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Co-operative and the Limited Liability System
Get PDFわが国の協同組合は,経済的・社会的に非常に大きな役割を果たしている。しかし,法制度面から協同組合制度をみた場合には,いくつかの問題を内包している。本稿では,協同組合における法制度上の重要な問題の1つとして組合員有限責任制度を取り上げ,債権者保護の視点からこれを論じた。協同組合では株式会社と同じように組合員有限責任制度が法定されているが,株式会社に比べて債権者保護の点で十分とはいえない。債権者保護制度は有限責任制度を担保する重要な要素であるので,協同組合において組合員有限責任制度を維持するのであれば,債権者保護の充実を図る必要がある。Co-operatives are very important as economic and social entities in Japan. However, they have a number problems in aspects of law and the legal side. In this study the author has taken up the limited liability system of co-partners in co-operatives as one major problem, and has descried it in relation to the protection of co-operative's creditors. The Co-operatives Laws have provided a limited liability system which is the same as the Commercial Code of Japan. However, the Co-operatives Laws can not adequately protect the co-operative's creditors in comparison with the Commercial Code of Japan. The protection system of the co-operative's creditors is very important to maintain the limited liability system. If we approve the limited liability system in the co-operatives, we require a more comprehensive protection system of creditors to the co-operatives than the present system.E2KJ00004074188論文Articl
On the consciousness of evil of Baudelaire
Get PDFボードレールの悪の意識は彼の宗教的哲学的思想の根底を成すものである。クレマン・ボルガルやバンジャマン・フォンダーヌも指摘しているように,ボードレールの信条はニーチェのそれに非常に近いものと思われる。ニーチェは神の死を宣告したが,それより先すでにボードレールは神の不在を表明しキリスト教への反逆を企てた。彼はキリスト教による救済を拒否し,自分の罪は自分自身によって贖おうとした。すなわち彼は自分の内に存在する悪を認識し,凝視し,そこから生じる苦悩を深く苦悩することによって罪を贖おうとした。≪苦悩こそ唯一の高貴≫と唄って,苦悩こそが自分の魂を浄化しうる唯一の手段であると信じた。その結果ボードレールは過剰な程に悪の意識にとりつかれてしまう。そのことについてボードレール自身「苦悩の錬金術」の中で≪僕は黄金を鉄に,天国を地獄に変えてしまう≫と嘆いている。こうしたボードレールの思想は当然,深い内省心に支えられねばならない。そのことについてボードレールは「救いがたいもの」(二)の中で≪心が自分自身を映す鏡となる 暗くしかも透明な差し向い 青白い星かげのゆらめく 明るくて暗い「真理」の井戸! 皮肉な地獄の燈台 悪魔的恩寵の松明 唯一の慰めであり栄光である-「悪」の中に居るという意識は!≫と唄っている。ヨーロッパの伝統的宗教であるキリスト教に反逆を企てたボードレールは 彼独自の教義を唱えた。そして,その思想の根底にあるのが「「悪」の中に居るという意識」であり「苦悩こそ唯一の高貴」であり,「苦悩の錬金術」である。こうしたボードレールの思想は良心の呵責を歌った普遍的真理となった。As the title shows, the consciousness of evil occupies the greater parter of the collection of poems, "The Flowers of Evil". What does this consciousness come from ? It contains many different elements, but it mainly results from Baudelaire's religious thought. He was an atheist, and couldn't believe in God. According to Christianity, it is said that Jesus Christ redeemed men from sin, so men are saved only if they love Christ as well as God. But Baudelaire did not want his own salvation by being Christian. He tried to revolt against Christianity, blaming for its easy confession of that time. He was convinced that nothing but the pangs of conscience could make atonement for his sins. And then he wanted to recover the humanity which he saw as refused by Christianity. He recognized all sorts of humanity. As a result he suffered a consciensness of evil which was included in humanity. It is true to say that his greatness consists in the deep reflection on himself.E3KJ00004074202論文Articl
Effect of active immunization against ovine inhibin α subunit on ovarian activity, and application of inhibin immunization to superovulation and twinning in Japanese Black cows
