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Analysis of Optimum Spikelet Number and Plant N in Rice at Tanazawa Paddy Field
Get PDF本研究は都市型農業がおこなわれている神奈川県厚木市の棚沢地区において,高度効率化を目指した窒素施肥管理の確立のために行ったもので,ここでは水稲の収量を最大にする最適穎花数とそのために必要な体内窒素量を検討した。栽培試験は東京農業大学棚沢水田において1998年から2008年にかけて行った。供試品種は水稲日本晴,コシヒカリおよびタカナリとし,試験区は典型的に施肥法が異なるもの,および基肥施用の有無と異なる追肥時期の組み合わせたもので構成し,合計180区であった。調査項目は収量および収量構成要,体内窒素濃度および体内窒素量の経時変化であった。タカナリは日本晴やコシヒカリよりも一穂穎花数が多い傾向にあり,その結果,単位面積あたり穎花数および玄米収量が明らかに多かった。単位面積あたり穎花数と玄米収量の関係は日本晴およびコシヒカリの日本型品種とタカナリとは明らかに異なった。収量を最大にする最適穎花数は日本晴およびコシヒカリでは35,000,タカナリでは48,000m-2であった。また,単位面積あたり穎花数は穎化分化終期および出穂期における体内窒素量の間には品種ごとに密接な関係があった。それらの関係を用いて最適穎花数に到達するために必要な出穂期における体内窒素量は日本晴,コシヒカリ,タカナリのそれぞれ,12.5,16.0,17.2gm-2であった。一方,無窒素区から算出した天然供給由来の吸収窒素量は体内窒素量の50～60%であり,残りは施肥に依存することになる。したがって,棚沢水田における水稲栽培では,最適穎花数を確保するために吸収率が高い幼穂発育期を中心とした窒素追肥を積極的に行うことが推奨される。The objective of this study is to clarify regional optimum spikelet number for maximum grain yield for each cultivar, and plant N for spikelet number to obtain stable yield in rice. We conducted field experiments in a paddy field at Tanazawa District as city agriculture in order to establish highly effective N application management regionally. We analyzed 180 sets of experimental data on yield and its component, and plant N at the late spikelet differentiation and heading stage, using three low land cultivars, Nipponbare, Koshihikari and Takanari, grown under different methods and levels of N application over 9 seasons from 1998 to 2008. We made use of variously different split application of N, including basal application only (B), light basal and heavy top-dressings from the panicle initiation stage onward (L), heavy basal and heavy top-dressings from the spikelet formation stage onward (V), and no applications (0) in 1998-2001. In 2002, and 2005-2008 we set up experimental plots of the timing of a N top-dressing both with and without basal application of N. We investigated yield and its components and plant N at the late spikelet differentiation stage and heading.Takanari tended to have the largest spikelet number and grain yield averaged over all plots. Optimum spikelet number for maximum grain yield was about 35000m-2 in Nipponbare and Koshihikari, and about 48000m-2 in Takanari, respectively. The relationship between spikelet number per unit area and plant N at the late spikelet differentiation stage or heading stage was close. Plant N for optimum spikelet number determined by those relationships was 12.8, 11.4 and 12.3g m-2 at the late differentiation stage, and 12.5, 16.0 and 17.2g m-2 at heading, in Nipponabare, Koshihikari and Takanari, respectively. A grain yield of 600g m-2 in Nipponbare and Koshihikari and 750g m-2 in Takanari would require spikelet numbers per unit area of 32000, 32000 and 40000, respectively, assuming that the percentage of ripened spikelets is 85%. To obtain these spikelet numbers, plant N must reach 12.1, 11.0 and 9.1g m-2 at the heading stage for these cultivars, respectively.Plant N derived from natural supply of N was 50-60% of total plant N at the late spikelet differentiation stage or heading stage. Therefore, to optimize spikelet number, we should make use of application of N top-dressing for the early panicle development stage, since rice can absorb much nitrogen, especially the cultivar Takanari.E10KJ00007059049論文Articl
