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Polymorphic Diversity of Esterase Isozyme of Myanmar Rice Landraces
Get PDFミャンマーのイネ地方品種491点を用いて3つのエステラーゼアイソザイム(Est1,Est2,Est3)のザイモグラムを調査し,地域間における遺伝子型頻度,遺伝子座の平均遺伝子多様度および多様性指数を解析した。ミャンマーの地方品種には,Est1,Est2,Est3座の対立遺伝子で決定される 12種類の遺伝子型のうち,10型を除くすべての遺伝子型が存在した。とくに 1型,3型および 5型の3種類の遺伝子型の頻度が高かった。地域別でみると,どの地域でも多様な変異がみられたが,とくに北部のSagaing管区と西部丘陵地域のChin州と東部丘陵地域の Shan 州の品種には,ほとんどの遺伝子型が存在した。インドのアッサム州と隣接する 西部丘陵地域の Chin 州では,1型の頻度が最も高く,3型および 5型の遺伝子型も多い傾向が認められた。一方,イネの地方品種のエステラーゼアイソザイムの多様性に地域間差異があまり見られなかった。このことは,アイソザイムの酵素機能に差異がなく,環境適応に伴う自然選択や栽培者による人為選抜の影響を受けにくいことによると考えられる。さらに,エステラーゼアイソザイムに限れば,ミャンマー全土が多様性地域に包括され,目立った地域的分化が生じていない為と考えられた。Esterase isozymes have often used for investigating phylogenetic differentiation of rice landraces. Three loci of Est1, Est2 and Est3 have been identified where 2, 3, and 2 alleles are respectively included. The combinations of those alleles in the three loci produce 12 genotypes. Myanmar landraces are found to have eleven genotypes among them. Such genotypes as 1, 3 and 5 are more frequent than any others and most genotypes of esterase isozyme showed similarly frequencies in every region. The result indicated that Myanmar landraces have a wide range of genetic variation. The variation of esterase isozyme was considered to be neutral to natural and artificial selection as well.Genotypes of esterase isozyme were greatly diverse but no significant difference of genotypic frequency was observed among regions. The genotypes of esterase isozyme in Myanmar are as diverse as neighboring areas, as being reported earlier.E2KJ00008086999論文Articl
The Status and the Effects of Administrative Support for the Volunteer Activities for Stray Cats
Get PDFノラ猫問題を解決する一つの対策として地域猫活動が各地で行われており,一部の行政でその活動を支援している。そこで,その支援状況とその効果を検討するために,全国の自治体を対象として調査用紙を配布し,2008年度における情報を収集した。その結果,東京都特別区で地域猫活動を支援する行政が多く認められた。また,政令指定都市,中核市および都道府県のいずれの行政でも地域猫活動の地域がないと回答したところが多かった。条例や制度,避妊去勢手術費の補助,講習会開催等の支援措置は,東京都特別区および東京都市部で多く,中核市および都道府県では少ない状況であった。今回の調査では地域猫活動を行政が支援することが,猫に関する苦情の減少,猫の処分数の減少,また住民間の親密の増加等に対して有効であるかどうかについては明らかにならなかったものの,行政機関がノラ猫対策を早めにとることや,その支援を積極的に行うことなどが,猫の処分数を減らすのに有効である可能性が示唆された。Activities by community volunteers who care for stray cats, such as neutering and caring for stray cats, were supported at various administrative levels in Japan. In order to identify the status of the activities in which support is provided by the administrations and to assess the effect, we conducted a questionnaire survey to each government in 2008. The activities to support volunteer activities related to stray cats was significantly higher in the 23 wards of Tokyo than in other cities in Tokyo. Many of the local administrations did not have information about whether there were any such activities. There were significantly more administrations in the 23 wards of Tokyo and the other cities in Tokyo than in local administrations, which supported the activities such as enacting ordinances and animal protection promotion plans, and providing financial assistance to cover the cost of sterilization surgeries. This study could not clarify the effects of these support activities on reducing the number of and the nuisances caused by stray cats. However, it was suggested that efforts at the early period by every administration to assess the situation of stray cats and offer support activities would make the animal protection plans more effective.E7KJ00008087179資料Research Dat
A Study on Rice Growing Monitoring Using MODIS Image Data-Case Study of the Yoshijima area in Kawanishi Machi, Yamagata Prefecture-
