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J.M. Synge's Dramatic Methods and His Vision of Nature in Riders to the Sea
Get PDF『海に駆け行く者』(1902)はシングが最初に手がけた「農民劇」であり,アラン島体験の直接の成果であると同時に,アラン島を舞台とした彼の唯一の劇である。彼は劇の言語として島民の方言を用い,又彼の心を掴んだ島民のいきいきとした言い回しをせりふに取り入れている。さらに彼はプロットの中心に妖精信仰を組み入れている。劇は人物描写,舞台セット,演劇言語等,現実を再現するリアリズムの手法で進行して行く。しかし劇の筋書き,プロットは馬に乗った妖精達が人間を海の下の妖精の国に連れて行くという民衆の想像的世界に依拠している。自然と超自然が絡み合い,人と妖精が作用しあう民衆の物語的想像力の世界に惹き付けられたシングはまた,島の葬儀の独特の儀式に人間的悲惨を超克するための理想的表現形式への洞察を得た。彼は巧みに劇的山場を組み立てることによって,女主人公が,すべての息子を飲み込んでしまった海との生涯にわたっての闘いの人生を語ることによって,徐々に精神の平安を得てゆく様を描く。『海に駆け行く者』は自然と人間の根源的関係,自然の中の死すべき人間の原型的闘いを描いている。女主人公は海に囲まれた小さな島に生きる貧しい老女である。しかし彼女は悲劇的体験を生き抜くことによって女司祭の風格をもつ。すべてを失い,もう失う物が何もなくなった時,彼女は自我としての存在から解放され,偉大な敵であった海そのものの一部となり,彼女の魂は海と融合する。シングは普通の女性の苦しみを通して,悲劇的美の世界を創り上げた。そのことによって彼は,自然の中のすべての生き物が威厳をもつこと,そしてそれは愛の喜びと死の悲しみの激しい感情を生き抜くことから由来するということを示唆したのである。Riders to the Sea (1902), Synge's first peasant drama, proceeds in the manner of realism, yet its story and plot are based on the folk imagination that fairy riders come to take humans to their country under the sea. Riders to the Sea deals with the fundamental relations of man and nature, an archetypical struggle of the mortal living in nature. The heroine is a poor old woman who lost all of her six sons devoured by the sea, but through her life-long tragic experiences she attains the stature of priestess. When she finds herself with nothing to lose any more, she frees herself from being as the ego to become a part of the sea herself ; her mind unites with her great opponent, the sea, finally. SYNGE created a world of tragic beauty through ordinary woman's suffering, and in so doing he suggested that every life in nature has moments of dignity that stem from intense feelings of love and death.E3KJ00004019073論文Articl
Differing Growth Rates of Corn Seedlings by the Application of Several Kinds of Compost-Relationship between Seedling Growth and Physical Condition of the Soil-
Get PDF材料が異なる3種類の堆肥を用い,トウモロコシの初期生育の相違を,地上部窒素含有量(窒素吸収量)と土壌物理性の変化から検討した。1/5,000aワグナーポットに,各堆肥を乾物で,38g,76g,114g,152gを施与し,播種後4週間後に,地上部乾物重と窒素含有率を測定した。地上部窒素含有量と地上部乾物重との間には,正の相関関係が認められ,同じ窒素含有量で比較すると,単位乾物重当たりの体積が大きい(比重が小さい)堆肥を施与した場合の方が,トウモロコシの地上部乾物重が大きかった。混和した堆肥の単位乾物重当たり体積が大きいほど,土壌の空隙率が増加し,トウモロコシの生育量を大きくしたものと示唆された。In this paper, the dry matter production and the nitrogen content of the top of corn seedlings were measured after cultivation for four weeks in 1/5,000a Wagner pots containing soils mixed with different volumes of dry compost at 38, 76, 114, and 152 grams, respectively. As a result, a positive correlation between the dry matter and total nitrogen content in the top was recognized. Among applied compost carrying the same nitrogen content, corn seedling growth was promoted if compost with more volume was used. The improvement of soil physical condition by increasing its aeration seems to promote corn seedling growth in the early stage.E2KJ00004019087論文Articl
Investigation of Current States about the Height of Buildings which Influences to Tama River Landscape
Get PDF本研究の目的は大都市東京にとって貴重な自然的オープンスペースである多摩川沿いにおける建築物の高さの実態を調べ,高層建築物によって多摩川の景観が脅かされている現状を把握することである。研究の結果,(1) 建築物の平均階数は,上流から下流に向けて高くなっており,左岸は上流2.43階,中流2.61階,下流3.27階,右岸は上流2.21階,中流2.86階,下流2.84階であった。(2) 川に近づくほど建築高が高くなるところが全体の20%あり,この場所は建築高による圧迫感によって河川景観に悪影響があると推察された。(3) 平均階数が4階以上の場所の約6割が工業系用途地域であることが分かった。(4) 高層建築が対岸にある場所は高層化されにくいことが考察された。