Tokyo University of Agriculture Repository / 東京農業大学リポジトリ
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Influence of Ground Control Point Placement and Surrounding Environment on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Based Structure-from-Motion Forest Resource Estimation
Get PDFDesign of a Two-Chamber Microbial Fuel Cell Without a Proton Exchange Membrane for Electricity Generation from Food Waste
Get PDF従来型バイオマス発電は建設費が高く途上国農村での導入が困難である。一方，堆積物微生物燃料電池（SMFC）は有望だが性能向上が必要である。本研究は食品廃棄物を基質とする二槽式SMFCの新規アノード構造を提案し，高炉スラグ（SS）層に対する電極位置の違いが電位や電流密度に与える影響を検討した。その結果，SS層上にアノードを設置する設計が適すると示された。A conventional biomass-fired power plant requires substantial construction costs, making its implementation difficult in rural areas of developing countries. In contrast, microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology offers numerous benefits over conventional plants; however, its performance is currently inadequate and requires improvement before it can be deployed. This study proposed a new design for the anode chamber of a two-chamber MFC without a proton exchange membrane when food waste is used as a substrate. Different configurations of the anode chamber, including those with and without a soil layer and different anode positions, were investigated. The effects of each structure on MFC performance were investigated by measuring temporal changes in the cathode potential and examining the electrical conductivity (EC), oxidation–reduction potential (ORP) of the cathode water, and electrical current of MFC. The analysis of EC and ORP variations revealed that the introduction of a soil layer in the anode chamber resulted in lower EC values and higher cathode potentials, indicating that the soil layer acted as a filter to reduce the diffusion of ions from the anode chamber to the cathode chamber. However, this adsorption process increased the ohmic losses in the MFC system and decreased the current density. In the designs without a soil layer, when the anode was installed in the steelmaking slag (SS) layer, a higher cathode potential was observed compared with the design in which the anode was placed on the SS layer. Consequently, this higher potential induced a higher current density. However, without the exchange of cathode water, the current density decreased temporally, and no significant difference in the current density was observed between these designs during the first 7 days after generating electrical current. Therefore, placing the anode on the SS layer is a suitable design for recovering electricity from food waste
Comparison between gait characteristics in a free-living situation and in-laboratory walking among Japanese university students
Get PDF日本人健常大学生の研究室内と日常生活時の歩行状態を比較して，日常生活時の歩行状態の実態を明らかにする事を目的とした。日本人健常大学生の日常生活時の歩行は，研究室内の歩行よりも歩行速度が遅く，歩幅が短く，ピッチが遅い歩行が多かった。研究室内で行った通常歩行の歩行状態は日常生活時の歩行状態と異なっており，研究室内の結果を基に日常生活時の歩行状態を推測する際には注意が必要である
Development of Digital Image Teaching Material for Online Hands-on Practical Training Using Capsicum Fruit
Get PDF新型コロナウイルス感染症の拡大により，大学の閉鎖から講義の多くがオンライン教育へ変更された。しかし，生物の組織や細胞を学ぶ実習の場合，限られた組織の部位を特定の拡大率で示した顕微鏡写真を用いたオンライン教材では，学習者が自由に様々な角度から観察する実習と同等の学習効果を得ることは難しい。本研究では，オンラインでの果実形態学実習を想定し，トウガラシの果実を用いて果実の外観から拡大し続けると横断面へ，さらにはパラフィン切片画像へ切り替わるデジタル観察教材を開発した。開発した仕組みでは，果実や切片の観察したい場所を自由に拡大することを可能した。使用感を評価するために学生によるオンラインでの使用体験とアンケートを実施した。その結果，開発した教材は，画像のスムーズな切り替えに対する課題が指摘されたものの，形態を理解する補助的な資料として一定の評価を得た。The COVID-19 pandemic has forced full or partial school closures. Online classes have been established as an alternative way of learning in a classroom. However, in the case of hands-on training in the study of biological tissues and cells, it is difficult to achieve the same learning effect from online teaching materials that use micrographs showing a limited number of tissue sections at a specific magnification as from hands-on training where learners are free to observe from different angles. Digital images of Capsicum fruit were made for online hands-on practical training. These images are produced by external appearance of the fruit, longitudinal and transversal sections of fruit, and virtual microscopy images of tissue sections of the placental septum and pericarp. These images are connected so that they can be switched as users continue to enlarg on the screen displays just like Google Maps. Constructed images in this report enables viewing of any part of a fruit or specimen at any magnification. To evaluate the usability, an online experience by students and a questionnaire were conducted. The developed teaching materials received a certain evaluation as supplementary materials for understanding fruit morphology, although some issues were pointed out in operability for smooth change of each image.E1P論文Articl