Get PDF国内での衛星画像の農業利用が始まって以来,既に20年近く経過しているが,いまだ,実用化の段階には至っていない。本研究と同じ MODIS を使った水田分類の研究はあるが,本研究のような現場での普及を目的とした研究はなかった。その背景には1)稲の生育期間には梅雨の期間が含まれ,定期的な画像取得が困難なこと,2)高分解能の衛星画像は高価であること,3)衛星画像の解析のためには多大なコストが必要なことなどの要因があった。本研究では,NASA が2003年から運用している Terra, Aqua に搭載している MODIS データを利用し,準リアルタイム自動処理システムにより計算された時系列 NDVI(植生指標)と GIS を組み合わせることにより,圃場段階の稲の生育状況を連続的にモニターすることを可能にした。In Japan, remote satellite sensing technologies for rice production are not utilized effectively. There are three reasons for this : 1) the difficulty in continuous satellite photography of paddy fields because of the rainy season in the rice production period ; 2) satellite data are expensive ; 3) the cost of analyzing satellite data is expensive ; This paper describes the monitoring of the rice growing stage using MODIS satellite image data from 2007. This information is driven from NDVI using advanced automatic image processing approaches and GIS. The main goal of the research is to develop the system providing timely on quantitative information of rice production in quasi real-time model for agricultural cooperatives or farmers.3KJ00008236421論文Articl
Application of Wavelet Transform for Paddy Area Classification Using MODIS NDVI Data Series
Get PDF本報は,MODIS(Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)センサから取得された画像データより得られる正規化植生指数(NDVI)に対し,Wavelet 変換による時間周波数応答解析を適用し水稲圃場を分類するアルゴリズムを提案する。NDVI の波形から計算される Wavelet パワーは,水稲作期に対応しており,水稲圃場の特徴抽出に利用できる。そこで,Wavelet パワーの値により水稲圃場の特徴を決定した後,NDVIの統計情報とWaveletパワーを組み合わせた線形判別分析を行い,判別関数の値から自動的に土地利用分類を行う手法を提案する。本研究では,ベトナム南部のメコンデルタ地域を解析対象とする。本報では,250 m 解像度の10日間コンポジット画像から作成された,2009年 1月から 2011年 12月までの 3ヶ年の NDVI データを使用し解析を実施した。解析結果から,MODIS センサのような空間的に低解像度の衛星画像データを使用した場合であっても,NDVI の Wavelet パワーと基本統計量の組み合わせによる線形判別分析が,水稲圃場分類において効果的である事が確認できた。さらに,水稲圃場分類に必要な NDVI データの解析開始時期を播種期に一致させて計算することで,最も妥当な分類結果が得られることが判明した。しかし,現地の正確な土地利用データが不在であることから,提案手法の精度検証が今後の課題として残った。An algorithm for the classification of paddy area was proposed by utilizing wavelet transform as time frequency analysis of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data series derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor. The calculated wavelet powers of the NDVI wave correspond to the rice cropping calendar, and were used to obtain the characteristics of paddy area. After determining features of the paddy area, Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) is assessed for land-use classification using statistical values of NDVI data series and calculated wavelet powers. This research was conducted in the Mekong Delta, southern Vietnam. Three years, NDVI data series (January 2009 up to December 2011) of 10-day composite images with 250 m spatial resolution were applied. The result shows that the combination of wavelet powers and statistical values of NDVI data for LDA worked well for the classification, even when low resolution satellite images like MODIS were used. Furthermore, paddy classification can obtain the most appropriate result if the starting point of the calculation is adjusted to the rice planting period. However, verification of accuracy has not yet been done due to lack of the latest land-use data of the study area, and still remains as a future subject.E4KJ00008527980論文Articl
Signs of Damage by the Masked Palm Civet, Paguma larvata, on Cherry
Get PDFハクビシン Paguma larvata によるオウトウ(果実をサクランボと言う)への被害痕跡を現認記載した。山形県高畠町の食害発生園において被害翌日に現地調査を行ったところ,被害果直下の施設パイプ上に新しいハクビシンの足跡が発見された。さらに,その直下と園内の地面でサクランボの種子と果皮を大量に含む中型哺乳類の新しいフンが発見され,それらもハクビシンの進入痕跡であると考えられた。ハクビシンによる被害痕跡の特徴は,果梗(サクランボの軸)が枝上に残り実だけが消失していたという食害痕と,食害痕は同じ枝上に集中して発生していたこと,さらに,食害痕周囲の枝葉は折れたり破れたりしていなかったことであった。足跡と食害痕に関する本獣害情報の提供により,農家はオウトウ雨よけ施設内で発生するハクビシン食害を早期段階で認知でき,対策に向けて正しい判断を選択できる。