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Bankruptcy of a Wholesaler at a Local Wholesale Market and the Problem of Reconstruction : A Case Study of a Wholesaler of Kitami City Public Local Wholesale Market
Get PDF本稿の目的は,地方卸売市場卸売会社の経営破綻と再建の課題を考察することである。事例として北見市公設地方卸売市場の卸売会社を対象にした。地方卸売市場は,地場産の青果物や水産物の出荷先として,また地域の中小スーパーや小売店への供給先として欠かせない存在である。北見市公設地方卸売市場は,網走管内の拠点となる地方卸売市場であるが,2003年に卸売会社が経営破綻に追い込まれる。卸売会社の経営破綻という事態から一時は市場存続も危ぶまれたが,その後新会社設立で卸売業務は引き継がれている。北見市公設地方卸売市場の再建は,卸売業務を堅持できたというだけではなく,雇用情勢が厳しい中,従業員もほぼ以前のまま引き続き雇用されている点において意義がある。しかし,取引高が以前の水準に十分に回復しておらず,また転送依存率が高い等の問題点も抱えている。これらの課題に対処し,地域の生鮮食品の安定供給に寄与していくことが重要である。The purpose of the present study is to examine the bankruptcy of a wholesaler at a local wholesale market and the problem of reconstruction. The wholesaler of Kitami City public local wholesale market was investigated as a case study. The existence of the local wholesale market is essential as a shipping destination for local fresh produce and fishery products, and as a supply destination for small and medium-size local supermarkets and retail stores. Kitami City public wholesale market, which is a local wholesale market serving as a base for the Abashiri region, had its wholesaler pushed into business bankruptcy in 2003. Due to the bankruptcy of the wholesaler, the survival of the market was threatened. However, a new company was founded thereafter, and the wholesale operation was taken over by the new company. The reconstruction of Kitami City public local wholesale market is significant, not only in terms of the maintenance of the wholesale operation but also the continued employment of almost all workers who had been previously employed there, despite the difficult employment situation. However, the number of transactions has not fully recovered to past levels, and there are also problems such as a high dependence on product transfer among markets. It is important to address these problems and thereby support a stable supply of perishable foodstuffs.E1KJ00005353859論文Articl
Seasonal Variations in L-carnitine Levels in Colostrum and Milk of Holstein Cows
Get PDF本試験はホルスタイン種乳牛の初乳および乳中L-カルニチン含量の季節変化について検討することを目的とした。L-カルニチンの分析に供する乳汁の搾乳は分娩後2日,6日および30日とした。乳牛の各乳房から泌乳される乳汁成分は異なることが知られているが,本試験では合乳として処理をした。分娩後のL-カルニチン値の経時的な変動は,初乳で最も高く,徐々に牛乳中の最も低い値まで低下していった。分娩後同日の乳汁中L-カルニチン含量の季節変動は,各搾乳日で特異な変動を示した。初乳中の季節変動は初夏に緩やかに上昇し,分娩後6日のL-カルニチン含量は秋に急激に上昇した。牛乳のL-カルニチン含量は安定していた。このような泌乳ステージにおける変動の違いは,暑熱ストレスの違いを示すものと考えられた。In this study, we observed the seasonal variations in L-carnitine levels in the colostrum and milk of Holstein strain cows. Milking for L-carnitine analysis was conducted on days 2, 6, and 30 after calving. Because milk composition varies with each cow udder, mixed milk from each cow was prepared for this study. In the chronological variations of L-carnitine values after calving, the highest values were recognized in the colostrum and decreased to their lowest levels in milk. The seasonal variations in L-carnitine levels for each day after calving showed specific patterns, respectively. The L-carnitine level in colostrum increased mildly at the start of summer, and on day 6 after calving at the start of autumn, it increased suddenly. The L-carnitine level in milk remained stable. Differences in these variations in L-carnitine levels during the lactation stage appear to indicate differences in heat stress damage.E7KJ00005764605資料Not