The Progress of Formation of Flower Buds and Effects of Storage and Growing Temperature on their Development in Crocus Species and Cultivars
Get PDF開花期が秋から春に分かれるクロッカスの 10 種および 5 種の栽培品種を用い，室温条件下における花芽の発育経過を観察するとともに，花芽の発育および開花に及ぼす温度の影響について調べた。いずれの種や栽培品種においても，花芽の分化は球茎貯蔵中の 5 月下旬～7 月下旬に始まった。秋咲き種ではその後の花芽の発育が速やかに進み開花に至るのに対し，冬から春に開花する種や栽培品種では雌ずい形成期に達するのは 1 か月前後の遅れであったが，雌ずい形成期後の発育が遅いため開花が冬以降になることが示された。また多くの種や栽培品種で夏期に花芽の発育停止がみられた。貯蔵温度の影響をみたところ，いずれの種や栽培品種においても雌ずい形成期までの発育は20℃下で速やかに進み，30℃下ではほとんど進まないこと，その後花粉形成期までの発育は秋咲き種では 20℃，他のものでは 15℃で早く進むことが明らかにされ，夏期にみられた花芽の発育停止は高温のためであることが分かった。栽培温度の影響をみたところ，いずれの種や栽培品種も 15℃に近い温度で開花し，20℃に近い温度で開花したものは 5 種であった。また，1 品種で低温経過後に 20℃の温度域で開花が促進された。なお，適温下での到花日数は，早春から春に開花する種や栽培品種では秋～冬咲き種に比べて著しく長くなり，このため開花が春まで遅れることが分かった。This study was carried out to observe the progress of flower formation at room temperatures and to investigate the effect of storage temperature on the initiation and development of flower buds in 10 Crocus species and 6 cultivars originated from 5 species which have different flowering time from October to March. Also the effect of growing temperature on flowering was studied. In all species and cultivars used, flower initiation occurred during corm storage after harvest from late May to late July irrespective of their flowering time. In many crocuses, further development of flower buds was suspended during summer. In autumn flowering crocuses, development of flower buds progressed rapidly and came to flower earlier as compared with winter and spring flowering crocuses which reached stage 7, i.e.carpel formation stage about one month later, but required a longer period to flower. When corms were stored at various temperatures from 10℃ to 30℃, the differentiation of floral organs to stage 7 progressed most rapidly at 20℃ and was suspended at 30℃. The optimum temperature for the development of flower buds from stage 7 to stage 10, i.e. pollen formation stage, was 20℃ in autumn flowering crocuses and 15℃ in other crocuses. These results indicate that the suspension of development of flower buds observed during summer is due to high temperature. When corms after reaching stage 7 were planted and grown at various temperatures from 10℃ to 20℃, all crocuses flowered at temperatures near 15℃ and only 5 crocuses did so at temperatures near 20℃. In one cultivar, C. vernus ‘Jeanne d’Arc’ flowering was accelerated when corms were exposed to natural low temperatures and thereafter moved to 22℃. Days to flowering after planting at optimum temperatures were much longer in spring flowering crocuses and this fact resulted in delayed flowering. Furthermore, acceleration of flowering in some species and cultivars were discussed based on results obtained.E4P資料Research Dat
Administration of mucuna beans (Mucuna pruriences (L.) DC. var. utilis) improves cognition and neuropathology of 3 × Tg-AD mice
Get PDFアルツハイマー病(AD)は、細胞外アミロイドβペプチド(Aβ)の蓄積による老人斑と、細胞内過リン酸化タウタンパク質の蓄積による神経原線維もつれ(NFT)を特徴とする神経変性疾患である。ムクナ豆（Mucunapruriences (L.) DC. var. utilis）は、L-3,4-ジヒドロキシフェニルアラニン（L-DOPA）を3-9％含むユニークな植物である。ムクナマメを摂取させたマウス（ムクナマメ群）の脳では、Aβオリゴマーとデタージェントに不溶性のリン酸化タウの濃度がコントロール群に比べて減少した。また、ムクナマメ投与群の脳におけるAβ蓄積およびリン酸化タウ蓄積も減少した。さらに、ムクナ豆の投与は認知機能を改善した。これらの結果は、ムクナマメの投与が3×Tg-ADマウスのAD発症を予防する可能性を示唆している。Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of extracellular amyloid‑beta peptides (Aβ) resulting in senile plaques and intracellular hyperphosphorylated tau protein resulting in neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Mucuna beans (Mucuna pruriences (L.) DC. var. utilis) are unique plants containing 3–9% L‑3,4‑dihydroxyphenylalanine(L‑DOPA). Here we investigated the effect of the administration of Mucuna beans on AD prevention by feeding triple‑transgenic mice (3 ×Tg‑AD mice) with a diet containing Mucuna beans for 13 months. The levels of Aβ oligomers and detergent‑insoluble phosphorylated tau decreased in the brain of mice fed with Mucuna beans (Mucuna group) compared to those of the Control group. Aβ accumulation and phosphorylated tau accumulation in the brain in the Mucuna group were also reduced. In addition, administration of Mucuna beans improved cognitive function. These results suggest that administration of Mucuna beans may have a preventive effect on AD dev
Utilizing local forests for local elderly people: Case studies and their future possibilities
Get PDF" Currently, aging in local communities is a major social issue in Japan. At the same time, the increase in abandoned forests in various regions is also a major issue. However, if the health and recreation functions of forests can be effectively utilized, local forests have great potential for promoting the health of local elderly people, preventing diseases, and improving their health.