The purpose of this research is to examine the height of the building, and to understand the current state from which the landscape in Tama river is threatened with the high rise. The result are as follows : 1) It has been understood that the height of the building in the Tama river has risen toward the downstream from the upstream. The height of an average building on the left side shore was 2.43 floors, 2.61 floors, and 3.27 floors from the upstream to the downstream. In the right side shore, it was 2.21 floors, 2.86 floors, and 2.84 floors : 2) The closer to the river were the higher buildings height were 20% as a whole. In this place, it was guessed that the feeling of pressure of architectural height had an adverse effect on the river landscape : 3) It has been considered that about 60 percent of places of more than four floors of average architectural height are industrial systems use districts : 4) It was considered that the place where high rise existed on the opposite shore did not build high rises easily.E9KJ00004867531短報Not
Effects of Results of Training on Correlation between Field Exercise Intensity and Osmotic Fragility of Red Cells in Thoroughbred Young Horses
Get PDF2歳のサラブレッドを有酸素トレーニング群(Group Aer)および無酸素トレーニング群(Group Ana)に分け,トレーニングの違いがフィールド運動負荷時の赤血球膜浸透圧脆弱性の変動に及ぼす影響を調査した。両Group共に,フィールドでの有酸素運動は赤血球膜脆弱性を抑制し,逆に無酸素運動負荷は赤血球膜脆弱性を亢進した。また,両Groupの無酸素運動負荷時の運動能力には差異は認められなかった。Group Anaの有酸素運動負荷時のRHLはRVと明確な相関を見せず,一方,LAと有意な負の相関を示したが,Group Aerの有酸素運動負荷時のRHLはRVと有意な正の相関を示し,LAと相関が認められなかった。Group AnaはGroup Aerに比べて,有酸素運動負荷時には有酸素呼吸能が高いものとも考えられる。したがって無酸素トレーニングは,有酸素運動能を改善したことが確認された。また,赤血球膜浸透圧脆弱性は,トレーニング効果を判定する有効な指標となりうることが明確になった。Twenty-two Thoroughbreds were divided into two groups : an aerobic trained group (Group Aer) and an anaerobic trained group (Group Ana). During a 4 month training period Group Aer horses were exercised by trotting at the running speed 9~11 m/s, for about 2700m, 5 days a week. Group Ana horses were trotted for 4 days and cantered : 12~13m/s, for about 2700m, once a week on a 1400m sand track. The effects of field exercise intensity on HR, Ht, LA, and relative HL_ after/before exercise (RHL) were determined in Group Aer and Ana horses. No significant differences were observed in the running velocity and HR at maximal exercise for a distance of 1000m, and Ht and LA five min after the exercise between Groups Aer and Ana horses. However, the velocity for blood lactate concentration of 4mM (V_) in Group Ana (12.05m/s) was slightly higher than in Group Aer (11.72m/s) for a distance of 800m. In both Groups Aer and Ana, aerobic exercise decreased the RHL, but anaerobic exercise increased it. An increase in velocity during anaerobic exercise in both Groups was associated with a progressive increase in RHL : r=0.74 and 0.78 in Group Aer and Ana, respectively (P0.5). An increase in the LA (log_mM) during anaerobic exercise in both Groups was associated with a progressive increase in RHL : r=0.76 and 0.83 in Group Aer and Ana, respectively (P0.2), but in Group Ana was correlated with a progressive decrease in RHL : r=-0.45 (P<0.01). These data of responses of HR and LA to anaerobic exercise indicated that intensity of exercise during training has no effect on exercise performance. Nevertheless, during aerobic exercise, Group Ana horses may improve more in their acid-base responses during light exercise than Group Aer. Therefore, osmotic fragility of red cells is an effective indicator for training and/or athletic performance : particularly respiration and circulation.E7KJ00004074135論文Articl
Nucleotide substitutions in a portion of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene in water striders (Hemiptera: Gerridae)