Get PDFインヒビン免疫はウシで排卵率を高めることが知られている。本研究では,組換え体ヒツジインヒビンαサブユニットを抗原とした黒毛和種牛への免疫が卵巣反応に及ぼす影響を検討した。また,過排卵誘起処置ならびに双子生産へのインヒビン免疫の適応性を調べた。免疫区として黒毛和種雌牛8頭に初回免疫時にインヒビンワクチン2mlを投与し,28日後に追加免疫として同量を投与した。対照区の5頭にはアジュバントのみを投与した。免疫後2-5ケ月の間,卵巣の変化を直腸検査ならびに超音波画像により追跡した。免疫区で観察した23発情周期中2および4発情周期について,それぞれ過排卵誘起処置ならびに双子生産を試みた。それぞれの試験に用いた供試牛は,発情日に人工授精を行い,過排卵誘起処置ではさらに人工授精後8日目に胚回収を行った。免疫区(23発情周期)では,発情卵胞(10mm≦)および黄体数は7.0±1.9,3.1±1.2であり,対照区(16発情周期)の1.1±2.2,1.1±1.4より多かった。免疫区では連続した発情周期で複数の卵胞発育および排卵が観察された。過排卵誘起処置では,2頭からそれぞれ4および9個の移植可能胚が得られ,胚移植の結果,3頭の産子が得られた。双子生産では4頭中1頭で双子が生産された。以上のことから,黒毛和種牛において組換え体ヒツジインヒビンαサブユニットの免疫は,連続した発情周期で複数の発情卵胞の発育ならびに複数排卵を誘発し,さらに過排卵誘起処置ならびに双子生産への応用が可能であることが明らかになった。なお,本研究は,性腺刺激ホルモンを併用しないインヒビン免疫のみによる過排卵誘起処置の成功例として,家畜における初の報告例である。Inhibin immunization increases the ovulation rate in cows. In this study we investigated the effect of active immunization of Japanese Black cows against the recombinant ovine inhibin α subunit on ovarian activity. In addition we examined whether inhibin immunization could be applied to superovulation and twinning in Japanese Black cows. Cows (n=8) were injected with 2ml of inhibin vaccine as primary injection at estrous day, followed by a booster injection (2ml) 4 weeks later. The control cows (n=5) received adjuvant only. Ovaries were examined by rectal palpation and using ultrasonography during 2 to 5 months after primary. Superovulation and twinning were attempted on 2 and 4 of 23 estrous cycles in immunized cows, respectively. The cows were run with artificial insemination at the day of estrus for both trials, and embryos were recovered for superovulation at 8 days after artificial insemination. The number of estrous follicles (10mm≦) and corpora lutea (7.0±1.9, 3.1±1.2, 23 cycles) of the immunized cows were higher than those of control cows (1.1±2.2, 1.1±1.4, 16 cycles). Multiple follicular development and ovulation were observed during successive estrous cycles in the immunized cows. In the superovulation trial, nine and 4 transferable embryos were recovered from each cow. The transferred embryos resulted in the birth of three calves. One of 4 cows of the twinning trial gave birth to twin calves. In conclusion, active immunization against the recombinant ovine inhibin α subunit induces successive multiple development of estrous follicles and multiple ovulation in Japanese Black cows. These experiments also show that inhibin immunization can be applied for superovulation in Japanese Black cows. In addition one twinning was induced in immunized cows. The present study is the first reported application of inhibin immunization resulting in successful superovulation in domestic animals.E1KJ00004019079論文Articl
Possibility of the Growth of Zoysia tenuifolia and Zoysia matrella Under the Differential Controlled Daylength Time
Get PDF日長時間の違いがビロードシバとコウライシバの生育に及ぼす影響について検討した。日長時間6,5,4,3,2,1,0時間の各実験区を設定し,約4ケ月間処理を行い,生育反応について探った。その結果,コウライシバでは,日長6時間区に比べて,5時間日長区以下では生育量が漸減し,4時間区では1/2程度に,3時間区や2時間区では葉の黄化現象や枯葉も認められるようになり,2時間区でも生育量は1/4程度となった。また1時間区では3.5ケ月後,0時間区では1.5ケ月後には枯死した。一方,ビロードシバでは,日長6,5,4時間区では生育量に大差がなく,3時間区で生育量が1/2以下となり,葉の黄化現象も認められ,2時間区では枯葉も見られるようになった。そして,1時間区では3ケ月後に3個体中2個体が枯死し,0時間区では3.5ケ月後にはすべて枯死した。つまり,ビロードシバの方がコウライシバに比べて,日長時間が短くなっても被害の発現やその後の進行度合も遅く,地下部も含めて生育量の低下や葉身の葉緑素含量(SPAD値)の低下もそれほど顕著でないことが解った。