矮鶏,烏骨鶏は採取地間で遺伝的差異が生じており,DAS系統樹にてサブクラスターが認められた。一方,鶉矮鶏は採取地間の遺伝的差異は認められず,全個体がひとつのクラスターに含まれる結果となった。Japanese native chickens are valuable genetic resource in Japan ; however, their low productivity limits their industrial use and forces dependence on a personal breeder for their maintenance. To conserve these breeds, it is important to clarify their genetic diversity, relationships, and structure. In this study, microsatellite DNA polymorphisms were used to analyze the genetic relationships and structure among ornamental breeds of Japanese native chickens. A total of 125 individuals of seven breeds, Kurokashiwa, Minohiki, Minohiki-Chabo, Uzura-Chabo, Ukokkei, Chahn, and Issun-Chahn were used in analyses of 28 microsatellite loci recommended by ISAG/FAO. The results showed that ornamental breeds maintained by private breeders showed the same level of genetic diversity compared with populations maintained by institutes or breeding stations. Despite high genetic diversity, significant positive FIS values indicating high inbreeding were estimated for all seven breeds analyzed in this study. Furthermore, genetic differentiation among sampling locations was observed in Minohiki, Minohiki-Chabo, and Ukokkei. While sub-clustered structure was observed in the DAS tree for these three breeds, in Uzura-Chabo, genetic differentiation was not observed and all specimens (including those from different sampling locations) were included in the same cluster.E6KJ00007059045論文Articl
Grassland Vegetation and Palatability in Mongolian Grasslands
Get PDFUlaanbaatar(ウランバートル)市を起点とした調査地域における植物種は39科122属207種であった。優占種はキク科,イネ科,バラ科,アカザ科であった。採草地では多様な植生が認められた北西地域では12科21種の種類が観察された。放牧地では,9科16種の多様な例やイネ科とキク科に偏った2科11種の例など地域によって植生は異なっていた。放棄畑地では,1科1種や2科3～4種から4科11種など放棄後の年数や年次により植生は変化していた。植物種は採食嗜好性の低いキク科やアカザ科が優占種であった。北西地域の放棄畑地においては,2004年の2科6種から2006年の8科14種に変化していたが,家畜放牧に適した草原植生には回復していなかった。北西地域草原の乾物草量(165.44±11.71g/m^2)は南西地域および南東地域に比べ有意に高く(p<0.01～0.05),最も低い地域は南東地域(55.88±9.42g/m^2)であった。マメ科潅木の「ハルガナ」(Caragana phygmaea)を草資源として考慮に入れた場合には,南西地域の草量は増加し,北西・北東・南西地域と南東地域間に有意差が認められた(p<0.01～0.05)。年次間では,2002年の乾物草量(76.43±14.58g/m^2)が最低,2003年が最高(169.97±49.12g/m^2)となり,2003年および2004年と他の調査年との間には有意な差異が認められた(p<0.01～0.05)。採食嗜好性は,イネ科の植物に対する嗜好性が高く,最高評点のスコアの植物が種類認められた(Stipa glareosa, S.krylovii, Achnatherum splendens, Agropyron crisratum, Elytrigia repens, Leymus chinesis, Poa pratensis)。キク科ではヨモギの一種「アイギ」(Artmisia gida)が全家畜で最高スコアであった。マメ科潅木の「ハルガナ」に対する家畜の採食嗜好性はラクダ・ヤギ・ヒツジでは4スコアと高く,このマメ科潅木は南西地域における重要な飼料植物資源であった。家畜の採食移動距離は年次や地域の草量状況により変動するが,ウマ(夜間)は15.13m/分であった。草量の豊かな地域では同じ場所を重複移動していたが,南西部(G地点)の草量の乏しい時(2002年)は重複移動が少なく平坦に移動していた。一方,ヤギの場合は昼間放牧であったが,採食移動距離は18.05m/分でウマより長かった。maintained or produced by grazing livestock. However, desertification caused by the development for arable land as well as over-grazing has recently become a concern. Therefore, to clarify the present conditions of plant resources in each region around Ulaanbaatar, we studied the relationships among vegetation and standing crop (DM), species, palatability and distances of nomadic movement of livestock. Plant species observed in each region around Ulaanbaatar were 207 species of 122 genera from 39 families. Dominant plant species were Asteraceae and Poacaee. In the northwest region (plot C-1, S), meadows showed diverse vegetation in general, and we could observe 21 species of 12 families. Pasture had a variety of vegetation in each region (plot B-1, C-2, Q, T) including 16 