Get PDFGerrinae亜科に属する14種22個体のアメンボ類および2種のアウトグループ(サンゴアメンボおよびタイワンシマアメンボ)についてミトコンドリアDNAのcyt b遺伝子の部分的な塩基配列を調べた。その結果,他の多くの昆虫と同様に,これらの種のcyt b遺伝子の塩基組成はAとTに大きく偏っていることが明らかとなった。また,これらの種間における塩基置換はT-CトランジションおよびA-Tトランスバージョンに偏っていた。さらに22塩基配列の比較の結果,それらの塩基置換はcytochrome b酵素のアミノ酸組成に支配されていること,各コドンの第1および第3塩基では激しい多重置換が生じていることなどが明らかとなった。これらの結果にもとづき,Gerrinae亜科昆虫の系統解析におけるcyt b遺伝子の塩基配列の有用性について検討した。A portion of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene was sequenced using 22 individuals from 14 species belonging to the subfamily Gerrinae and two outgroup taxa. As reported for mitochondrial genes in many other insects, a nucleotide content bias for A and T was observed in the sequences. Among taxa belonging to Gerrinae, a relatively high frequency of T-C transitions, as well as a high level of A-T transversions was observed. Comparisons of the nucleotide sequences between pairs of 22 samples revealed that nucleotide substitutions in this DNA fragment were biased by the amino acid composition of the cytochrome b enzyme. Pairwise comparisons also suggested that strong multiple substitutions have occurred in the first and third positions of codons between distantly related taxa. On the basis of these results, the utility of the nucleotide sequences of the cytochrome b gene for estimating the phylogenetic relationship among gerrinae taxa is discussed.E3KJ00004074152論文Articl
A Study on the History of Parks and Recreation Management in the City of Vancouver
Get PDF公園管理の時代を迎えたわが国の公園緑地行政は新たな潮流を迎えているが,わが国の都市公園管理と北米諸都市に展開している公園・レクリエーション管理の概念は大きく異なっている。本研究では,新たな局面にあるわが国の都市公園管理のあり方を模索する上で,一つの示唆を得ることを目的として,北米型パークシステムの一つであるバンクーバー市の都市公園を対象として,公園が発祥した1888年から1995年までの公園整備の推移,公園・レクリエーション管理行政における特異点を時系列的に分析し,「公園・レクリエーション管理」の特質を究明した。その結果,維持管理を中心に展開したわが国と比較すると,1)公園発祥初期から公園部局において「レクリエーション」の側面が明確に位置づけられ,公園管理体制としても教育部局など関連部局との相互協力体制が確立していたこと。2)アメリカの先進都市を範としながら,公園・レクリエーション管理システムを確立し,公園発祥当時から,レクリエーション・サービスに関わる職能が確立されていたこと。さらに3)職員研修システムも確立され,多様な性格のレクリエーションプログラムによる市民サービスが行なわれていたことが明らかとなった。The purpose of this study is to understand the historical character of parks and recreation management in the City of Vancouver, which is one of the City Park System in North America. The history of park development and parks & recreation management was traced. The Vancouver park system started in 1888 when Stanley Park, which is the most major park in this city was opened. A chronological table which extracted a special mention item from 1888 to 1995 was made. The focal points are management organization, facility development and recreation service. The results were as follows : 1) The Parks board co-operated in the development and management of parks/recreation program on any parks such as playground with the School Board. 2) "Recreation" was a very meaningful situation in park management from the early stages. A recreation section such as a playground & recreation was incorporated in the park management organization. This section name was changed from "playground & recreation" to "parks & public recreation", then "parks & recreation" with the age. The authority of the control in charge expanded. The job description was changed from "park ranger" to "park superintendent", "park general manager". 3) The policy of park planning and parks & recreation management was modeled on the American City Park System. 4) The duty of the staff member to instruct in its the use was cleared since the first city park opened. the board employed the staff to instruct recreation and sports. 5) The original training program was enforced by the Board, and study with the professional education organ was being supported actively. 6) The Board developed a variety of recreation programs for citizens such as programs for various age groups, a seasonal program, a handicapped program and so on.E4KJ00004074153論文Articl
A consideration with increaing of productivity by using to breeding technologies