Molecular Analysis of Banana bunchy top virus First Isolated in Bali, Indonesia
Get PDFバナナ(Musa spp.)はインドネシアのバリ島において果物としてだけでなく調理用としても重要であり,また,宗教儀式でも多用される。4年ほど前までバリ島においてバナナバンチートップウイルス(Banana bunchy top virus ; BBTV)による被害はほとんど認められなかったが,近年,急速に被害が広がったことを観察した。そこで,バリ島のバナナにおいて,BBTVと,同じくバナナの重要ウイルスであるBanana bract mosaic virus(BBtMV)の検出を血清学および分子生物学的技術で実施した。その結果,2種のバナナ品種Pisang Sari(AAB)とPisang Susu(AAA)からBBTVが検出され,そのDNA-Rの 全塩基配列を解析したところ,アジアグループに属し,また,ジャワ株,フィリピン株などとの類縁度が高いことが明らかになった。しかし,BBrMVは検 出されなかった。多くのバナナがジャワ島からバリ島に移入されており,また,病害に対する特段の防除が行われておらず,さらにBBTVの媒介虫 (Pentalonia nigronervosa)の存在が,BBTVの侵入と拡大に寄与したと考えられた。Banana (Musa spp.), locally known as `Pisang' in Indonesia, is considered one of the principal crops consumed as food, either fresh, cooked or processed, or for religious purposes. This study was conducted mainly to determine the occurrence and molecular characterization of Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) as well as possible detection of Banana bract mosaic virus (BBrMV) in Bali, Indonesia using both serological and molecular assays. Among the 8 banana isolates representing 2 banana cultivars, Pisang Sari (AAB) and Pisang Susu (AAA), we detected BBTV using specific antibody and primer pairs on 8 samples, whereas no samples were found positive to BBrMV. The full-length nucleotide DNA-R region and putative amino acid of the replication initiation protein gene were sequenced and showed 92.2- 99.7% and 95.1-99.6% identities, respectively, with those previously isolated BBTVs from Indonesia and other isolates from the Asian group. The newly characterized BBTV isolates from Bali were grouped with Asian isolates based upon the constructed phylogenetic tree. Moreover, this study showed the first molecular diagnosis and characterization of BBTV in Bali and its rapid spread in the area was considered to be partly discussed due to importation of planting materials and presence of insect-vector aphids, Pentalonia nigronervosa.E3KJ00007242241論文Articl
Accumulation of S-Adenosyl-Methionine in Reused Yeast during sake Mash Fermentation
Get PDF一段仕込みの醪及び固液共存培地の両方を用い,酵母の増殖プロセスと発酵プロセスを区別してSAM動向を検討した。酵母を過剰接種して増殖を廃すると,低温下における酵母菌体内SAM高蓄積などの含硫物の特徴的な動向の差は縮小傾向となった。これにより低温下での酵母菌体内へのSAMの高蓄積には,低温で増殖することの影響が大きいことが明らかとなった。また,酵母の過剰添加は醪の発酵にも大きく影響し,特に醪初期のボーメの低下とアルコール生成が早期化し,結果的に発酵期間は数日短縮された。 また,この醪から酵母菌体を遠心分離により回収し,次醸造へ再利用する回分醸造を試みた。回分醸造でも増殖プロセスを廃して順次スケールダウンして進めると,3回目または4回目以降では発酵に支障はないものの,アミノ酸度と製成酒中のSアデノシルメチオニン(SAM)の増加が顕著であり,酒質も明らかに異なり,味のくどさや苦味が感じられた。その一方,回収菌体を繰り返し利用しても,酵母菌体内にSAMが高蓄積され続けることはなく,1回目の醸造以降に極端な増加が認められることはなかった。 さらに,固液共存培地を用いて比較したところ,糖などは徐々に供給され並行複発酵しているが,醪初期のように米粒溶解に起因する固形物の減少や流動性の向上などの変化がないためか,発酵経過とSAM蓄積は回分醪ほどの差にはならなかった。このことから,醪初期の溶解に伴う流動性の向上及びボーメ低下がもたらす影響が重要であることが明らかとなった。The growth of yeast cells and the fermentation process were studied for the concentration of SAM in sake mash using sake mash and a model media, where the inoculum size was increased to suppress the growth. The result showed that the intracellular SAM concentration was highly accumulated at low tem-perature in sake mash and the model medium. Harvested yeast cells were collected by centrifuging of the mash and reused for the next mashing repeatedly. The fermentation was repeated safely for 3 or 4 times. The concentrations of amino acids and SAM in produced sake increased, and the results of sensory