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Vocal Communication of the Japanese Giant Flying Squirrel Petaurista leucogenys
Get PDF樹上性リス科動物の中で他に例をみないほど大きな音声を発するムササビPetaurista leucogenysの発声と行動の関連をみるため,関東西部および九州における24カ所の社寺林,広葉樹林,スギ植林地および村落内の林において発声頻度を記録した。社寺林では声によって半径50mの範囲内に平均2個体,最高3.5個体が同時に確認されたが,広葉樹林やスギ植林地では0.1個体にすぎなかった。本種の鳴き声は写声語による表現では5タイプに分けられたが,東京都御岳山において採録された音声をソナグラム解析したところ,その一つである「グルル」声はさらに5サブタイプに細分された。しかし各タイプの意味合いは不明であった。本種は自らの位置を知らせるための「グルル」声や「ジジジ」声を移動の前後に高い場所で頻繁に発し,鳴き交わすのが特徴であることから,本種における声の主要な機能は繁殖や警戒のためでなく,縄張り行動に関するものと思われる。こうした特徴は夜間の滑空生活という生活様式から進化したと思われる。The Japanese giant flying squirrel Petaurista leucogenys is characterized by large and frequent vocalizations. Vocalization was most frequent at shrine groves compared to those at coniferous plantations and mountain forests. Based on the frequency, the average population density at the former was estimated as 2.5 individuals/ha. Voice types of the animal were classified into five by human acoustic sense. Although more detailed segmentation was possible through sound spectrogram analysis, semantics of respective voices were not clear. Differently from diurnal arboreal squirrels, the major function of the vocalization was to appeal their existence of themselves. This seemed an adaptation to nocturnal and gliding life in the forest.E12KJ00005049286論文Articl
Possibilities on Plot-less Sampling for Forest Evaluation : Forest Stand Height-diameter Ratio Calculation by Point Sampling
Get PDFわが国の人工林は,材価低迷に伴い再造林が困難なため長伐期化傾向にあり,優良大径材の育成とともに,間伐を主体とした健全な保育管理が環境保全面から重要になってきた。その指標の1つが林分形状比である。森林評価をより正確に行うためには,林地での測樹が必要不可欠であるが,広大な面積や複雑な地形,多様な樹木の形状など測定不利な条件のため多くの労働力を要する。その点においてプロットレスサンプリング法は,迅速な測定を特徴としているので,森林の現状把握に有効であると考えた。プロットサンプリング法は,ポイントサンプリング法とラインサンプリング法があり,本論文では前者に焦点をあて,ビッターリッヒ法と平田法を組み合わせることで林分形状比を求める式を確認した。ポイントサンプリング法による林分形状比式は,迅速に林分形状比を推定すること,容易な道具で計測が可能であることから森林や林業の専門家だけでなく,一般市民や消費者への森林に対する現状理解へとつながる可能性がある。また,平田法では,平均樹高を求めるために別途本数測定が必要であったが,林分形状比式ではカウント数以外の測定が必要ないことも特徴である。Aging man-made forest could be found due to the low price of logs in Japan. Such forests should be managed not only for their perceived benefits but also for their ability to contribute to environmental stability. The height-diameter ratio is one of the indicators of strength against wind and snow disaster. Usually accurate forest evaluation can be done by stands survey. However limited man-power and time are constraints due to wide area, inaccessible land, diversity of trees, etc. Fast survey can be done by plot-less sampling which is considered to effect forest evaluation. Plot-less sampling can be classified into point sampling and line-sampling. This paper focuses on point sampling. The formula of height-diameter ratio could be found by combining with Bitterlich method (basal area measure), and Hirata method (height measure). The formula found that additional survey, except for the application of numbers counting to determine stand density in Hirata method, is not necessary. The possibilities of the formula are ; 1) fast survey can be accomplished for forest health evaluation, and 2) easy methodology for example forest survey might be done even by non professional forestry workers.E5KJ00005049264論文Articl
Intertextuality and deja lu Salinger's and Dostoevsky's reminiscences in Wahei Tatematsu's A Sexual Apocalypse