The signs of damage by the masked palm civet, Paguma larvata, were inspected at cherry orchards in Takahata town, Yamagata-prefecture, northeastern Japan. Masked palm civets were detected in the orchards and surrounding areas through direct observation by a farmer, and through footprints, feces, and a hollow in the bundles of straw. This species was suspected to be the culprit after surveying the damage the next day; this was determined by the footprints on the steel pipe of the facility just below the damaged fruits. The characteristics of the damage were identified along with the condition that only cherries disappeared but peduncles remained on the damaged branches. The characteristics are as follows : 1) damaged fruits were aggregated, and 2) no branches and leaves were snapped off. Using this information, farmers can recognize wildlife damage and take correct decisions in its early stages.E6KJ00008528019短報Not
Exacum Dwarf, a New Disease Caused by Broad Bean Wilt Virus
Get PDF1989年,神奈川県でエキザカム(Exacum affine)に激しい萎縮と葉巻き症状が発生した。C. amaranticolorあるいはC. quinoaに接種して得たウイルスにより宿主を調べたところ,9科21種に感染し,エキザカムでは萎縮症状が再現され,C. amaranticolorやC. quinoaでは接種葉に灰白色斑点を生じた後に全身感染し,ソラマメでは頂葉の枯死が観察された他, 各種のタバコ類にも感染した。電子顕微鏡観察では直径約27nmの小球型ウイルス粒子が観察された。また,モモアカアブラムシ(Myzus persicae)で非永続的に伝搬された。粗汁液中の安定性は,耐熱性が60-65℃(10分),耐保存性が4日であった。ウイルス粒子はソラマメウイルトウイルス(BBWV)に対する抗血清を用いた免疫電子顕微鏡法で捕捉・修飾され,パチョリ微斑モザイクウイルス(PaMMV)に対する抗血清を用いたELISA法でも検出された。ウェスタンブロット法では2種のウイルス外被タンパク質が検出され,その分子量は約42,000と約26,000であった。本ウイルスを部分純化したところその収量は感染C. quinoa葉50gあたり3.6mgであった。部分純化標品をウサギに免疫し,抗血清の作製を行ったところ,ELISA法やウェスタンブロット法に利用可能であった。以上より,本ウイルスをBBWVの1系統と同定し,BBWVによるエキザカムの病害は未報告のため,病名を萎縮病,英名をdwarfとすることを提案した。Exacum (Exacum affine) is an ornamental plant, which is popular as a pot flower in summer in Japan. In several glasshouses of growers in Kanagawa prefecture in 1989, high incidence of symptoms such as severe dwarf, upward rolling of leaves, and reduced number and size of flowers was observed. Host range of the pathogen was tested with the inocula obtained by manual inoculation from diseased exacum to Chenopodium amaranticolor and C. quinoa. Plants of 21 species in 9 families including exacum were infected. Inoculated exacum showed systemic dwarf symptom, sometimes with ring spots, about 3 weeks after inoculation. C. amaranticolor showed chlorotic local lesions followed by systemic downward leaf curling and chlorosis. C. quinoa showed chlorotic local lesions followed by severe systemic chlorosis. Broad bean showed apical necrosis. N. tabacum cv. Samsun and N. occidentalis were also infected. Electron microscopic observation of leaf dips of infected plants stained with 2% phosphotungstic acid (PTA, pH 6.0) revealed isometric particles with a diameter of approximately 27nm. Myzus persicae transmitted the pathogen from systemicaly infected C. amaranticolor to healthy C. amaranticolor after 1hr starving, 10min of acquision period and 3hr of inoculation period. Thermal inactivation point was between 60 and 65℃ and longevity in vitro was up to 4 days. Virus particles were trapped and decorated by Immuno-sorbent electron microscopy with antiserum to Broad bean wilt virus (BBWV)-serotype I (gift from Dr. V. Lisa). Cucumber mosaic virus was not detected by ELISA. Molecular weights of the coat proteins were estimated by Western blotting with antiserum to patchouli mild mosaic virus which is closely related to broad bean wilt virus. Two coat protein bands with molecular weights of approximately 42,000 and 26,000 were observed. The virus was partially purified by the modified method described by Xu et al. (1988) and the yield was 3.6mg/50g of fresh infected C. quinoa. With partially purified virus, antiserum (As-BBWV-E) to the virus was produced by a series of immunization to rabbits. As-BBWV-E could detect the virus by ELISA and Western blotting. Based upon the results, the virus, which caused severe dwarf in exacum was identified as a strain of Broad bean wilt virus (BBWV). Though patchouli mild mosaic virus (PaMMV) shares similar characters with BBWV and is serologically related to BBWV, PaMMV has narrower host range with mild symptoms on some plants. Since BBWV has two serotypes, analysis of the serotype of the virus isolated from exacum is necessary. The disease of exacum caused by BBWV has not been reported in Japan and it was named as dwarf (Ishuku byo).E4KJ00004074140論文Articl