tests of the produced sake showed that the quality of produced sake was more thick and bitter according to the number of times the yeast cells were reused. On the other hand, intracellular SAM did not accumulate highly when the yeast cells were reused. The concentration of alcohol and SAM was compared during the repeated fermentation using the model medium. As a result, the difference of intracellular SAM in the model medium was smaller than that in sake mash. It was suggested that this result was caused by the existence of solid materials and the dissolution particularly in the early mashing period. This model medium was considered to be eective for the analysis of parallel fermentation in the early sake mashing process.E6KJ00007466159論文Articl
Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics and Quality Responses of Broiler Fed Red Fruit (Pandanus conoideus) Waste
Get PDF本試験はブロイラー雛へのブアメラ残さ(RFW)給与がブロイラーの成長,と体性状および肉質に及ぼす影響について検討することを目的とした。ブアメラはタコノキ科の樹木で約10kgになる果実を年2回収穫できる。果肉は脂質とカロテノイドに富み,インドネシアでは蒸すか,煮て食している。本試験は5試験区,4群の完全無作為法で実施した。200羽の雌雄無鑑別ロス系ブロイラーの初生雛を1ケージ(1m×1m×1m)に10羽ずつの20ケージに配分した。対照区(T_0)には粗タンパク質19%,代謝エネルギー3200kcal/kgの基礎飼料を給与し,試験区1～4には基礎飼料にRFWを0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0%添加した飼料を35日間給与した。体重と飼料摂取量は毎週測定した。飼育試験終了時に試験群ごとに5羽をと殺し,と体分析を行った。得られた成績は統計学的処理を行った。結果としてRFWの添加はブロイラーの成長,と体性状に対して影響しなかった。RFWを1.5%添加した飼料区では飼料要求率,斃死率および枝肉歩留で良好な成績を示し,成長指標の肉骨率においても他の区より有意(P<0.05)に高い値を示した。また,総コレステロール値は他の区よりも低かった。RFW2.0%添加区のブロイラーのと体はタンパク質,脂肪,総エネルギー含量が他の区に比べて最も多かった。RFWを2.0%まで高めると飼料中のカロテノイド,トコフェロール,飽和及び不飽和脂肪酸を高めることができたが,と体のpHに影響せず,柔らかさにも影響しなかった。官能試験においてパネリストはRFW添加区の色,香りを好んだ。ブロイラー飼料へのRFWの添加は成長,と体性状,肉質に対して悪影響は及ぼさず,むしろ良好な成績を誘発する可能性が示唆された。The red fruit waste (RFW) contains antioxidant effect therefore the objectives of this experiment were to confirm the effects of RFW supplementation on growth performance, carcass characteristics and carcass quality of broiler chicken as an antioxidant. A completely randomized design with five treatments and four replicates was used. Two hundred day-old Ross broiler unsexed chicks were divided into five groups and placed in twenty pens (1m×1m×1m). The chicks were fed basal diet (contained 19% crude protein and 3200kcalME/kg) as control (T_0). T_1-T_4 were added 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0% RFW, respectively added to T_0. Body weight and feed intake were measured on a weekly basis. At the end of feeding trial, five birds per treatment-replication were slaughtered for analysis of the contents of the carcass. The data were statistically analyzed and described. The results showed that supplementation of RFW did not affect the broiler performance and carcass characteristics. The chicks fed T_3 containing 1.5% RFW owed good tendency in the values of feed conversion, mortality and dressing carcass percentage and were significantly highest (P<0.05) in performance index and meat bone ratio. They also produced a total cholesterol lower than others. The protein, fat and gross energy contents in carcass from the chickens given T_4 containing 2.0% RFW were higher compared to other treatments. Addition of RFW up to 2.0% as an antioxidant could increase carotenoid, tocopherol, saturated and unsaturated fatty acid, but did not affect the carcass pH and decreased the tenderness. In sensory properties, panelists preferred the color and smell of carcass from all RFW treatments. In conclusion, RFW in broiler diet contributed positive effects to growth, characteristics and carcass quality, without affecting performance and carcass characteristics.E6KJ00007967139論文Articl