Get PDFdeja luとは「すでに読んだことがあるという認識」である。テクストを読む「わたくし」が,作品Bのなかに作品Aに似た何かを発見するとき,「わたくし」が作品Aをかつて読んだことがあるというまさにそのことが事態の本質をなしている。つまり生きられた体験としての間テクスト性を観察するとき,その中核をなすのがdeja luという概念なのである。本論では立松和平『性的黙示録』にあらわれる夜汽車の場面が,サリンジャー『キャッチャー・イン・ザ・ライ』におけるホールデンとミセス・モロウとの出会いに酷似しているという発見を糸口に,deja luが間テクスト的読解へと展開していく過程を考察する。そのさい,ある種の理論家が唱える理念的な「読者」概念と生身の「わたくし」の経験の落差を記述する,という手法をとる。標準的なロシア文学研究者が『性的黙示録』のなかに認めるdeja luはドストエフスキーの諸作品の痕跡であると考えられるが,生身の「わたくし」が体験したdeja luはサリンジャー作品の上記の場面なのである。そしてサリンジャーと立松を対比させながら読むという営為もまた,両作家の作品の意義の解明に通じていることを示す。The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between intertextuality and deja lu. An intertextual reading consists of a recognition of something already read, i.e.deja lu. As Jonathan Culler puts it, an intertextual code is nothing more than this. The author of this study juxtaposes a scene from Wahei Tatematsu's magnum opus Seiteki Mokusiroku [A Sexual Apocalypse], which is yet to be translated into other languages, and one from J.D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye. In Tatematsu's novel, Koji, having finished an 8-year term in jail for murdering a woman, takes a night train and encounters an ugly middle-aged lady with a heavy northern Kanto dialect. Lying that he is a priest with a mysterious prophesy, he compells her to confess that she had her two babies aborted in her past. This scene somehow resembles Holden's encounter with his classmate's mother Mrs. Morrow on the night train bound for New York. Holden also lies that his name is Rudolph Schmidt and tells Mrs. Morrow that her son is a decent nice boy, which is not the case. When the author of this study came across the scene of Koji's encounter with an ugly lady, he experienced a strong feeling of deja lu, although details from both novels do not fully coincide. While an average student of Russian literature would find that Tatematsu's novel is full of Dostoevsky's reminiscences, the deja lu of the author of this study suggests that a comparison with The Catcher in the Rye is also of great use to elicit the traits of Tatematsu's novel. Thus, if one wishes to depict an intertextual reading as a lived experience, one has to juxtapose one's own deja lu and what Michael Rifaterre's "arch-reader" would find in the novel.E10KJ00005049269論文Articl
Effect of L-carnitine Supplementation on Growth Performance of Beef Calves
Get PDF本試験は子牛の飼料へのL-カルニチン添加が発育成績に及ぼす影響を評価する目的で実施した。L-カルニチンはATP生産に係わる脂肪代謝を促進するべくミトコンドリア内に長鎖脂肪酸を取り込む上で重要な役割を果たしている。 未成熟な動物は体内でのL-カルニチン合成が未発達であり,L-カルニチンの摂取は乳成分に依存している。本試験では黒毛和種子牛6頭を用いた。6頭の子牛は通常飼育の対照区とL-カルニチンを給与した試験区の2区に3頭ずつ無作為に配分した。1週間初乳を授乳させた後,母牛から分離して市販代用乳(500g/2L)を1日当たり2回給与した。試験区の代用乳には0.1gのL-カルニチンを添加した。人工哺乳を1カ月間行い,この期間終了後離乳させた。体重測定と体尺(胸囲,体長,胸深,十字部高)は期間中毎週行った。各項目において開始時の初期値に対する伸張率を算出し,比較した。試験区の増体量と胸囲の伸張率は大きくなる傾向を示したが,いずれの項目でも有意な差は認められなかった。本試験では供試頭数が少なかったが,L-カルニチンを代用乳に添加給与することは子牛の発育を高める事が示唆された。The present experiment aimed to estimate the effect of dietary supplementation of L-carnitine to calves on their growth performance. L-carnitine plays a role in the shuttling process of long-chain fatty acids into a mitochondrial matrix that eventually promotes lipid catabolism to produce ATP. Immature animals cannot synthesize it by themselves and depend on milk for the intake of L-carnitine. Six Japanese Black cattle calves were used in this study. The animals were randomly classified into two groups of 3 calves each, a normal control group and an L-carnitine supplemented experimental group. After one week of drinking colostrum, they were separated from their dam and artificially given 500g/2L commercial milk replacer twice a day. The milk in the experimental group contained additional 0.1g L-carnitine. Artificial nursing was conducted for 1 month and the animals were weaned after this period. Determination of body weight and body measurement (withers height, body length, chest depth, chest girth, and height at hip cross) was conducted every week. Enlargement percentage was calculated for the initial size for each calf at the starting point. Although body weight gain and enlargement of chest girth in the experimental group showed a tendency for improved growth performance, there was no significant difference in any factor. The number of animals used in this study may be somewhat small, but the present results suggest that L-carnitine supplementation to the milk replacer supported the growth performance of calves.E4KJ00005352362論文Articl