In this research, whether or not Daylength exposure effected the growth and development of Zoysia tenuifolia and Zoysia matrella were investigated. Each Zoysia individual was planted in 1/5000a pot and exposed 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6hrs per day from August to December 2001. The color and chlorophyll of leaf in the experiment categories were measured by chrometer (CR-200b, Minolta Co.) and chlorophyllmeter (SPAD-502, Minolta Co.). The results are as follows : The growth ratio of the Zoysia matrella showed half and quarter in 4hrs and 2hrs treatments compared with 6hrs treatment, and the necrosis leaves and yellow colored leaves appeared in 3hrs and 2hrs treatments. And Zoysia matrella showed necrosis conditions in 1hr and 0hr treatments after 3.5 and 1.5months. Zoysia tenuifolia maintained the growing conditions under the 4, 5, 6hrs treatments. The growth ratio of 3hrs treatment showed fewer than half compared with 6hrs treatment, and the necrosis leaves were recognized in 3hrs treatment. Yellow leaves appeared in 2hrs treatment. 2 of 3 individuals of Zoysia tenuifolia exhibited necrosis conditions in the 1hr treatment after 3months. But in 0hr treatment, all individuals showed necrosis conditions after 3.5months. From those results, it is recognized that Zoysia tenuifolia showed injury and became damaged slower than Zoysia matrella, although Daylength Time is shortened. And it is recognized that the down ratio of the growth quantity including rhizosphere and SPAD of Lamina were not prominent.E4KJ00004019096論文Articl
The Present Situation of Grassland Use and Livestock Production by Mongolian Country Nomads
Get PDF本調査は,1998年から2000年にわたる3年間において,ウランバートル郊外とこれより約400km先の北部,東部などの地域における草地の生育状態と家畜の飼育状況について調査し,近年のモンゴル遊牧民の放牧方法と家畜生産を探った。その結果,社会主義体制時代までの遊牧民は放牧家畜の扱い方において,経験的調節と優れた視力などによる伝統的放牧方法で継承し,安定した家畜生産を行っていたと思われるが,市場経済体制の転換により,自由な放牧利用の過放牧が草原の牧養力を低下させ,冬季6～7カ月間で飼育家畜の体重が激減し,さらに旱魃,雪害が加わるとこれまでにない多くの家畜を斃死させていることが判明した。したがって今後は小麦の麦稈サイレージの調製,備蓄草地の適正利用方法とこれらの運搬に伴う道路整備,通信方法などのインフラの開発を行い,モンゴル全地域における冬季の飼料確保を検討する必要があると思われた。The site of investigation is the northern region and an area in the eastern part 400km from Ulaanbaatar. Grassland growth, livestock productivity and the way of grazing of Mongolian nomads in recent years were researched. It was found that former nomads acceded in the traditional way in empirical control of the grazing livestock. Excellent eyesight and treatment enabled continuing stable livestock production without overgrazing because of the free grazing use. However, the conversion to a market economic structure caused grazing capacity to decline. Also, the winter season of 6 months to 7 months caused reduced weight of breeding livestock and death of a lot of livestock with a lot of damage from drought and snow. Therefore, silage preparation by wheat straw, the proper use of reserve grassland by hay making together with the development of infrastructure road service and communications seem to be necessary in order to secure feed in the winter season.E4KJ00003960124論文Article
Bacterial Black Spot of Basil Caused by Pseudomonas cichorii (Swingle 1925) Stapp1928, Newly Found in Japan
Get PDF2003年10月千葉県千倉町のビニルハウス栽培メボウキの葉,葉柄および茎に黒色水浸状斑および黒色条斑を形成し,ついには枯死する病害の発生を認めた。被害部からは細菌のみが分離され,分離菌はその病原性,細菌学的性質,血清学的性質からPseudomonas cichorii(Swingle1925)Stapp1928と同定された。P. cichoriiによるメボウキの病害は,わが国未報告であることから,病名を黒斑細菌病(英名 ; Bacterial black spot)とすることを提案した。In October, 2003, a new bacterial black spot disease was found on basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) in Chiba prefecture, Japan. This disease was characterized by the formation of irregular shaped brownish-black spots or streaks on the leaves, petioles and stems. Bacteria isolated from disease tissues produced black spots and streaks similar to natural infection on the basil by spray inoculation method. The causal bacterium was identified as Pseudomonas cichorii (Swingle 1925) Stapp1928 based on pathogenicity, bacteriological and serological characteristics. Bacterial disease of basil caused by P. cichorii has not been recorded in Japan. Therefore, we proposed the name "bacterial black spot" for this disease.E3KJ00004317763論文Articl