Infectivity Analysis of the Cloned Component of a Monopartite Begomovirus-Betasatellite Complex Causing Tomato Leaf Curl Disease in Pakistan
Get PDFインドのワタに壊滅的な被害をもたらす単一ゲノム性 Begomovirus 属ウイルスである Cotton leaf curl Rajasthan virus(CLCuRaV)がパキスタンの Faisalabad で栽培されるトマト(Solanum lycopersicum)から,DNA サテライト[CLCuRaB-(PK:Sβ2:07)]とともに分離され,CLCuRaV-(PK:SA1:07)と同定された。両者の感染性クローン(CLCuRaV^tomato および CLCuRaB^tomato)を構築し,Agrobacterium GV3101 系統に形質転換した。CLCuRaV^tomato を Nicotiana benthamiana とトマトに,単独で,あるいは,CLCuRaB^tomato と共接種したところ,3反復おこなった CLCuRaV^tomato 単独接種実験では,N. benthamiana 36株中 3株のみで非常に軽微な病徴を呈し,トマトには感染が認められなかった。しかし,サテライトDNA感染性クローン CLCuRaB^tomato との共接種によると,N. benthamiana では100%の感染が認められ激しい病徴を呈し,トマトでは穏やかな病徴ではあるが 70-80%の感染が認められた。CLCuRaB^tomato の存在により CLCuRaV^tomato の病徴が N. benthamiana およびトマトにおいて激化した。これにより,トマトから分離したワタのウイルスであるCLCuRaV^tomato の実験用宿主 N. benthamiana と野外宿主トマトにおける感染性を実験的にはじめて確認した。Cotton leaf curl Rajasthan virus (CLCuRaV), a monopartite begomovirus causing devastating losses of cotton crop in India, was isolated from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) along with DNA satellite (CLCuRaB^tomato) and characterized in Faisalabad, Pakistan. Infectious clones of CLCuRaV^tomato and CLCuRaB^tomato were produced and transformed into Agrobacterium strain GV3101. A partial tandem re peat construct of CLCuRaV^tomato was inoculated to Nicotiana benthamiana and tomato plants alone and/or with CLCuRaB^tomato. CLCuRaV^tomato alone produced very mild symptoms in N. benthamiana plants, whereas tomato plants showed no symptoms by inoculation with CLCuRaV^tomato in the absence of CLCuRaB^tomato. In N. benthamiana plants 100% infection followed by severe symptoms was observed while in tomato plants 70-80% infection with mild symptoms was observed on coinoculation with CLCuRaV^tomato and CLCuRaB^tomato. Symptoms severity of CLCuRaV^tomato increased in the presence of CLCuRaB^tomato in N. benthamiana and tomato plants. Here we demonstrated the first experimental pathogenicity analysis of a cotton virus isolated from tomato plants both in N. benthamiana and tomato plants.1KJ00008236419論文Articl
An Evaluation of Characteristics and Possibilities to Improve Wheat Farming Management in Mongolia
Get PDF本報では,モンゴルにおける小麦作の発展プロセスを整理するとともに,現在の小麦作経営の技術・経営の特徴と課題を経営規模別に明らかにして,現行技術の改善と輪作作物の導入による経営発展の可能性を線形計画法を用いて評価した。現状の 100 ha 以下の小規模経営の収益率を見ると,50 ha 以下では17%,50～99 ha では26%と低い。また,中規模経営(100～500 ha)の収益率は 38%,500 ha 以上の大規模経営では40%と,規模が大きいほど収益率は高まることが示唆された。小・中規模経営の経営改善の可能性を評価した結果,かん水施設の整備とその適正利用,休閑地の除草管理の徹底により収益は一定程度高まる可能性があることが示唆された。また,こうした技術改善に加えてジャガイモ,飼料用トウモロコシ等と小麦の輪作体系を導入することによって収益は大きく改善されるとともに,労働力利用面でも合理的であることが示唆された。