A Study on Agricultural Extension in Developing Countries Toward the Development of Agriculture and Rural Society in Developing Countries
Get PDF今日,途上国人口の20～30%は近代部門に属し都市部に住んで近代的な生活を享受している。しかし,他の70～80%は農村部において伝統的な生活を営み,その中の多くの人々が貧困と飢餓と隣り合った生活を強いられている。開発の最大の課題はこの大半の人口を擁する農業と農村社会の開発にあるということができる。本稿は途上国に焦点を絞った農業・農村開発協力に活用できる普及論について,これまでの筆者の研究蓄積を中心に纏めたものである。研究の順序と内容は次のとおりである。まず,人口増加に伴う開発協力の必要性について概観した後,これまで筆者が途上国において実施した調査結果をもとに,農業・農村・農民の実態を把握する。次に,途上国農民の人的環境と農業経営上の問題点を明らかにする。その後,発展段階と普及の関係を明らかにし,各発展段階において,農業・農村開発のために必要とされる技術と,普及スタッフが具備すべき条件について検討する。以上の検討結果をもとに,終章において,途上国の農業・農村開発に向けた効果的で客観性のある農業普及制度の評価法の開発について検討し,その結果を一つの評価法として提案し結論としている。Currently, 20 to 30 percent of the population of developing countries comes under the modern sector ; lives in the city, enjoys modern life. However, traditional life is obvious in rural areas, and with this life around 70 to 80 percent of the population are on the verge of poverty and hunger has been a common experience in these areas. From these realities we can say that the biggest challenge for development is the development of agriculture and rural society which has the greater share of the population of the world.This paper focuses on the extension approaches that can be used for agriculture and rural development needed in developing countries, based on the author's current research on how to solve various problems in rural areas.First of all, the author takes a general view of the necessity of development cooperation according to the population increase. Then, the agriculture of developing countries, the farmer, and the realities of the farm village are discussed based on the result of surveys executed in developing countries. Social environment of farmer and managerial problems, the relation between the stage of development and extension are explained, and the technological necessities of extension staff in each stage are examined.In the closing chapter, based on these results, the development of an effective and objective evaluation method of agricultural extension system that is expected to help the development of agriculture and rural society is examined. In conclusion, the author presents the result as one evaluation method in accordance with these examinations.E2KJ00006055380綜説Revie
Bat Fauna in Three River Basins Originating in Mt. Mokoto, Hokkaido
Get PDF藻琴山を起点とする3河川流域(藻琴川,浦士別川,止別川)において,2008年8月～2010年9月にコウモリ類の分布および生態を調査した。また,一部捕獲個体に電波発信機を装着し,ねぐらを探した。調査地点は,生息環境や標高など調査場所の特徴に基づいて61ヵ所に設置された。森林内調査では,100～300m(広葉樹二次林,カラマツ地域)の捕獲個体数が少なかったが,標高と植生に関係なくヒメホオヒゲコウモリとコテングコウモリは,捕獲個体数に占める割合が2種あわせて49.7%であった。ニホンウサギコウモリは,北海道で最も高い標高で確認され,モモジロコウモリは,ドーベントンコウモリよりも流れが速い河川で多く捕獲された。繁殖ねぐらは,キタクビワコウモリ,カグヤコウモリ,モモジロコウ モリ,ドーベントンコウモリでそれぞれ1ヵ所ずつ確認され,そのうちのドーベントンコウ モリは,テレメトリー調査により樹洞がねぐらであることを確認した。藻琴山のコウモリ相は,標高の高い針広混交林に個体数,種類ともに多く,それ以外の地域では少ない傾向がみられた。The distribution of bats was investigated from August 2008 to September 2010 in three river basins (Mokoto, Urashibetu, and Yambetsu) originating in Mt. Mokoto, Hokkaido. Radio transmitters were attached to some captured individuals to locate their roosts. The investigation was conducted at 61 sites, considering the characteristics of each place, such as the living environment and altitude. In forests, although capture rates were low at altitudes of 100 to 300m (secondary broadleaved forests with