Classification of Small Farm Households in Dominican Republic
Get PDFカリブ海地域における農業の担い手は,少数の企業的大規模経営と圧倒的多数の小農に分化している。そして,当該地域の小農の自給的営農から商品生産的営農への展開可能性についての実証的・定量的分析は少ない。本稿では,はじめに,ドミニカ共和国のパルセーラと呼ばれる小農の実態調査結果を素材に,主成分分析などを用いて農家の営農類型区分を行い,流動財依存型,労働依存カボチャ型,労働依存コショウ型,自給型の4類型を抽出した。つぎに,営農類型ごとに粗生産額に対する生産諸要素(耕地面積,総労働時間,物財費)の寄与の程度,地目構成,作物・家畜構成,労働力構成,労働手段保有状況などを分析した。これらの検討から,全体としては自給的性格が強く,生産諸要素の機能を表示する投入産出関係が不明確な,いわば同質の営農類型のようにみえるパルセーラのなかにも,商品作物の導入を図り,積極的に経営改善を目指す農家がエンブリオ(萌芽)的存在ではあるが確認できた。これら商業的農業に向けたエンブリオの育成がこれからの課題となる。Agriculture in the Dominican Republic consists of a large number of small farm households called "parcela" and a few big, corporate farms called "hacienda". The purpose of this study is to determine the shifting probability from subsistence farming to commercial farming based on the survey data of ninety-six "parcelas" in rural of shifting areas near Santo Domingo. The results of this study are summarized as follows ; 1. The study found no correlation between input and output for the reason that "parcelas" are subsistence farm households. The standard partial regression coefficient of land, PMWU (Productive Man Work Unit) and its cost are respectively 0.1222 ( t value : 0.9548), 0.5316(ditto, 2.5318) and 0.0223 (ditto, 07325). 2. Ninety-six "parcelas" are classified into four groups according to the score of the first principal component and the second principal component. 1) First group includes twenty-one "parcelas", named the circulating goods type. Although coefficient of determination is low, the standard partial regression coefficient of cost shows that a significant level is 1%. 2) Second group includes thirty-two "parcelas", named high-labor cultivation of pumpkin. Although coefficient of determination is low, the standard partial regression coefficient of PMWU shows that a significant level is 5%. 3) Third group includes twenty-three parcelas", named high-labor cultivation of pepper. Although coefficient of determination is low, the standard parcial regression coefficient of PMWU shows that a significant level is 5%. 4) Forth group includes nineteen "parcelas" named self-sufficiency type. Coefficient of determination is 0. This study shows that the "parcelas" of the Dominican Republic have four types of subsistence farm households. Some "parcelas" practice effective agricultural techniques and those "parcelas" are in the process of converting to commercial family farms.E3KJ00004397812論文Articl
On inheritance of white thoroughbred in Japan
Get PDFわが国のサラブレッド種における白毛の個体は1979年に出現しているが,その遺伝的様式が不明なまま血統登録されることとなった。白毛の遺伝については,優性白遺伝子(W)とサビノ遺伝子(S)の2説が報告されているが,後者の遺伝子は交配データを用いた解析が実施されないまま仮定されていた。そこで本報告では,わが国のサラブレッド種に出現した白毛の家系調査を実施した結果,それは不完全優性のS遺伝子がホモ型になった場合に発現されることが確認された。またS/s型は刺毛や大きな白徴が特徴となるサビノ毛色を表現するが,その発現には大きなバラツキが存在する。To evidence inheritance mode of white thoroughbreds produced in Japan, two hypothesis concerning white dominance gene (W) and sabino-based white gene (S) were tested for the probability of mating combination using three sets of family data. It was confirmed that white thoroughbreds are expressed in homozygous S/S type with incomplete dominant gene S. The S/s type horse must have sabino-based solid color in which white hairs and large white markings are expressed with large dispersion.E10KJ00004587990論文Research dat