G.B. Shaw's Characterization in Pygmalion
Get PDF英国が,進歩と繁栄の時代として誇るヴィクトリア朝は,一方で,工場の生産性至上主義,子供の奴隷,貧困者からの搾取の時代でもあった。そして当然のことながら,次の四半世紀にかけて,良い面を伝えるだけでなく,暗い影も落とした。当時の英国の知識人達は,社会にとって有害なこうした負の性質に恐れを抱いたが,そのうちの一人が,同郷のオスカー・ワイルドより2歳下の,ダブリン出身のジョージ・バーナード・ショーであった。ショーは,彼のやり方,つまり劇作を通して,社会を改良したいと強く願っていた。彼がギリシャ神話から題材を取り,1912年に書いた『ピグマリオン』は,そうした作品の一つである。主人公は,ロンドンの花売り娘イライザ・ドゥーリトルで,音声学者ヒギンズ教授の指導で,上品なレディーに変身する。この劇は,英国の階級社会への風刺であるように言われるが,私は,男女の性質の差に関するショーの見方を表すものと考える。『ピグマリオン』の登場人物を分析し,彼等を二つのタイプに分けることにする。一つは,ヒギンズ教授(敵役),ピッカリング大佐,アルフレッド・ドゥーリトル(イライザの父親)を含む男性のグループで,もう一つは,イライザ,ヒギンズ夫人,ピアス夫人(家政婦)を含む女性グループである。前者は,仕事や階級を表し,競争や独立独行を象徴する。後者は,協力的でありながら,それぞれ個を確立している。ショーは何を我々に教えているのだろうか。彼は,「偉大な芸術は,社会改良の情熱を持ち教訓的でなくてはならない」と考えていた。この論文では,ドラマツルギーの一つの要素である演繹法を解明することによって,『ピグマリオン』におけるショーのメッセージに迫った。The Victorian Age in England, so often boasted of as an age of progress and prosperity, was also an age of factories, of child slavery, and of exploitation of the poor, which was naturally followed not just by positive phases but by negative ones in the country over the first quarter of the next century. In those days the English intelligentsia was afraid of negative qualities which were harmful to society. Among them was George Bernard SHAW from Dublin, two years junior to Oscar WILDE. SHAW strongly desired to reform society in his own way, through his ability as a dramatist. One of his best examples was Pygmalion, written in 1912, whose title was taken from an old Greek myth. Its protagonist is Eliza Doolittle, who is transformed from a London street vendor who hawks flowers into a charming lady by Professor Higgins, a phonetician. Many have said that the play presents a satirical view of the English class system ; however, I see the play as an expression of SHAW's view of the gender gap. Analyzing the characters of Pygmalion, I divide them into two types : the male group which includes Professor Higgins (an antagonist), Colonel Pickering and Alfred Doolittle (Eliza's father), and the female group which includes Eliza, Mrs Higgins and Mrs Pearce (housekeeper). The male group represents a profession or class and symbolizes competition and self-dependence. The female group indicates individuality combined with a cooperative nature. What does SHAW teach us? He says that great art must be didactic with a passion for reforming the world. I clarify his messages in Pygmalion by elucidating his deductive style, an element of dramaturgy.E9KJ00005352367論文Articl
The Distribution Expansion Factors of Papaver dubium (PAPAVERACEAE) in Urban Area
Get PDFナガミヒナゲシが日本国内で生育地を拡大している原因を解明するため,1961年に日本で初めて帰化が報告された東京都世田谷区と,1990年代以降急速に生育地が増加した東京都稲城市で生育地調査を行った。ナガミヒナゲシの生育地数は,世田谷地区と稲城地区の双方とも道路植桝で最も多く,次いで駐車場や道路に面した住宅地となり,自動車の通過する道路周辺に多いことが判明した。ナガミヒナゲシの生育地は道路植桝から周辺の駐車場へと自動車の移動に伴って拡大したと考えられる。この過程を検証するため,ナガミヒナゲシの在・不在データを応答変数として,道路植桝から駐車場までの距離と舗装の有無,それらの交互作用を説明変数とするロジスティック回帰分析を行った。AICによるモデル選択の結果,世田谷地区ではいずれの説明変数(距離,舗装の有無,それらの交互作用)も選択されなかったのに対し,稲城地区では距離(P=0.07)および距離と舗装の有無の交互作用(P=0.04)がナガミヒナゲシの存在に負の影響を及ぼしていた。これらの結果から,(1)帰化年代の古い世田谷地区では生育地拡大が完了しており,主要道路からの距離や舗装の有無とは無関係にナガミヒナゲシが生育していること,(2)稲城地区では生育地拡大の途上であり,その過程は道路植桝からの距離だけでなく,距離と舗装の有無との交互作用によって影響されることが示唆された。