larch plantations), Myotis ikonnikovi and Murina ussuriensis together accounted for 49.7% of all captured individuals, regardless of the altitude and flora. Plecotus sacrimontis were captured at altitudes above 820m and were observed at the highest altitude in Hokkaido. Myotis macrodactylus, was captured more frequently along fast flowing rivers, compared with Myotis petax. Breeding roosts were observed at 4 sites of investigation, one of which, a tree hollow, was identified as that of Myotis petax by telemetry. In order to protect bats, it may be necessary to investigate the actual use of breeding roosts, and telemetry may play an important role in such an investigation. In bat fauna of Mt. Mokoto, there are many individuals and species of broadleaved- coniferous forest at high altitude, but only a small number of larch forest, secondary of broad-coniferous forest and farmland forest.E6KJ00007242244論文Articl
Experience of Contact with Nature and Handicraft among Student of Landscape Architecture
Get PDF造園学において,「自然とのふれあい」や「ものづくり」は,造園の計画および設計,実際の施工等を学ぶための動機付けとして極めて重要な体験である。 近年,生活環境の都市化に伴い,自然とのふれあいやものづくりの体験ができる機会は減少する一方である。このような現状の中,造園学を学ぶ学生の自然とのふれあいやものづくり体験の実態はいかなる状況であるのかを把握するために造園学を学ぶ大学生625人に対するアンケート調査を行った。その結果,自然とのふれあいに関しては,幼少期から学童期まで日常的に体験するような川魚,海洋生物等の採取,カブト虫等の昆虫採取,昆虫や植物の標本づくりは男子で5～6割,女子で7～8割はほとんど体験がなかった。ものづくり体験のうちの,ものづくり体験は,「2 ～3回程度の体験」を「体験無し」に含まれるとすると,2割～5割の学生はものづくり体験がほとんどないことが明らかとなった。ケガの体験については,自然とのふれあいやものづくりの体験をほとんどしていないこともあり,カマで手を切ったり,重い石を落としたこと,脚立から落ちたり,木登りをしていて落ちたりしたことはほとんど体験がなかった。以上より,「自然とのふれあい」や「ものづくり」 の体験の機会は,終戦後,空間の消失と共に減少してきたといわれていることが確認できた。これらの結果を踏まえ,造園科学科として2010年度より大学教育のカリキュラムへ動機付けの基礎となる「造園体験実習」の教科を新たに組み込む必要性が生じた。Both experience of contact with nature and handicraft are important in order to motivate the study of landscape architecture. Questionnaire surveys were conducted to investigate the actual situation of "experience of contact with nature" and "experience of handicraft" with 625 students studying at the department of landscape architecture. Fifty to eighty percent of the students did not "experience nature", for example by fishing in river or sea, collecting insects, making zoological or botanical specimen. Students who did not get "experience of handicraft" were from 50 to 20%. Half of the students did not have experience of using materials like brick, tree and shrub, flower, thinner, natural stone or tools, for example, pruning shears and saw. A slight injury, e.g. cutting a part of body with pruning shears, saw or sickle while gardening, rash from plants, being stung by wasp ant or hairy caterpillar, cutting a part of body with plants (e.g. Miscanthus sinensis Anderss.) or slipping out heavy stone had not been experienced by about half of the students. These experiences of nature or handicraft should be included in a curriculum in the field of landscape architecture soon, and then we must prepare the ground to allow such free experiences.E8KJ00007242246論文Articl
Morphological Traits on the Standard Type and Less-leaf Type of Rice