This paper introduces five case studies of health and recreation in local forests in local communities in Japan. The first two cases are from Fukuoka Prefecture and Kagoshima Prefecture in Kyushu, which are close to Korea. At local hospitals in both prefectures, forests of cedar, cypress, and evergreen broadleaf trees that had been abandoned were developed and used mainly for the treatment of dementia patients.
As a result, the patients' behavioral disorders associated with dementia (BPSD) decreased, and improvements were seen in their daily lives. The next case is from Saitama Prefecture and Nagano Prefecture in Honshu. Reg
Annual Variation of Iron Concentration in Aerosol over Abashiri Area, Hokkaido from 2008 to 2015
Get PDF大気エアロゾルは地球規模の放射伝達に影響を与えるだけではなく，海洋への微量元素の供給の意味で，海洋生態系の出発点である植物プランクトンに直接影響を与える。北太平洋亜寒帯は海洋生物生産の高い海域として知られているが，その一部は鉄不足によって植物プランクトンによる基礎生産が制限されるHNLC海域である。この海域への鉄の供給源としては，アムール川からオホーツク海を介し北太平洋に流れ込む海洋経路と，大陸から季節風によって大気から運搬される経路がある。近年，黄砂の増大が報告されており，大陸から季節風によって運搬される鉄の北太平洋への供給を見積もることは今後の海洋生物生産を推定するために有意義なことである。本研究は，その一部を担うため，網走上空のエアロゾル中の全鉄濃度を2008年から2014年までの7年間，水溶性鉄濃度を2015年までの8年間，それぞれ粗大粒子（≧2.1µm）と微細粒子（＜2.1µm）に分けて観測した。その結果，粗大粒子中の全鉄濃度は7年間平均が210.5µg m－3 day－1，最も平均濃度が高かった年は2010年で336.4µgm－3 day－1，平均濃度が低かった年は2014年で52.1µg m－3 day－1だった。粗大粒子中の水溶性鉄濃度は8年間平均が1.30µg m－3 day－1，最も平均濃度が高かった年は2012年の2.01µg m－3 day－1，平均濃度が低かったのは2013年の0.68µg m－3 day－1だった。微小粒子中の7年間平均全鉄濃度は99.4µg m－3 day－1，平均濃度が高かった年は2010年で153.0µg m－3 day－1，平均濃度が低かった年は2014年で21.4µg m－3 day－1だった。微小粒子中の水溶性鉄濃度は8年間平均が2.93µg m－3 day－1，最も平均濃度が高かった年は2012年の4.02µg m－3 day－1，平均濃度が低かったのは2013年の2.17µg m－3 day－1だった。全観測期間を通して全鉄濃度は減少傾向にあるが，水溶性鉄濃度は粗大粒子は増加傾向にあり，微小粒子では横ばいだった。大気エアロゾルから北太平洋へ供給される水溶性鉄は，植物プランクトンの成長に直接影響を与えるものであり，この研究により増加傾向にあることが判明した。Atmospheric aerosol not only affects global earth radiation balance but also the supply of trace metal to the ocean, which directly affects the phytoplankton growth, the bottom production of the marine ecosystem. The subarctic North Pacific is known as a higher productivity area of marine organisms, but a part of it is the HNLC (High Nutrient Low Chlorophyll) area where primary production is limited due to iron deficiency. There are two routes as a source of iron supply to the subarctic North Pacific. One of the routes is an oceanic route discharged from the Amur River through the Sea of Okhotsk to the North Pacific Ocean and the other route is the atmospheric route carried by the monsoon wind from the Asian continent. In recent years, an increase in yellow sand has been reported, and estimating the supply of iron transported by the seasonal wind from the continent to the North Pacific is valuable for estimating future marine biological production. In this research, the total iron concentration in the aerosol over the Abashiri area was measured for seven years from 2008 to 2014 and the water soluble iron concentration in the aerosol was measured during eight years from 2008 to 2015, and each iron concentration was measured separately for coarse particles (≧2.1µm) and fine particles (＜2.1µm). The result showed the total iron concentration in the coarse particles was 210.5µg m－3 day－1 on average for seven years, 336.4µg m－3 day－1 for 2010 when the average concentration was the highest and 52.1µg m－3 day－1 for 2014 when the average concentration was lowest. The water soluble iron