The Effect of Coprophagy Prevention Period on the Growth of Rats
Get PDF本試験では,食糞行動の阻止時間の違いがラットの成長に与える影響を知るため,食糞行動阻止ケージを使用して,24時間阻止,夜間12時間阻止,昼間12時間阻止および行動を全く制限しない自由行動(対照区)の4条件下でのラットの成長について検討した。供試ラットは,SD系4週齢の雄性を21匹用いた。ラットは対照区・昼間阻止区・夜間阻止区の各々に6匹,24時間阻止区に3匹配分した。食糞阻止ケージに収容していないラットは,試験中市販のラット飼育ケージに単飼し,室温23土1℃で,照明1日12時間の(9 : 00～21 : 00を明期,21 : 00～9 : 00を暗期)明暗周期とした調温室内で28日間飼育した。供試飼料は市販のラット維持繁殖用固形飼料を給与し,飼料の摂取,飲水は自由とした。本試験において対照区ラットの増体量に比べ食糞行動を阻止した3区の成長は低くなった。食糞行動を阻止した3区の間では,24時間阻止区が昼間阻止区,夜間阻止区に対して増体量が少なかった。飼料摂取量については,対照区に比べ,食糞行動を阻止した3区がいずれも有意に低い値を示したが,食糞行動を阻止した3区間には差は少なかった。また,飼料効率については,対照区に比べ,食糞行動を阻止した3区がいずれも有意に低く,食糞行動を阻止した3区の間では,24時間阻止区が昼間阻止区と夜間阻止区に対して有意に低い値を示した。総糞量は,対照区に比べ,食糞行動を阻止した3区が有意に低い値を示したが,これは飼料摂取量に対応して増減するものと考えられた。含水糞量並びに,含水糞量の総糞量に対する割合で明らかなように,食糞の阻止によって,採食できなかった含水糞が多いラットほど成長の低下が認められ,食糞行動の頻繁な夜間を阻止する方が昼間阻止するよりも含水糞の摂取量が少なくこれが成長に若干強く影響したものと考えられた。これらのことからも,含水糞の摂取は栄養補給の面で重要であり,従来の全糞採取法による比較と異なり含水糞として分類した糞に含まれる微量栄養素量を検討する必要性が認められた。In order to study the effect of coprophagy prevention period on the growth of rats, growth test was carried out under the following four conditions : no-prevention of coprophagy as a control, 24hrs prevention of coprophagy, 12hrs prevention of coprophagy at daytime and nighttime with prevention cage. Twenty-one Sprague-Dawley strain male rats, which were 4 weeks old, were used. The average of their initial body weight was about 98g. They were divided into groups, 6 rats in each 12hrs prevention group and control group respectively and 3 rats in 24hrs prevention group. They were fed for 28 days, in the air conditioning room, temperature 23±1℃, and illumination was controlled with light and dark cycle for 12hrs. They could feed commercial feed and water ad libitum during the test period. In the results of body weight gain, 3 prevention groups showed significantly lower values than those from the control group. Among the 3 prevention groups, 24hrs prevention group showed a significantly lower value than those from the other 2 prevention groups. Feed intakes of 3 prevention groups were also significantly lower than from the control group, but there was no significant difference among 3 prevention groups. The results of feed conversion showed a similar tendency to the results of gain. Total fecal amounts showed a similar tendency to the results of feed intake and it seemed that the total feces relates to the feed intake. Hydrous feces amount and its ratio to the total fecal amount showed that the large amount of hydrous feces collected by coprophagy prevention decreased the gain of rats. Therefore it seemed that the nighttime prevention, in which coprophagy was active, affects the growth. From the above-mentioned results, the ingestion of hydrous feces was important to supply nutrition. The small amount nutrition in the hydrous feces was examined by the total feces collection method in old days, and more study needs to be done on this aspect in future work.E11KJ00004074147論文Articl
Experimental Studies on the Freezing Tolerance of genus hedera