Get PDF本研究は1/5000aワグネルポットに円形20株密植栽培した日本晴,コシヒカリおよびタカナリの水稲3品種について,総葉数の異なる主稈の出穂日,穂長,葉身長,葉鞘長および節間長を比較検討したもので,2009年に東京農業大学世田谷キャンパス網室で行った。3品種ともに主稈葉数に1枚の差が生じる標準型と減葉型の異なる生育型が発現した。標準型および減葉型の出現比率は試験区により変動し,コシヒカリおよび日本晴では標準型の集中する傾向にあったが,タカナリは2つの生育型に分かれる傾向にあった。タカナリではこの2つの生育型の形質間には有意な差がみられ,減葉型は標準型に比べ,出穂日はほとんど変わらなかったが,上位葉身が長く,下位節間が短い傾向を示した。また,窒素追肥および稈基部遮光が器官伸長に及ぼす影響を3品種の標準型および減葉型について検討したところ,幼穂発育期前半の窒素追肥は上位葉身長や上位節間長を高める傾向にあり,幼穂発育期間を通じた窒素追肥や稈基部遮光処理は下位節間を伸長させた。これらの影響は品種間および生育型間では大きな差が認められなかったことから,下位節間に着目した水稲の形態的制御を行う場合には,生育型を厳密に分ける必要性がないことが示唆された。We conducted pot experiments using three rice cultivars, Nipponbare, Koshihikari and Takanari in the net house at Setagaya Campus of Tokyo University of Agriculture in 2009. Twenty plants per pot were circular-dense-transplanted, and harvested at maturity to investigate the total leaf number on the main culms, and the lengths of panicle, leaf blades, leaf sheaths and internodes. We also researched the heading time, and the effects of nitrogen top-dressing and shading in the base of culms during the panicle development stage on the lengths of organs. Two types of the total leaf number on the main culms were confirmed. One was the standard type, and the other was the less-leaf type. Most of the culms were standard type in Nipponbare, and Koshihikari, but the culms of Takanari was divided into two types. There were clear differences in characteristics between the standard type and the less-leaf type, especially in Takanari. Less-leaf type culms tended to be longer in upper leaves and shorter in lower internodes than standard type culms. However, the effects of nitrogen top-dressing and shading on lengths of organs were likely to be roughly constant through cultivars or leaf number types. These results suggest that we need not control internode elongation with the consideration of leaf number types.E1KJ00007966960論文Articl
Carcass and Meat Quality of Three Genotype Populations in Goat Breeding for Meat Purposes in Thailand
Get PDF濃厚飼料給与量を体重の1パーセントとした給餌条件下で飼育したタイ産肉用ヤギ3集団の屠体成績を得ることを本研究の目的とした。南部タイ在来種,2元交雑(50%アングロヌビアン種×50%在来種),3元交雑(50%ボアー種×25%アングロヌビアン種×25%在来種)から健康な1歳雄18頭を無作為に選び,24時間絶食後,屠殺した。3元交雑は2元交雑および在来種に比べ,屠殺前生体重,枝肉重量,枝肉長の値が有意(P<0.01)に大きかった。枝肉歩留は50.20～54.28%で,3元交雑が有意(P<0.01)に低かった。3元交雑のロース心面積は,2元交雑や在来種に比して有意(P<0.01)に大きかった(それぞれ16.97,11.19,8.13cm^2)。屠体の物理学的特性,肉の化学組成と微細構造は,骨と肉の比率を除いて3集団に差はなかった。在来種の骨量は他集団に比べ有意(P<0.01)に低く,筋肉─骨比はほかの2集団に比べて有意(P<0.01)に高かった。また可食肉(筋肉+脂肪)─骨比も有意(P<0.05)に高かった。肉のタンパク含量は3元交雑(22.4%)が有意(P<0.05)に高く,脂肪も同様(P<0.01)であった。肉の剪断力価と肉色は集団により有意(P<0.05)に異なった。胸最長筋の剪断力価は大腿二頭筋や上腕三頭筋より低く(P<0.05),国際標準照度値による肉色測定では大腿二頭筋と上腕三頭筋の肉色は胸最長筋よりも暗かった(P<0.05)。The objective of this study was to assess the carcass characteristics of three genotypes of meat goats in Thailand, kept in a semi-intensive system with concentrated feed at 1% of body weight. Eighteen healthy male yearlings, including Southern Thai native, two-way crosses (50% Anglo-Nubian ×50% native) and three-way crosses (50% Boer ×25% Anglo-Nubian ×25% native) goats were randomly selected and slaughtered after being starved for 24 h. Three-way crosses had greater (P<0.01) fasted live weight, carcass weight and carcass length than two-way crosses and native goats in the same environment. The dressing percentage (based on empty body weight) ranged from 50.20% to 54.28%, with highly significant differences between genotypes. Three-way crosses had greater (P<0.01) loin eye area than two-way crosses and native goats (16.97, 11.19, and 8.13cm^2, respectively). Physical properties, chemical composition of meat, and muscle microstructure of the three genotypes were determined. There were no differences in physical properties between genotypes, except for bone percentage. Native