species of 9 families or 11 species of two families biased towards Asteraceae and Poacae. Regarding the abandoned cultivated land (plot B-2, B-3, R), the vegetation varied remarkably from 1 species of 1 family and 3 or 4 species of 2 families to 11 species of 4 families with time and rainfall after abandonment. Asteraceae plant, which has low palatability, was the dominant species in these areas. In the abandoned cultivated land (plot R) in the northwest region, plants of 6 species of 2 families were observed in 2004, and in 2006 14 species of 8 families, but the region had not yet recovered as good pasture for grazing livestock. Standing crops (DM) (165.44±11.71g/m^2) in the northwest region were signicantly greater than in the southwest and southeast regions (p<0.01～0.05). Standing crops in the southeast region showed the lowest value (55.88±9.42 g/m^2). When data on Caragana of Fabaceae plant (Caragana phygmaea) was added, plant matter in the southwest was increased signicantly, while that in the northwest, northeast and southwest was signicantly greater than in the southeast (p<0.01～0.05). Annual data showed that standing crop in 2002 was the lowest (76.43±14.58g/m^2), while in 2003 it was the highest (169.97±49.12g/m^2);standing crop levels were signicantly higher in 2003 and 2004 than in other years (p<0.01～0.05).Palatability of Pocacae plant was the best, and we observed 7 species of Stipa glareosa, S. krylovii, Achnatherum splendens, Agropyron crisratum, Elytrigia repens, Leymus chinesis and Poa pratensis which had a score of 5. For Asteraceae, the plant Artmisia gida had a score of 5 for all livestock. The palatability score of the Caragana plant to livestock was 4 for camels, goats and sheep, and 3 for cattle and horses. It was thus suggested that this legume shrub plant comprises a very important grassland resource in the southwest region, because of its high palatability as livestock feed. Although the distances of nomadic movement of livestock vary annually and are influenced by grassland resource conditions in each region, movement distance for horses was 15.13m/min. at night. Horses repeatedly moved across the same area for grazing in regions with diverse grassland resources. Distances for grazing of goats were 18.05m/min. in the daytime, which was a longer distance than for horses.E1KJ00007465979論文Articl
Effect of High Electrical Conductivity of Nutrient Solution at Different Developmental Stages on Yield and Fruit Quality in Tomatoes Grown with a Single-truss High Density Planting System
Get PDF一段密植栽培において高濃度養液処理を開始する時期の違いが,トマト果実の収量と品質に及ぼす影響を検討した。培養液濃度を高くすることで高EC溶液を作成し,処理を行った。葉の水ポテンシャルは処理により低下し,第一花開花時処理で最も低くなった。葉の水ポテンシャルは対照区では日中と夕方に差はみられなかったが,高濃度培養液処理を行うと日中よりも夕刻時に低くなった。第一花開花期に処理を行うと果実糖度が11度に上昇したが,果実重量が減少し,同時に尻腐れ果の発生が増加した。第一花開花後29日に処理を行ったところ,糖度8の果実が得られることに加えて,果実重量の低下と尻腐れ果の発生が抑制された。これらの結果から,一段密植栽培では第一花開花後およそ30日に高濃度培養液処理を行うと高品質な果実が得られると考えられた。