Get PDFイネは日本列島に導入され縄文前期よりこの島々に適応して,かなり短い年限で北から南まで順応しえた植物であり,それより得られる種子,つまりコメは重要な食糧資源としてこの列島の人々をささえてきた。また,ニワトリは同じく縄文後期に入ったものと考えられ,以来,時によっては蛋白源としての活用以外に,この資源動物の示す,他の面で利用しえた鳥類であった。しかし,明治以来現在までは,両者とも資源動植物として,わが国に定着し利用されている。両者の利用面は全くことなるが,前者は為政者により,量的には完全にコントロールされ,育種技術も同様で,特に,選抜と繁殖技術が主要であった。しかし,後者は利用面での確認が定まらず,趣味的な動向が見られたが,昭和以降は蛋白源供給の畜産物の一つとしての方向性が定まり成果をあげた。技術的には選抜と組合せ能力の開発であり,それをささえたトラップネストの開発と大型のフ卵機の改良である。今後は,両者とも商品開発とゆう意識を強くもって育種技術を応用して行くことが必要なことと思う。Present paper reports the increasing pattern of rice and chicken production in Japan achieved through long history of cultivation and rearing after their introduction to our country. Their increasing trend during the period from advent of modernization on Japan in the early Meijiera to 1980 was discussed in relation with various methods of plant and animal breeding. It was assumed that the rice production during the period from introduction to early Meiji was on the average about 100kg per 10a, though exact statistics is not available. Diligent farmers called Ro-no played in important role in slow but steady increase in yield potential of rice plants. They selected elite individuals in their rice fields by their own observation and propagate the seeds to provide to other farmers. Such individual based selection by Ro-no was effective because rice plants are breeding. Efforts of framers continued from Meiji to early Taisho, and average production of about 300kg per 10a was attained in the later half of Taisho. Then, hybridization method was used in the varietal improvement in rice, new varieties developed by cross breeding were used for selection materials, and rice production became 350kg per 10a in the early Showa. In 1980 mutation breeding and bulk breeding with rapid generation method were widely used, and the effort of plant type improvement was carried out for higher yielding potential. 100 years passed since Meiji and higher than 500kg yield possible. It is expected to have higher than 600kg yield in future by the use of hybrid rice and application of biotechnology. Chicken production in Japan showed the similar increasing trend as rice production. In addition, chicken was appreciated in Edo era from different aspects, for time calculation by hearing voice, cock fighting and pets. During the period from Meiji 10 to early Taisho, various exotic chicken varieties were introduced and raised, chicken rearing became quite common and rearing of a large number of chickens became possible. Since middle of Taisho, practical rearing of chicken was commonly carried out. Introduction of trap-net made possible to recognize individual record, and pedigree breeding became possible. In the end of Taisho, an elite chicken that produced 300 eggs per one year appeared. Increasing trend of egg production continued until Showa 35. In the Showa 12 evaluation, two chickens producing 365 eggs were record in one year. Then, import of parental chickens for cross breeding became open, US chicken breeding company sold commercial chickens developed by utilization of hybrid vigor. Hybrid chickens show little variability among individuals and high laying potential on the average. In Japan, utilization of F1 hybrid became common in chicken breeding, and higher than 300 eggs producing chickens are now available. In rice as well as in chicken, production improvement was achieved by application of new breeding techniques in each era.E1KJ00004074161綜説Revie
Basic Experiment in Mixed Composting of Different Organic Wastes Special Reference to Temperature with the Addition of Garbage
Get PDF有機性廃棄物のリサイクル方法としては,今日,堆肥化が一般的である。筆者らは,リサイクルに"地産地消"の観点を加味し,本学農学部厚木キャンパス内で排出される各種有機性廃棄物の混合による混合堆肥化に関する一連の試験研究を行っている。本報は,従来の牛糞の堆肥化における(生牛糞+籾殻)を対照区とし,これに生ごみを加えた実験区(生牛糞+籾殻+生ごみ)の他,各種有機性廃棄物を加えた実験区を設け,混合堆肥化試験を行ったところ,1,2の知見を得たので,その結果につき報告する。すなわち,1)実験区(生牛糞+籾殻+生ごみ)では,対照区(生牛糞+籾殻)に比べ,堆肥化における初期温度が高温で推移したこと,2)これに米糠,戻し堆肥を添加した区(生牛糞+籾殻+生ごみ+米糠ないし戻し堆肥)は,さらに初期温度が高温かつ安定的に推移したこと,等を確認した。There is a general method of composting organic wastes for the recycling of resources. We are conducting an experiment in mixing composting of several different organic wastes discharged in this university faculty of Agriculture Atsugi campus. Recycling of resources contains the viewpoint, "within product and consumption". This paper reports on the experiment of mixed composting of different organic manure mixes. That is, where fresh cattle manure, garbage, rice husks, sawdust, rice bran and return compost were used. The result of this experiments ; 1) when garbage as mixed into fresh cattle manure, the temperature of the first stage for composting was high, 2) and also when rice bran or return compost were added into the mixed materials, the temperature of the first stage for composting remained high and stable.E6KJ00004074166短報Short Communicatio