goats had lower (P<0.01) bone content than two-way and three-way crosses. The muscle-bone ratio was higher (P<0.01) in native goats than in other goats, even using the criterion of edible meat (muscle+fat-bone ratio, P<0.05). The protein percentage of muscles was significantly higher in three-way crosses (22.4%) than in two-way crosses and native goats (P<0.05). The fat percentage of three-way crosses was higher (P<0.01) than that of two-way crosses and native goats. Genotype had a significant (P<0.05) influence on meat quality in regard to shear force and lightness. The longissimus dorsi had a lower shear force value than the biceps femoris and triceps brachii (P<0.05). The International Commission on Illumination system values for the biceps femoris and triceps brachii were lower (P<0.05) than those for the longissimus dorsi.E7KJ00007967159論文Articl
Structure and Function of Glutathione S-transferases ─Breakaway from the Resistant Expression with Medicine─
Get PDFグルタチオンS-転移酵素(GST)はミクロソーム酸化酵素であるチトクローム P450 と並んで生物体に広く存在する抱合酵素である。これは生体内で生合成や薬物の代謝分解に於いて重要な役割を演じている。α,μ,π,σ クラス GST では,チロシンがグルタチオン(GSH)のプロトンを引き抜き,GSH 抱合体を形成する。一方,昆虫の θ,δ,ε クラス GST では,セリンが近傍のペプチド結合のカルボニル基と相俟って,GSH からプロトンを引き抜き,GSH 抱合体を形成する。植物や大腸菌の GST は昆虫と同じセリンのシステムで GSH を活性化しているようである。本稿では,この GST の触媒機構と多様な機能を計算化学による必須アミノ酸残基の立体配座の視点から解説し,薬剤開発と抵抗性発現のイタチごっこの解消の足がかりを提案する。Glutathione S-transferase (GST) is a conjugating enzyme which is widely present in organisms along with the cytochrome P450 which is oxidizing enzyme. This is playing an important role in biosynthesis or drug metabolism and degradation. In alpha, mu, and pi class GSTs, tyrosine draws out the proton of glutathione (GSH) and forms GSH conjugates. On the other hand, in theta, delta and epsilon class GSTs in insect, serine draws out the proton from GSH conjointly with carbonyl group of the nearby peptide bond, and forms GSH conjugates. It seems that GST of plant or E. coli is activating GSH by the system of the same serine as insect. In this paper, the catalytic mechanism and function of GST are explained from the viewpoint of conformation of the essential amino acid residue by computational chemistry, and a foothold for the breakaway from vicious circle of drug development and resistance dis-covery is proposed.E3KJ00008376239綜説Revie
Estimation of Effects of Composts Mixing on Soil Physical Properties
Get PDF堆肥による土壌物理性の改良効果については,改良に至るメカニズムや施用方法と効果の定量的な関係が十分に明らかにされているとは言えない。本研究では,より均質な間隙構造の試料を作成できる撹乱土壌と堆肥を混合して土壌物理性を測定し,堆肥の種類,量および土壌の締固め強度が混合後の土壌の物理性および間隙の量や大きさに与える影響を検討した。牛ふんを原料とする堆肥は,土壌への混合量の増加にともない,気相率や間隙率が低下するにも関わらず通気係数や飽和透水係数が大きくなった。保水性の測定からは混合量の増加に伴い大きな間隙の割合が増加することが示されており,大きな間隙が通気性や透水性の上昇に寄与したと考えられた。一方,腐葉土を混合した試料の飽和透水係数はもとの土壌より大きくなったものの,通気係数はほとんど変化しなかった。腐葉土を混合した試料では締め固めの強度が大きくなっても通気係数や飽和透水係数の低下の割合が小さかった。保水性の測定からは腐葉土の作り出す大きな間隙は圧縮されにくいことが示された。堆肥の形状や大きさによって,作り出される間隙の大きさや量,圧縮への耐性に違いがあることが示唆された。