Effect of high electrical conductivity (EC) of nutrient solution at different development stages on yield and fruit quality were investigated in tomatoes grown with a single-truss high density planting system. High EC was established by increasing the concentration of nutrients solutions. Water potential of tomato leaves was decreased with the high EC treatment, being the lowest when the high EC treatment was initiated at anthesis of the first flower. Water potential of leaves was lower in the evening than around noon in high EC treatments, while these did not differ between times of day in control. The high EC treatment initiated at anthesis of the first flower increased the total soluble solids of fruit from 6.8 to 11.0 Brix%, but decreased fruit weight and increased the occurrence of blossom-end rots. Initiating the high EC treatment 29 days after anthesis increased the fruit Brix% higher than 8.0 Brix%, and mitigated the detrimental effects of the high EC treatment on fruit weight and blossom-end rots. These results suggest that high EC treatment initiated about 30 days after anthesis can be effective for the production of high quality tomato fruits with a single-truss high density planting system.E2KJ00007966920論文Articl
Identification and Sake Brewing Characteristics of Yeast Isolated from Satsuma Mandarin Blossom
Get PDF集積培養法によって温州ミカンの花から分離株 MK1～3 株を得た。その中で MK3 株は,生理学的試験と 16SrDNA-D1/D2 領域および ITS 領域の塩基配列に基づいた分子系統解析の結果から Saccharomyces cerevisiae と同定された。また Yeastcidin 耐性を有する事から,MK3 株が清酒酵母であることが示唆された。MK3 株は,清酒もろみにおけるアルコール生産量が 17.6%であり,清酒酵母協会 9 号株と同等の発酵力を示した。MK3 株を用いた製成酒は香気成分と有機酸に特徴的な組成を示した。特にMK3株を用いた製成酒は,低いコハク酸濃度,高いリンゴ酸/コハク酸比,高いカプロン酸エチル濃度,高いイソアミルアルコール/イソブチルアルコール比を示した。また,MK3 株は高泡を形成せず,TTC 還元性が Red であることから,清酒製造に実用可能な株であった。MK3 株は,特徴的な風味を形成できる実用酵母として清酒製造での利用が期待される。The MK3 strain was isolated from Satsuma Mandarin blossom by enriched culture method. On the basis of physiological tests and molecular analyses based on DNA sequences of 26S rDNA-D1/D2 region and ITS region, MK3 was identified as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Furthermore, it was suggested that MK3 was sake yeast, since MK3 had a tolerance against Yeastcidin. The alcohol productivity of MK3 in sake mash was 17.6%. The MK3 possessed an equipollent fermentative ability in sake mash with sake yeast, kyokai No. 9. The sake produced by MK3 revealed distinguishing composition of aroma compounds and organic acids. In particular, the sake brewed by MK3 showed low succinic acid concentration, high malic acid/succinic acid ratio, high ethyl caproate concentration and high isoamyl alcohol/isobutyl alcohol ratio. The MK3 was a useful yeast for sake production, because it did not form taka-awa in sake mash and it was stained red with TTC. It is expected that the MK3 will be used for sake production as a useful yeast which is able to form characteristic flavor.E1KJ00008086959論文Articl
Quality Characteristics of Japanese Craft Beers and Their Transition
Get PDF我が国の地ビールの一般成分分析を,カテゴリー(上面発酵濃色・淡色,下面発酵濃色・淡色)・醸造期間別(1999-2002年および2008-2010年)に行った。その結果,いずれのカテゴリーのビールにおいても,醸造年度により成分組成(品質)に若干の変動が見られた。近年の地ビールでは,10年ほど前ものと比較して,ビール中のリンゴ酸濃度の低下とクエン酸濃度の増加が認められた。また,ポリフェノール含量が低下していた。さらに,近年その数が増加傾向にあるオリジナル・スタイルビールでは,有機酸と糖質の風味バランスが保たれつつ,両者の濃度が増量されたビールが多かった。小規模醸造によって生産される地ビールに関するこの様な特性を消費者に認識していただき,地ビール業界が今後とも継続的に発展することに期待したい。Componential analysis of Japanese craft beers was carried out in order to investigate the quality characteristics and their transition. The slight variations of the beer quality depending on a brewing year were observed in the beers of all categories. The concentration of the citric acid of the beers brewed from 2008 to 2010 had become higher than that of the beers brewed from 1998 to 2002. As opposed to this, the content of malic acid and polyphenol in the latest beers became lower. Furthermore, some "original style of beers" with the sufficient balance of organic acid and non-fibrous carbohydrates have also appeared in recent years.E8KJ00008087199資料Research Dat