We investigated the distribution pattern of Papaver dubium in Setagaya ward and in Inagi city of Tokyo metropolis. P. dubium was firstly naturalized in Setagaya area in 1961, but in Inagi area, its distribution has been rapidly expanding from the 1990s. The number of P. dubium population was largest at planting curb of main road, and decreased in the following order : parking lot, residential place facing the roadside. These facts indicate that the transportation of seeds by automobile may influence the distribution expansion of P. dubium. We conducted the logistic regression analysis, where the response variable was the existence of P. dubium and the explanatory variables were distance from parking lot to planting curb along main road, pavement of parking lot, and their interaction. As the results of model selection by AIC, any explanatory variable was not selected in Setagaya area, but in Inagi area, distance (P=0.07) and interaction of distance and pavement (P=0.04) negatively influenced the existence of P. dubium. These results suggest that in Setagaya area, where P. dubium naturalized approximately 50 years before, habitat expansion may be completed and at the present stage, the distance from main road and the pavement of parking lot do not influence its distribution. In contrast, in Inagi area where P. dubium recently naturalized, both the distance and the pavement of parking lot regulate the process of expansion.E2KJ00005353860論文Articl
Changing Concepts of Landscape Used in Geography Fields
Get PDF2004年には景観法が公布・施行され「景観」は法律用語になった。しかしそれ以前から,「景観」は様々な分野で使用された。それら異なった分野では,「景観」の語は導入の経緯や使い方も異なっている。本研究は景観用語と概念の変遷を専門分野別にたどり,明らかにしようとするもので,本報では特に地理学系分野について考察した。本稿で得られた結論は,次の3点にまとめられる。(1) 地理学系の景観概念は,ドイツLandschaft論の影響を強く受け展開されるが,ドイツでも概念規定が不明確で,地理学の本質論に関係する問題でもあるため,日本でも激しい議論がなされてきた。(2) 景観概念は「地域」か「風景」か,という問題で常に議論されてきた。景観概念の不明確さは,ドイツのLandschaftが地域と風景という,別のルーツを持つ2つの意味を持つ言葉であったことに由来する。また,類義語であるLandscapeや風景には地域の意味が存在しない点が大きい。(3) 近年は,自然地理学では,生態学と結びついた「地域」の研究,また人文地理学は,英語圏のLandscapeの解釈から「風景」といった人間を主体としたイメージや認識論からのアプローチによる概念研究がなされている。With the enactment of the Japanese Landscape Law in 2004, keikan ("landscape") became a legal term. However, before then the term had been used in many fields in different ways. Developing different processes of introduction and usage of the word, each field has its own concept of landscape. This study traces different transitions of the concept by field, and clarifies their differences with particular focus on the field of geography. (1) The concept of landscape in Japanese geography developed under strong influence of the German concept, Landshaft. This concept, however, is ambiguous even in Germany. Since it concerns the essence of geography, its significance has been under heated debate in Japan. (2) The focus of the debate has always been whether keikan should be understood as "geographical area" or "scenery." This confusion stems from the fact that the German Landshaft has this double meaning. Another element that contributes to this confusion is that the English concept of landscape or the Japanese concept of fukei does not have the meaning, "geographical area." (3) In recent years, in natural geography, areas have been studied in conjunction with ecology. In human geography, on the other hand, the images of scenery have been studied from human points of view, and the concepts of scenery from epistemological points of view, under the influence of the American interpretations of landscape.E4KJ00005407339論文Articl
Steps of Sake Yeast Studies