Habitat Preference and Nest Box Use of the Small Japanese Flying Squirrel Pteromys momonga in the Tanzawa Mountains
Get PDFニホンモモンガPteromys momongaの巣箱利用率から本種の環境嗜好性を評価した。丹沢山地に548個の巣箱を設置し樹上性哺乳類全般の利用状況を調べた。巣箱利用率の高まる8月から10月における巣箱内の痕跡から,林相,水場の遠近および標高が本種の巣箱利用度に及ぼす影響を検討した。本種の巣箱痕跡率は広葉樹・モミの天然林において0.4%,スギ・ヒノキ人工林で0%,および天然林と人工林がパッチ状に混在する林で3.9%であった。一般線形モデルによる解析を行ったところ,本種は天然林と人工林の混在する環境を好んで生息し,水場の遠近や標高による影響は見られなかった。他方,山地林に普遍的に生息する樹上性ノネズミであるヒメネズミApodemus argenteusはこれらの環境要素に対して嗜好性を示さなかったことから,上記の嗜好性がニホンモモンガの特徴であることが推察された。Habitat preference of the small Japanese flying squirrel Pteromys momonga was studied by using 548 nest boxes in the Tanzawa Mountains from March 2005 to January 2006. Investigation of a total of 1,956 boxes revealed that the use ratio of the boxes by the animal was comparable to that of the quite common small Japanese field mouse Apodemus argenteus in Japan. Sign ratios of P. momonga at those boxes were 0.4% at natural forests that were mixed with broad-leaved and fir trees, and 0% at forests dominated by coniferous plantations. The highest sign ratio of 3.9% was recorded at forests where natural forests and coniferous plantations are patchily mixed. General linear model indicated that the forest types, rather than the distances from water places and the elevations of respective sites, were the major factor influencing population density of P. momonga. On the other hand, distribution of A. argenteus was not affected by those factors. Based on the above results, authors proposed forest management policies that were compatible with conservation of small arboreal mammals.E3KJ00004919571論文Article
Common Erythrocyte Antigens Among Cattle and their Close Relatives Revealed by Analysis of Monoclonal Antibodies
Get PDFウシとその近縁家畜に共通する赤血球抗原を特定するために,アジア在来牛,バリウシ,ガヤール,ヤク,スイギュウ,ベゾアー,ヤギおよびヒツジの計1,000頭以上について,32種類のウシ血液型判定用モノクローナル抗体を用いた試験を行なった。これらの家畜はウシと34.4～87.5%の赤血球抗原を共有していた。共通抗原の数から推定すると,ウシ亜属(Bos)とガウア亜属(Bibos)間は,ウシ亜属(Bos)とヤク亜属(Poehagus)間より近縁であった。A2抗原は調べた8種全てに分布する抗原だった。Fc抗原の存在はウシ亜科とヤギ亜科の動物を区別した。すなわちウシ,バリウシ,ガヤール,ヤク,スイギュウのすべての個体がFc抗原を持つのに対し,ヤギやヒツジでFcをもつ個体は認められなかった。To detect common erythrocyte antigens among cattle and their close relatives, extensive tests on red blood cells from more than 1,000 animals including several indigenous cattle from various Asian countries, Bali cattle, Gayal, Yaks, Water buffaloes, Bezoar and some breeds of goats and sheep were screened with thirty-two bovine red blood group monoclonal antibodies. The five species except cattle, Bezoar and Gayal shared 34.4-87.5% of erythrocyte antigens with cattle. Based on the number of common erythrocyte antigens in each species, the relationships between subgenera Bos and Bibos was closer than that between subgenera Bos and Poephagus. The A2 antigen was distributed among all the eight species screened. The presence of the Fc antigen could be used to distinguish subfamily Bovinae from subfamily Caprinae ; that is all individuals of cattle, Bali cattle, Gayal, Yaks and Water buffaloes had the Fc antigen but not goats nor sheep.E10KJ00004919578論文Article