Situation of and Response to Damage of Companion Horses since the Great East Japan Earthquake
Get PDF平成23(2011)年3月に発生した東日本大震災は,東北地方太平洋岸に大きな被害をもたらした。被災地の一つである福島県浜通り地方は,国指定重要無形文化財にも指定されている相馬野馬追が行われることから,多くの馬が個別に飼養されている地域でもあった。これらの馬は相馬野馬追に騎馬武者として参加するためだけに飼養されており,コンパニオンホースと呼ぶことのできる位置づけに飼養されている。この地域は,東日本大震災における津波被害を受けただけでなく,東京電力福島第一原子力発電所事故の影響も受け,事故直後から避難指示が出されその後警戒区域に指定された場所も含まれ,この地域で被災した馬に対する保護支援には様々な障害があった。震災から1年が経過し,この間に行われた支援および聞き取り調査の結果をまとめ,被災直後の馬の様子や被災後の馬の動向について明らかにすることができた。また,通常時において,馬名,所有者名,飼養場所等の情報を一元化しておくことが,緊急時におけるコンパニオンホースとして飼養される馬の保護および支援活動を行う際には有効であると考えられる。The Great East Japan Earthquake which occurred in March, 2011 brought serious damage to the Tohoku district.As the Soso area which is one of the stricken areas, it is known for the Soma-Nomaoi designated also as a country specific important intangible cultural heritage performance and there are the areas where many horses are bred individually. These horses are bred solely in order to participate in the Soma-Nomaoi, and they are bred by positioning which can be called a companion horse. This area not only suffered tsunami damage in the Great East Japan Earthquake, but was also subject to the influence of the Tokyo Electric Power Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident. Since one year has passed after the earthquake disaster, the result of support for the horse in this area and interviews which were held in the meantime could be summarized. The trend in the appearance of the horse after suffering disaster was clarified in this paper. Unifying the information on each horse's name, the owner name and feeding place have been useful and effective. The list performs the function of protection the horses and of the support service of animals which are bred as companion horse in an emergency.E1KJ00008527919論文Articl
Soil Mechanical Impedance, Water Retention, and Drainability of the Experimental Upland Plots Established by Soil-Dressing
Get PDF降雨や乾燥の長期的な傾向を考慮した場合,畑地の排水や保水に関して,今後一層の注意が必要である。また畑地における適切な土壌管理の在り方を考えた場合,土壌の保水性や排水性,および土壌硬度に及ぼす耕耘の影響を評価することも重要である。そこで東京農業大学生産環境工学科試験圃場において,地下水位の影響を受けない条件で,枠畑圃場表層の土壌硬度,保水性,排水性を調査した。明らかになったことは以下の通りである。[◯!1]耕耘は粗間隙率の増加,およびそれに伴う飽和透水係数の増加と,土壌硬度の減少に寄与した。また,それらのばらつきを小さくし,均一にする効果があった。[◯!2]十分な降雨があっても表層は過湿にはならず,降雨翌日ないしは翌々日の地表面付近のマトリックポテンシャルは -0.30 m となり,表層での排水が終了して上向きの水移動が生じる際のマトリックポテンシャルは -0.30～-0.40 m,飽和度は 74～75% であった。表層の排水が終了するのに 6 日を要した。[◯!3]粗間隙率のわずかな減少によって飽和透水係数が大きく低下することから,排水性を悪化させないよう注意する必要がある。[◯!4]乾燥が続いた場合,地表面近くでは土壌のマトリックポテンシャルが生長阻害水分点近傍まで低下したことから,土壌面蒸発を防ぐマルチの施用などが有効であると考えられる。The long term trend of both precipitation and drought suggests the necessity to pay more attention to drainage and water retention of upland fields. Further, it is required to assess effects of cultivation on those soil properties in addition to soil mechanical impedance for an appropriate soil management. Therefore, soil mechanical impedance, water retention, and drainability of top soil layer were investigated at upland plots of the Experimental Field of the Department of Bioproduction and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Regional Environment Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture. The following was revealed. 1) Cultivation increased macro-porosity and saturated hydraulic conductivity, and decreased soil mechanical impedance. It decreased the variability of the porosity and mechanical impedance resulting in uniform soil physical condition. 