This research paper is based on the survey results of the wheat production system, technology characteristics and profitability by farm size in order to clarify the wheat farming development process and status quo of wheat farm management under the market oriented economy in Mongolia. Linear programming method is used to evaluate both the possibility and efficiency of wheat cultivation technology improvements and crop rotation practice. The results show that for small scale farms with less than 50 ha of arable land, the farm profit ranges around 17%, where medium scale farms with 50～99 ha farm land achieve a profit of 26% of revenue from wheat production and farms with bigger acreage are taking more advantages from wheat production. However, about 80% of current crop farms are considered as small and medium scale in Mongolia. The conducted linear programming model has shown two possible solutions to increase wheat production profitability for small scale farms. First, adopting irrigation technology, facilities and improved weed control technology for both cultivated and fallow areas can potentially increase wheat production returns. In addition, upgrading current wheat cultivation with crop rotation using potato and flooder corn allows more profit to be obtained from farm management. The simulation result of linear programming model has thus shown an optimal solution for rational labor allocation of small and medium scale crop farming management.8KJ00008236426論文Articl
Tree Names seen in Junior High School Textbooks in Japan
Get PDF日本の中学校の教育課程は,国語,社会,数学,理科,音楽,美術,保健体育,技術・家庭及び外国語の各教科,道徳,総合的な学習の時間ならびに特別活動(計12教科)によって編成されている。樹木は,食料や建築材・家具,観賞に利用されるだけでなく,文学や短歌,俳句,詩でうたわれたり,音楽でも歌われたりする。また社会の歴史や地理を学ぶ上でも樹木名が多く関わる。技術・家庭でも木工作や栽培,料理等の内容で必要となる。本報では,中学生が学ぶ樹木名を調べるために,国語,社会,理科,音楽,技術・家庭の教科書から樹木名を抽出し,その種数や頻度の分析を行った。その結果,裸子植物ではマツ,スギ,イチョウ,被子植物の離弁花ではミカン,サクラ,リンゴ,ブドウ,ウメ,チャノキ,バラ,ヤナギ,モモ,合弁花では,カキノキ,コーヒーノキ,単子葉植物では,タケ,ササ,バナナが多く記述されていた。樹木名が多くみられる教科は国語であり,続いて社会(地理)であった。理科は社会(地理)よりも若干少ない樹木名数であった。続いて音楽,家庭となり,技術と歴史はほぼ同じ樹木名数であった。これらの結果は,理科で生物学として学ぶ樹木やその捉え方だけでは不十分な内容についても,他の教科書に記述されている樹木を学ぶことで,樹木への関心や教科間の連携を高められることが示唆された。またマツに対するクロマツやアカマツ等,これらの樹木名の表記の違い,分類学上のランクの不統一がみられ,その学習の必要性が問われた。The Junior High School Curriculum in Japan consists of twelve subjects, which are Language, Mathematics, Science, Social studies, Music, Art, Health and Physical Education, Technology and Home Economics, Foreign Languages, Moral education, Period for Integrated and Interdisciplinary Studies, and Special activities. In our lives, plants have a wide variety of uses, ranging from food to architecture. The names of plants can also be observed in songs, poems, and haikus (Japanese verse of seventeen syllables, in 5-7-5 syllabic form). The knowledge of plants is important for the learning of Social studies such as geography and history, Fine Arts such as paintings and sculpture, and Technology and Home Economics. We picked out and analysed the tree names found in Junior High School textbooks to figure out the tree names that Junior High School students ordinarily learn. The most common tree names seen in Junior High School textbooks were Pine, Cryptomeria (Japanese ceder), Ginkgo, Orange, Cherry blossomes, Apple tree, Vine and Ume. The school textbooks containing the largest number of tree names were Language textbooks, followed by the textbooks of Social studies (geography), Science, Music, Home Economics, Technology and Social studies (history). These results recommend having relationships between Science and other subject's textbooks to study trees including culture or customs. The tree names were described in several ways, e.g., in terms of genus, species, or local names, i.e. different between pine or Pinus thunbergi. We need such a course to study the difference between genus and species, hybrids and local names.E6KJ00009010479論文Article