Get PDF我々人類の生活に最も深くかかわってきた酵母の一つにSaccharomyces属が存在する。1838年Meyenによって分離された酵母がS.cerevisiaeと命名されて以来，Saccharomycesに属する多くの酵母が分離されている。一方，S.cerevisiaeには多くの実用酵母が含まれる。すなわち，清酒酵母は葡萄酒酵母やパン酵母と同種と考えられていた。しかし，ビオチンの要求性において清酒酵母と他の実用酵母に差異があることが約半世紀前に初めて認められた。以来，イーストサイジンに対する抵抗性，細胞表面の荷電状態，高濃度アルコール生成など，清酒酵母と他の実用酵母の多くの相違が細胞学的，醸造学的見地から報告された。さらに，1990年代に入り，電気泳動法により生化学的，染色体的見地からの相違が報告された。情報科学の発展と共に2010年代に入り，清酒酵母のゲノム情報も公開されている。Yeast is a very important microorganism in human life, especially Saccharomyces species. Sacchromyces cerevisiae is used in various food industries. Sake yeast, wine yeast, baker’s yeasts and so on are contained within S.cerevisiae. So, sake yeast and other industrial yeasts have been considered the same biochemically or taxonomically. But it was reported that sake yeast is distinguished from other industrial yeasts by Takeda in 1970. This was the first report that sake yeast has a different property from other industrial yeasts in biotin requirement. Then, growth in potassium-deficient, growth in filtrate of koji-mold culture, aggregation with Lactobacillus casei, foaming high-foams in sake mash, difference in antigenic structure, formation of a high concentration of alcohol in sake-mash, viability in sake-mash, difference in life cycle (thallism), electric charge on the cell surface, chromosome length and left telomeric structure of chromosome VI, electrophoresis pattern of 36kD protein and retention of 2μm DNA have been reported as characteristics of sake yeast. Additionally, genomic information of sake yeast was reported in 2011.E3P総説Revie
Species-specific PCR Primers for the Detection of Phyllosticta minima, the Causal Agents of Leaf Spot Diseases on Acer pycnanthum
Get PDFハナノキはカエデ属の日本固有種で，愛知県，岐阜県および長野県の限られた地域に自生している。本樹木は，個体数が減少していることから環境省レッドリストの絶滅危惧II類に選定され，その種の存続が危ぶまれている。植物病原菌Phyllosticta minimaによって引き起こされる褐色円斑病は，ハナノキに深刻な被害を与え，天然更新の阻害要因となっていることが考えられている。本研究では，ハナノキ罹病組織から病原菌を特異的に検出し，病害防除の上で重要となる感染経路を特定する目的で，種特異的プライマーを設計した。種特異的プライマーPmiFおよびPmiRは，P. minimaのrDNA ITS領域の塩基配列から設計され，分離菌株由来の全DNAを用いたPCR法で，その特異性が確認された。愛知県名古屋市で採集されたハナノキ組織から病原菌の検出を試みたところ，罹病葉のみならず潜在的に感染している無病徴の葉からも病原菌の検出が確認された。さらに，東京都八王子市に植栽されたハナノキの葉，葉柄，小枝，冬芽および腋芽について調査した結果，それぞれの組織から病原菌が検出された。P. minimaは6月から7月頃に罹病葉から腋芽（冬芽）へ感染，潜伏して，翌年の第一次感染源となることが明らかとなった。Acer pycnanthum is a maple tree indigenous to Japan, which grows in limited areas of the Aichi, Gifu, and Nagano Prefectures. A. pycnanthum is currently an endangered species, with a declining population. This tree is considered to be a vulnerable species according to the Red List of the Ministry of the Environment. Leaf spot disease caused by Phyllosticta minima, a phytopathogenic fungus, inflict severe damage on A. pycnanthum. These fungi secrete inhibitory factors, which have been suggested to repress natural regeneration. In the present study, we designed species-specific primers with the aim of specifically detecting pathogens in tissue samples of A. pycnanthum, thereby identifying infection routes crucial for disease control. The species-specific primers PmiF and PmiR, which were designed based on the sequence of the P. minima rDNA Internal Transcribed Spacer region, were verified for their specificity in PCR tests using the total DNA of isolated strains. In A. pycnanthum tissue samples from Hachioji, Tokyo and Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture, pathogenic fungi were isolated not only from affected but also asymptomatic leaves. Furthermore, in trees planted at Hachioji, Tokyo, pathogens were observed in tissue samples of leaves, petioles, twigs, winter buds, and axillary buds. These results suggest that P. minima infects axillary (winter) buds from June to July via previously infected leaves, thus becoming latent and finally triggering primary infections in the following year.E2P論文Articl
Trends in Research on Modern Shinto Shrine Grounds