2) The soil did not suffer from water-logging even after sufficient rain fall. The matric potential of surface soil was -0.30 m the next day or two days after rain. The matric potential of the bottom of the top layer was -0.30 to -0.40 m, and the saturation degree was 74 to 75% when the drainage ceased and upward water migration started. Further, it took 6 days for the top layer to cease drainage. 3) It is important to keep drainability since slight decreases in macro-porosity result in significant decreases in the saturated hydraulic conductivity. 4) Since the matric potential decreased down to near the depletion of soil moisture content for optimum growth after consecutive dry days, some measures to prevent evaporation including mulching are suggested to be effective.E3KJ00008527959論文Articl
Genetic Diversity of the Asiatic Black Bear (Ursus thibetanus) in Gunma Prefecture based on Mitochondrial DNA Analysis
Get PDF日本国内でツキノワグマ(Ursus thibetanus)は本州,四国に生息し,現在5地域の個体群が絶滅の恐れのある地域集団とされている。群馬県でもツキノワグマが生息しているが,その捕獲頭数を定めた群馬県ツキノワグマ適正管理計画は,地域集団の構成を考慮しないまま実施されており,このままでは絶滅を招く危険性をはらんでいる。このことから,ツキノワグマの適切な保全を考慮した農林業被害等の防止対策を実施することが,希少野生動物とともに暮らす地域にとって重要な課題といえる。そこで本研究は群馬県ツキノワグマの遺伝的多様性を明らかにするため,群馬県で捕獲されたツキノワグマ30個体のミトコンドリアDNA D-loop領域706bpの配列を決定し,ハプロタイプ分析を行った。その結果,群馬県のツキノワグマから6つのハプロタイプを同定した。これらは先行研究により東日本に生息するツキノワグマで同定された38ハプロタイプのうち,E01, E06, E10, E11, E31, E34に該当した。ハプロタイプの地理的分布および集団構造解析から,群馬県では南西部集団,中之条集団,北東部集団の3集団が存在する可能性が示唆された。群馬県中央部から南東部にかけては平野が広がっており,ツキノワグマの生息は確認されていない。よって群馬県のツキノワグマ3集団は群馬県の西から東へ南西部集団,中之条集団,北東部集団の順に並んで存在していると思われる。つまり,中之条集団の西側で南西部集団と分かれる境界線があり,東側で北東部集団と分かれる境界線が本研究によって想定された。これらは適正管理計画のもとで人為的に設定された地域個体群(越後・三国地域個体群と関東山地個体群)とは異なる境界分布を示しており,今後ツキノワグマの自然集団を繁栄した適切な保全計画を実施するためにも現在の分布境界線を見直していく必要があることを本研究は提唱する。Asiatic black bears living in Gunma Prefecture, Japan, have been divided into two populations (Echigo-Mikuni and Kanto mountain populations) based on the Asiatic Black Bear Population Management Plan. This management plan puts a ceiling on the number of bears captured in each population. However, for convenience, division of the two populations is based on an administrative boundary, and does not represent the natural population structure of this species in Gunma. Accordingly, to clarify the population structure of the species in Gunma, we performed mitochondrial haplotype analysis using 30 individuals captured in the prefecture. We identified six haplotypes, which corresponded to the haplotypes previously discovered in this species in eastern Japan. On the basis of the geographical distribution of the haplotypes and population structure analyses, we suggest that three populations of Asiatic black bear exist in Gunma Prefecture : the Southwestern, Nakanojo, and Northeastern populations. The Nakanojo population appears to be relatively small and genetically unique in Gunma. We identified two borders among these populations. One is situated between the Southwestern and Nakanojo populations, and the second is situated between the Nakanojo and Northeastern populations. These borders clearly differ from the single border drawn between the Echigo-Mikuni and Kanto mountain populations. We conclude that the current management plan does not reflect the natural population structure of these bears and suggest a revision of the plan based on the existence of three discrete populations.E1KJ00008691039論文Articl