Detoxicational Effect of the Exogenous Histidine on the Growth of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Treated with Nickel
Get PDFHistidineがNi超集積植物以外の植物におけるNi耐性に関与しているか否かについて明らかにする目的で,histidineが養液栽培のエンドウ(Pisum sativum L.)のNi耐性に与える影響を検討した。植物体内のhistidine含有率はNi施用により増加した。また,Ni施用によって減少した生育量は外因性のhistidineをNiと同時に施用すると軽減された。予めhistidineを植物体に吸収させた後にNiを施用すると,それらを同時に添加した場合よりも低かったがNi毒性軽減効果は認められた。従って,外因性のhistidineは培養液中および植物体内で,ある程度Niを無毒化していることが考えられた。Effects of histidine on nickel tolerance of pea (Pisum sativa L.) were investigated, to determine whether histidine participates in Ni tolerance in plants other than Ni hyperaccumulation plants. Histidine content in pea increased by the treatment with Ni. In addition, exogenous histidine reduced the inhibitory effects of Ni on the growth of pea. When adding nickel after histidine (and then histidine was removed from culture medium), the effect of histidine was lower than in the case in which it was added simultaneously. Therefore, it is suggested that exogenous histidine detoxifies Ni to some extent in the culture medium and in the plant.E9KJ00004074175短報Short Communicatio
Lethal dominant roan is not found in Hokkaido native horses
Get PDFウマの毛色遺伝のうち粕毛ホモ接合体(R/R型)は致死であると言われているが,北海道和種馬で粕毛は高頻度で出現し,R/R型のホモ型個体が生存している可能性が高いとされている。そこで,その正否を明らかにするため,粕毛の遺伝様式について独自の調査を行った。北海道和種馬における粕毛の出現頻度は0.507と全体の約半分を占めていた。両親または片親に粕毛を持つ個体間の交配資料を用いてχ^2検定を行った結果,粕毛×粕毛の交配において,ホモ型致死説では子ウマにおける粕毛と非粕毛の分離比は理論値と一致せず(p<0.001),ホモ型生存説では分離比と理論値が一致した(p=0.2～0.1)。また,粕毛×非粕毛の交配では統計学的にホモ型致死説を否定できなかったが,ホモ型生存説による分離比の方がより理論値と一致した。この交配例では子ウマにおける粕毛と非粕毛の分離比が1.3 : 1の時に,統計学的に最も高い確率で適合した。さらに,血統登録種牡馬においてホモ型粕毛個体の推定を行った結果,17頭のうち3頭のホモ型個体の存在が推定された。以上のことから,北海道和種馬における粕毛ホモ型個体は生存している可能性が確認された。The roan gene affects coat color heredity in horses. Though it is said that the roan gene homozygte (R/R type) carries lethality, the roan appears with high frequency among Hokkaido native horses, and there is a high possibility for individuals with R/R type to exist. Therefore, an original investigation was carried out to clarify the heredity mode of the roan. The frequency of the roan Hokkaido native horse was about 0.507. As a result of χ^2 test using the mating material between individual horses with either roan parents or one parent, in the mating of roan × roan, the separation ratio agreed with the theoretical value of the separation ratio of roan and non-roan in the foals based on the homozygote survival theory(p=0.2～0.1), and did not agree with the theoretical value in the homozygote lethality theory (p<0.001). In the mating of roan × non-roan, though the homozygote lethality theory was not statistically denied, it was not well supported, while the theoretical separation ratio based on the homozygote survival theory agreed with the actual value. In this mating example, the separation ratio of roan and non-roan among the foals with the statistically highest probability was 1.3 : 1 (p=0.9～0.8). In addition, the existence of a homozygote individual was predicted, and the three homozygote animals were observed among 17 roan stallion horses which had many foals and were booked in the pedigree registration. From the above facts, it was confirmed that there were homozygote roans among Hokkaido native horses.E4KJ00004074181論文Articl