A Class Evaluation of the Course "Child Development and Life on Earth" adopting Student Presentation as a Freshman-year Experience
Get PDF初年次教育の授業「子どもの発達と生き物」(動物編)履修者を対象に,学生によるプレゼンテーションを取り入れ,その評価活動を行った。プレゼンテーションは1)大学生になってからの動物との関わり,2)これからの動物との関わりについて2回に分けて行った。プレゼンテーションには,各回7グループに分け代表者個人または複数が発表者として関わった。発表者のプレゼンテーション内容・説明・方法については,学生がワークシートに自由記述と5段階評価を行い,それをもとに筆者らが質的・量的評価としてまとめた。1年次の学生はプレゼンテーション評価活動を通して,興味の対象や年齢が近い1年次生のチーム間や2・3年次生から,「発表技術」,「動物の知識」,「動物との関わり」,「将来への道筋」に関することを学び考え創り出した。この活動は1年次生に加えて2・3年次生を含む集団で構成されており,学生間交流の機会として,初年次教育の授業におけるプレゼンテーションの教育効果を示唆するものであった。The present authors based this study on presentations of freshman in a class of "Child Development and Life on Earth (Animal Field)" by evaluating the effects of these presentations on the participating students. The students were asked to prepare two presentations during the class : The topic of the first presentation was involvement with animals since entering the university, and the second one was plans to be involved with animals in the near future. All students were divided into 7 groups for discussion, and one or more elected students from each group provided the presentation. In order to evaluate the presentation content, the explanations, and the method of each speaker or group of speakers, the audience (the other students) conducted two forms of assessment : A qualitative assessment with free descriptions in a worksheet and a quantitative assessment using a 5-point scale for analysis. The present study indicates that the students learned, considered, and then created "Presentation techniques", "Knowledge of animals", "Involvement with animals", and "future pathway" due to the influence of their classmates with similar interests or close in age during the discussion/presentation process. Since a few groups consisted of sophomore and junior students, this study also indicates that their presence might contribute to the educational effects of class presentations by improving the interaction skills of the freshman students.E10KJ00009312479論文Articl
Aiming to Develop the Activity Programs Using Plants and Animals for Children: Investigation of the Descriptions Written by Elementary School Students who Participated in a School Trip with Activities Using Plants and Animals
Get PDF児童・生徒のための大学における生物活用プログラムを開発することを目的に,小学生児童が大学訪問で体験した学習における学びの状態を,児童が訪問した大学に送られた児童のお礼文の分析から検討することを試みた。お礼文を記述したのは小学校児童3年生から5年生の3学年で,児童は農場での農業体験,球根の解剖と観察,植物のある庭の自由散策,そして馬と犬に関する学習を,それぞれ体験した。お礼文は全部で97編あり,記述された内容はどの学年も動物との体験を記述したものが多かったが,5年生児童は動物と植物の両方の体験を他の学年と比較して有意に多く記述した。動物との体験内容は「犬との挨拶の仕方」「犬のしつけ方」「馬の手入れ方法」などであったが,「ふれあった」という記述が最も多かった。5年生が記述したお礼文には,「学んだ」「わかった」など学習したという表現の記述や,人に何かをしてもらったという視点の記述が3年生や4年生のお礼文と比較して有意に多くみられ,さらに,体験内容を具体的に記述したお礼文もみられた。この結果,ほとんど同じ体験をしても学年で学びの状態に違いがあり,特に5年生児童の体験内容の把握力は他の学年より明らかに高いことが示された。以上のことから体験学習の立案の際には,学年ごとの把握力の違いを考慮した内容にすること,動物との体験学習は児童の興味が「ふれあう」ことに焦点が当たりがちで,学習内容を児童の意識に明確に残すには体験内容に工夫が必要であることが示唆された。