A comprehensive understanding of changes in physical properties in soil after the mixing of compost is still lacking. The objectives of this study are to estimate the effects of the amount of cattle manure compost and leaf mold, and the compaction intensity of mixed soil, on soil physical properties and pore structure, such as pore volume and size distribution. Values of air permeability and saturated hydraulic conductivity increased with increase in the mixing compost, although the air filled porosity and total pore volume decreased. The inconsistency in the relationships between these porosities and air permeability and hydraulic conductivity is explained in terms of the increase in the fraction of large pores, which contributed to these conductivities greatly, increased by the compost mixing. The values of hydraulic conductivity of soils mixed with leaf mold increased with the increase of the mixing leaf mold but the changes in air permeability were negligibly small. The decreases in air permeability and hydraulic conductivity of the leaf mold-mixed soil with increases in the compaction intensity were smaller than those of the compost-mixed soil. The large pores made after mixing of leaf mold were more difficult to be compressed than those made by the compost. It is suggested that the shape and size of the mixing materials affect the structure of the pores that are made by the mixing and the physical properties of mixed soil.E5KJ00008376299論文Articl
Experiences of University Students with Wildlife during Pre-university Age and Their Influence on Course Selection
Get PDF学生が大学入学前にどのような野生動物関連の知識と体験を有しているか,東京農大生を対象に2002年と2012年にアンケート調査した。野外で見たことのある動物は2002年には鳥類>哺乳類>魚類>爬虫類>両生類の順であったが,2012年には爬虫類,両生類,魚類が大きく減少した。後者は水辺などに行かねば見られない動物であることから,この10年間に若年層の自然に触れる機会が減少していると思われた。野生動物に関する知識や意識における10年間の変化は少なかった。野生動物の目撃場所では,自宅周辺や里山が多く,旅行中の目撃頻度は減少傾向にあった。学生がイメージできる野生動物関連職業の数は少なく,動物園や研究職など一部職種に集中していた。好きな日本産動物の上位は陸生の中・大型哺乳類で占められ,食虫目や翼手目への関心は極めて低かった。好きな世界の動物では動物園で見ることのできるライオン,パンダ,ゾウ,コアラ,トラなどの大型獣が上位であった。野生動物に関する情報源としては特定のテレビ番組が大きな役割を果たしており,本では動物図鑑がよく利用されていた。動物系学科で学ぶ学生(東京農業大学)と非動物系の学生(国際基督教大学)を比較すると,野生動物教育の経験を除いて,アンケート結果は類似しており,入学前における野生動物経験の多寡は大学選択に影響していなかった。動物系の異なる研究室(野生動物学と動物介在療法)に所属する学生の野生動物経験を比較したところ,回答傾向は概ね類似したが,後者では鳥類や獣害に対する関心が若干低かった。Wildlife-related knowledge and experiences of freshman students during their pre-university ages were surveyed by questionnaire. Field encounter frequencies with animals in 2002 were in the order of birds>mammals>fish>reptiles>amphibians. In 2012 there were decreases in the frequency and species number of reptiles, amphibians and in particular fish, indicating that the younger generation was moving further away from nature. The most common mammals encountered in the field were raccoon dog, followed by fox, deer and monkey. Encounters mainly took place at Satoyama environments, while those during trips decreased. Big zoo mammals such as lion, panda and elephant were popular. TV programs were main sources of wildlife information. In particular some selected animal and nature programs had a strong influence. Animal encyclopedias played an important role as sources of wildlife information. The average number of wildlife-related jobs that students can conceive of was limited to 4.4, and their main focus was zoo keepers and researchers. Supply of job information as well as vocational education is needed. Comparing students of humanities course (International Christian University) and the animal science course (Tokyo University of Agriculture), their wildlife-related knowledge and experience during pre-university age were similar, except that the latter had stronger interests in zoos. Comparing students of different laboratories (wildlife and animal-facilitated-therapy), influence of laboratory research topics on their wildlife-consciousness was limited.E6KJ00008376319論文Articl