Get PDFヘデラ(Hedera)属植物の低温臨界温度や最低致死温度を究明するためにヘデラ属5種を供試し,ハードニング処理の仕方によって人工ハードニングと無ハードニング,自然ハードニングの3通りの方法で人工環境気象室で生育実験を行った。その結果,今回,供試したヘデラ属植物の中ではH. helix L. が最も低温に対する耐性に富むこと,ハードニング処理した場合のH. helix L. の低温臨界温度は-9～-12℃,最低致死温度は-16℃内外,H. canariensis Willd. の低温臨界温度は-3～-6℃内外,最低致死温度は-8℃内外であること,また,ハードニング処理を施さなければ最低致死温度はH.helixL.で-10℃内外,H. canariensis Willd. で-6℃内外になることが明らかとなった。The experiments which analyze the lowest survival point and the lethal point of genus hedera have been held under hardening and non-hardening conditions. Three experimental categories have been prepared. First is the step down process, ie., acclimatic freezing process and the second is the plunged process which started at 20℃ and 0℃. The third is the semi-step down process which started at 2℃, used seasonal materials hardened during autumn and winter seasons. Freezing and thawing work were clone inside the artificial control chamber. The results and explanations are as follows. The most durable one is, H. helix L., down up to -9～-12℃, in which the lowest survival point and lethal point is -16℃. The lowest survival and lethal point of H. canariensis Willd., are -3～-6℃ and -8℃.E10KJ00004074159論文Articl
Effects of cut flower shape and content of sugars in flower organs on the longevity of vase life in standard type carnation and relationships between the longevity and temperature and solar radiation during the growing period
Get PDF1999年2月から6月まで毎月1回,同一温室から収穫されたスタンダード・タイプ・カーネーション`フランシスコ'の切り花の形状,品質保持期間並びに期間別糖含有量を調査すると共に,品質保持と温室内気象条件の関係について調査した。1.切り花の生体重は2, 3月が大きくこれ以後6月まで低下したが,品質保持期間は3月が4.7日と短く,5月が5.9日で最も長かった。2.5月収穫の花弁のフルクトースとグルコース含有量は各々10mg, 6.5mg・100mg^DWで最も高く,3月は6.0mg, 4.8mg・100mg^DWと低かった。3.切り花収穫前10日間と11日から20日までの日中並びに夜間の平均気温と切り花の品質保持期間の間に有意な相関関係が認められ,回帰式から夜温14℃前後,昼温22℃前後が栽培の適温と推定された。We obtained carnation cut flowers 'Fransisco' from a greenhouse on the first Monday every month in February to June, and investigated the relationship between vase life and content of sugars in the cut flowers. Correlations between the longevity of vase life and temperatures in the greenhouse and amount of solar radiation during the growing period were also investigated. 1. Fresh weight and stem diameter of the cut flowers were highest in February and March, and decreased from April to June. Mean vase life was shortest in March (4.5 days) and longest in May (5.9 days). 2. Fructose and glucose contents in petals were highest in May (10.0mg and 6.5mg・100mg^ DW) and lowest in March (6.0mg and 4.8mg・100mg^ DW). 3. The vase life of carnation was highly correlated with day-time or night-time mean temperatures in 20 days to harvest, and it was estimated that the optimum growing temperature for long vase life of the cut flower was around 22℃ in day-time and 14℃ in night-time.E5KJ00004074182論文Articl
Basic Structure of the Corporation and the Publicity System of Accounts in the Philippines
Get PDF経済のグローバル化・ボーダレス化の進展に伴い企業活動の国際化が進んでおり,各国の会社法を中心とした法制度の理解が求められている。しかしながら,アジア地域の国については,一部の国を除いて会社法ないし会社制度に関する十分な研究がなされていない。本稿では,これまで十分な研究がなされていないフィリピンにおける会社法と改正証券法を取り上げ,その基本構造及びそれらに基づくSEC規制上の株式会社に対する計算書類公開制度について論じた。その結果,制度的にみた場合には,アメリカ法に準拠したフィリピン法上の株式会社に対するSECでの計算書類公開制度は,わが国の制度より実効性があり,特に問題の多いわが国の小規模株式会における計算書類公開制度を検討する上で有意義なものであることを指摘することができた。We have to understand corporation law and the corporate system in foreign countries, because business is increasingly international with the promotion of the globalization of economy and the border-less economy. However, studies of corporation law or the corporate system in Asian countries are not adequate, with the exception of a few countries (eg. China and Korea). In this study the author has taken up the Corporation Code of the Philippines and the Revised Securities Act not adequately studied in Japan, and has described the basic structure of the laws and the publicity system of accounts in the Philippines. As a result, it became clear that the Philippines Law is more effective than the Japanese Law relating to the publicity of accounts for small corporations. Especially, study of the publicity system of accounts in the SEC that is provided by the Philippines Law is very significant for rethinking the publicity system of accounts for small corporations that is provided by Japanese Commercial Law.E3KJ00004074189論文Articl