Get PDF日本の明治時代から昭和戦前までの，近代の神社に関する研究は近年活発である。神道史，建築史，都市史，造園史，観光史の各分野で研究が進められている。そのなかで近代の神社境内の特徴が明らかになりつつある。明治政府は祭政一致であり，神道を国家の宗祀とし，神社境内から仏教の要素が取り払われた。法令により，神社は境内以外に所有していた土地を政府に収容され，広い神社林を失った例も多かった。明治政府は伊勢神宮を頂点に神社に社格を設け，国が予算を支出する神社など各地の神社を階層化した。明治時代の初頭に，皇室の祖先を祀る神社や，皇室の忠臣を祀る神社が日本各地に創建された。政府には神社に関する部局があり，そこに神社の営繕組織もでき，新設の神社には神社境内の社殿配置や規模の制限図が制定され，標準化が行われた。一方，古い神社は伝統の形式が尊重された。明治の初頭に政府側の戦没者を祀る東京招魂社が創建され，靖国神社に改称，戦争のたびに祀る戦没者を増やし，境内は改造された。明治初年の公園に関する法制により，神社境内が公園とされた事例もあった。大正時代に，明治天皇を祀る明治神宮が東京に創建されるときも制限図を参考にしていた。敷地の選定，社殿の形式，神社林の構成樹種などについて深く議論された。明治神宮の神苑は，神社林に囲まれた社殿のある内苑と，記念絵画館と体育施設のある洋式の外苑とが離れて整備され，東京の都市計画に大きな影響を与えた。明治神宮の神社林の造成は，椎・樫の照葉樹林を理想とする考え方へと，神社林の考え方の画期となった。明治以降，地元出身の戦没者を祀る招魂社が日本各地に設けられ，それらが昭和戦前の制度により護国神社に改められたが，社殿の形式や規模も政府が定めた。近代の神社の境内には新たな庭園が設けられてきた。近代の神社の境内を構成する石造鳥居，社号を彫った石柱，敷石，石段，石造の柵などの施設も整備されて充実し，神社の地元の石材が使われた。Research on modern Shinto shrines has been active in recent years, spanning shrines from the Meiji period to the pre-war Showa period in Japan. There is ongoing research in the fields of Shinto history, architectural history, urban history, the history of landscape architecture, and the history of tourism.
The Meiji government was theocratic, making the Shinto religion the pillar of the nation. Buddhist elements were removed from the grounds of Shinto shrines. According to government law, the land owned outside of shrine grounds was held by the government, and there are examples of wide areas of the forests surrounding shrines being lost.
The Meiji government started ranking shrines, with Ise Jingu at the top, and shrines every where were classified, such as shrines for which the country budgeted.
At the beginning of the Meiji period, shrines dedicated to ancestors of the Imperial House of Japan or those dedicated to its loyal retainers were established all over Japan. The government had a section dedicated to shrines, where an organization for upkeep was formed, and the layout of the main building of new shrines and a map dictating the limits of the shrines themselves were created and standardized. In addition, old shrines were held in high regard for their traditional appearance.
At the beginning of the Meiji period, a shrine dedicated to the spirits of government soldiers who fell in battle was established. This shrine was renamed “Yasukuni Jinja,” and the grounds were renovated as the number of soldiers increased in war.
There are also examples of the grounds of shrines being considered as parks as per a law related to parks from the first year of the Meiji period.
During the Taisho period, when Meiji Jingu, dedicated to Emperor Meiji, was established in Tokyo, the standardized map dictating shrine limits was used for reference. There was deep discussion on the selection of the site, the style of the main shrine, and the tree species comprising the shrine forest. The shrine grounds of Meiji Jingu were divided into Meiji Jingu Naien where the main shrine, surrounded by forest, was built and a Western-influenced Meiji Jingu Gaien where the Meiji Memorial Picture Gallery and fitness facilities were built, and this had a large effect on how the city of Tokyo was planned out.
When constructing the forest of the shrine, the way of thinking of a shrine forest evolved to idealizing an evergreen forest containing the Castanopsis genus, and evergreen oak trees.
From the Meiji period, shrines honoring the spirits of those fallen in war were established all over Japan. These shrines were reformed according to the pre-war Showa period system, and the style of the main building and layout were established by the government.
New gardens have been established on the grounds of modern shrines.
Maintenance was carried out on the stone Torii gates, name posts carved of stone, paving stones, stone steps, and stone fences found on shrine grounds, and stone from the local area was used.E2P総説Revie