With the aim of creating educational experimental activity programs for children participating in a school trip at a university, letters of thanks written by the children were analyzed to clarify their learning statements after the activities. The elementary students (3rd to 5th grade) participated in activities such as farming on a plantation, investigating flower anatomy, observing flower bulbs, walking in a horticultural garden, and learning about dogs and horses. A total of 97 letters were written with most focusing on the activities with animals. However, a comparison of the letters from all grades showed that 5th graders wrote descriptions of activities with both plants and animals more frequently than children in other grades and the difference was significant. The children were given instructions on how to properly touch an unfamiliar dog, how to train a dog and how to care for a horse. Despite these instructions, the letters describing activities with animals written by 3rd and 4th graders focused mainly on simply petting the animals. In contrast, the letters written by 5th graders had significantly more information about learning and contained objective expressions, including help they received during the activities, than those of other grades. Some 5th graders expressed their impression of the flower-bulb activities in descriptions using their own words, showing that they understood and learned from the activities. Results showed that there were obviously different learning statements between grades even though the students participated in almost the same activities; 5th graders gained more understanding than 3rd and 4th graders. This suggests that educational programs for children should be geared towards their ability to understand the program contents and that programs using animals need further adjustments to include activities that are equally or more attractive to students than just petting the animals, to ensure that they are educational.E3KJ00009434239論文Articl
Mating and Egg Laying of the Emu
Get PDFエミューは環境適応性に優れ,北海道においても飼育が可能な有用動物資源である。本実験はエミューの産卵率の向上を目的とし,交尾と産卵との関連性を2年間いずれも11月から翌年4～5月にかけ調査した。ぺアリング後,交尾は早いペアで14日目,遅いペアは74日目で確認された。交尾は1～3月に集中し,その割合は80.23%であった。また,交尾時間帯は午前3～9時に集中し75%を占め,特に,午前5～9時の間に52.04%であった。交尾持続時間は22～74秒間が多く75.91%であった。最長時間は3分50秒(230秒)であった。交尾回数はペアによってバラツキが大きく10～59回の間に分布した。産卵数と交尾回数および交尾時間との間にはいずれも統計学的な関連性は認められなかったが,産卵数が多いペアは交尾時間も長い傾向を示した。また,産卵数と受精率との間には有意差は認められなかったが,受精率は産卵数の増加に伴って高くなった。今後,産卵性の改善を図るためには,一夫一妻制をとる雌個体の選抜が必要と考える。The emu is a ratite with marked environmental adaptability, and can be bred in Hokkaido. In this experiment, the relationship between mating and egg laying was investigated from November to April-May of the following year for two years, in order to improve laying. After pairing, mating was observed on day 14 at the earliest and on day 74 at the latest. The mating frequency peaked from January to March, accounting for 80.23% of the total. The mating time zone peaked from 3:00 to 9:00 a.m., accounting for 75%, but particularly from 5:00 to 9:00 a.m., accounting for 52.04%. The mating duration peaked at 22-74 seconds, accounting for 75.91%. The longest mating duration was 3 minutes and 50 seconds (230 seconds). The mating frequency varied among pairs, ranging from 10 to 59. No significant relationship was noted between egg production and the mating frequency or time. Pairs with high egg production tended to show a longer mating duration. No significant difference was noted between egg production and fertility. However, the fertility increased as the egg production increased. In the future, selecting monogamous females will be critical for improving egg production.E6KJ00009434279論文Articl