concentration in the coarse particles was 1.30µg m－3 day－1 on average for eight years, 2.01µg m－3 day－1 for 2012 when the average concentration was the highest and 0.68µg m－3 day－1 for 2013 when the average concentration was lowest. The total iron concentration in the fine particles was 99.4µg m－3 day－1 on average for seven years, 153.0µg m－3 day－1 for 2010 when the average concentration was the highest and 21.4µg m－3 day－1 for 2014 when the average concentration was lowest. The water soluble iron concentration in the fine particles was 2.93µg m－3 day－1 on average for eight years, 4.02µg m－3 day－1 for 2015 when the average concentration was the highest and 2.17µg m－3 day－1 for 2013 when the average concentration was lowest. Although the total iron concentration was on a decreasing trend throughout the whole observation period, the concentration of the water-soluble iron in coarse particles was increasing and the water-soluble iron concentration in fine particles remained flat. In conclusion, the concentration of water-soluble iron in aerosol particles transported to the North Pacific via the atmosphere, which directly affects primary production, is slightly increasing.E4P論文Articl
New Core Vegetable Production Farmers in Midwestern Gabon─Comparing Permanent Cultivation Farmers and Shifting Cultivation Farmers─
Get PDFガボンでは，急速な都市人口の増加と農村部における野菜生産の担い手の減少により野菜の自給率が低下している。この状況を踏まえ政府は，野菜生産の新たな担い手として，単収が高く，商業的で収益性の高い農家の育成を進めている。本稿は，ガボン中西部において近年観察されるようになった常畑耕作を行う農家（常畑農家）と伝統的に焼畑耕作を行う農家（焼畑農家）を比較することにより，ガボン中西部における野菜生産の新たな担い手が常畑農家であることを明らかにした。本稿で明らかになったのは以下の点である。
第1に，常畑農家は，肥料の投入，農薬の利用，育苗の実施，灌漑の実施により，焼畑農家に比べて高い単収を実現させている。さらに，単収の向上を実現しつつ持続的な野菜生産に取り組んでいる。第2に，常畑農家は，焼畑農家に比べて野菜を作付けする割合が高く，販売する野菜の割合も高い。このことから常畑農家は，焼畑農家に比べて商業的な野菜生産に取り組んでいる。第3に，野菜生産において常畑農家は，焼畑農家よりも有意に高い所得を得ていることが明らかとなった。以上の点から常畑農家は，ガボン中西部における野菜生産の新たな担い手であるといえる。In Gabon, the rate of self-sufficiency in vegetables has been declining due to the rapid increase in the urban population and a decrease in vegetable farmers in rural areas. Given this situation, the government is promoting the development of new core vegetable farmers who make profits through high yields and commercial farming. This paper clarified that new core vegetable farmers are permanent cultivation farmers by comparing the farmers who are practicing permanent cultivation in recent years (Permanent cultivation farmers) and the farmers who are practicing shifting cultivation traditionally (Shifting cultivation farmers). The following points were clarified in this paper :
1. Permanent cultivation farmers realized higher yields than shifting cultivation farmers by using organic fertilizers and agrochemicals, adopting better nursery seedlings, and implementing irrigation practices. In addition, permanent farmers realized sustainable production along with higher yield.
2. Permanent cultivation farmers have a higher proportion of planting vegetables than Shifting cultivation farmers and Permanent cultivation farmers also have a higher percentage of vegetables to sell than Shifting cultivation farmers.
3. Permanent farmers gained significantly higher income than shifting cultivation farmers through vegetable cultivation. From the above points, it can be said that the new core vegetable farmers in midwestern Gabon are permanent cultivation farmers.E5P短報Not