e-Journal Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan / National Institute of Health Research and Development
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EKOLOGI HABITAT PERKEMBANGBIAKAN ANOPHELES SPP. DI DESA SIMPANG EMPAT, KECAMATAN LENGKITI, OGAN KOMERING ULU, SUMATERA SELATAN
No full textMalaria is a disease transmitted through the bites of female Anopheles infected by Plasmodium sp. Lengkiti, Ogan Komering Ulu (OKU) is a malaria endemic area with a number API of 13,02‰ in 2012. Research to observe the ecological breeding habitat of Anopheles spp. is required as the information in controlling malaria vectors, so that the control can reach right on the target. The aim of this research is to determine the abiotic and biotic factors of Anopheles spp. breeding habitats which can role as vector of malaria in Simpang Empat Village, Lengkiti, OKU, South Sumatra. Larvae collection located in area with stagnant water presumed as potential breeding habitat. The larvae were reared into adult mosquitoes and identified. The found breeding habitats were marshes, ditches, ponds, rubber-soaking ponds, bathing pool, puddle of tire ruts and puddles on road, with characteristics of temperature ranged from 26-38°C, pH ranged from 6-7, with most plants were algae and aquatic Cyperaceae groups; predator of larva were tadpole, Gambusia, Notonecta, Nepa and Hydrometra. Characteristics of abiotic and biotic environment in Simpang Empat Village, Lengkiti, OKU, South Sumatra were suitable as the breeding habitat for the larvae of Anopheles spp
CULEX QUINQUIFASCL4TUS SEBAGAI VEKTOR UTAMA FILARIASIS LIMFATIK YANG DISEBABKAN WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI DI KELURAHAN PABEAN KOTA PEKALONGAN
No full textLymphatic filariasis was still being a public health problem in Indonesia, and one ofcommunicable disease which is caused by infestation of Filaria worm. The disease is transmitted by manyvarious mosquitoes. Pabean village was an endemic area of the filariasis bancrofti in Pekalongan City withmicrofilaria rate was 3,4% in 2007. The aim of this study was to know all the mosquitoes collected, thecurrent transmission of filariasis and its main vector spesies of filariasis bancrofti in Pabean village.The research was an observational study which used cross sectional design. The samples were adultmosquitoes found at three houses of filariasis patient.To collect the adult mosquitoes using landingcollection at night, light trap with dry ice and resting habit in the morning. The mosquitoes were killed,identified and dissected to find filarial larvae. The result showed the total of collected mosquitoes of19.306, consist of 4 genus. They were 19.229 Culex, 51 Anopheles, 24 Aedes and 2 Malaya. The infectivelarvae (L3) found in Cx.quinquefasciatus, which collected in door and out door. The dissection of restingmosquitoes found infection rate 38,40 % and infective rate 34,40%. Transmission of filariasis was detectedcurrently occured in the area with the main vector of Cx.quinquefasciatus. The conclussion is thatCx.quinquefasciatus as the main vector of filariasis bancrofti in Pabean village.Keywords: Culex quinquifasciatus, fdariasis, Wuchereria bancrofti,Vekto
PENGGUNA LAYANAN PENCEGAHAN PENULARAN HIV DARI IBU KE ANAK (PPIA DI RUMAH SAKIT RUJUKAN HIV-AIDS DI PROVINSI JAWA BARAT
No full textLatar belakang. Provinsi Jawa Barat menempati urutan ke empat dan ke lima dengan jumlah penderita HIV dan AIDS terbanyak di Indonesia. Jumlah Rumah Sakit dengan layanan Pencegahan Penularan HIV-AIDS dari Ibu ke Anak (PPIA) dan pengguna layanan tersebut masih rendah. Tujuan. Mengetahui karakteristik pengguna layanan PPIA sehingga kebijakan atau program yang dikeluarkan dapat tepat sasaran, sesuai kebutuhan dan kondisi di lapangan. Metode. Penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif, cross sectional. Responden sebanyak 146 ibu positif HIV pengguna layanan PPIA yang dipilih secara systematic random sampling di Rumah Sakit Hasan Sadikin (RSHS), RSUD Kota Bandung, RSUD Kota Bekasi dan RS Marzoeki Mahdi. Instrumen penelitian berupa kuesioner, data dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil. Sebagian besar responden berumur 30-39 tahun, tamat SLTA, sebagai ibu rumah tangga, tidak memiliki rumah sendiri, menikah, memiliki anak 1-3, tidak menggunakan alat kontrasepsi, dan berperilaku berisiko. Sebanyak 85% responden tertular HIV dari suami/mantan suami/pasangannya. Pengetahuan benar tentang HIV-AIDS hanya 79,5% dan persepsi benar mencapai 93,2%. Kesimpulan. Perlu strategi penguatan Prong 2 dan Prong 3 pada program PPIA, penguatan promosi kesehatan dan sosialisasi tentang informasi HIV-AIDS yang benar, dan perlu monitoring dan evaluasi terhadap implementasi program Pemerintah
HIPOTIROIDISME PADA IBU HAMIL DI DAERAH REPLETE DAN NON-REPLETE GONDOK DI KABUPATEN MAGELANG
No full textLatar belakang: Hipotiroid pada masa kehamilan dapat menyebabkan dampak serius pada janin yang dikandungnya. Peningkatan kebutuhan iodium dan sumber iodium yang terbatas berpotensi menyebabkan hipotiroidisme pada masa kehamilan. Tujuan: Untuk memberikan gambaran kejadian hipotiroid pada ibu hamil di daerah replete gondok dibandingkan dengan daerah non-replete (bukan endemis gondok di masa lalu). Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross-sectional di Kecamatan Sawangan dan Bandongan sebagai daerah replete gondok dan Kecamatan Mungkid dan Borobudur sebagai wilayah non-replete gondok di Kabupaten Magelang. Sampel penelitian adalah ibu hamil di trimester 1, 2 dan 3 yang diambil secara simple random sampel dari kerangka sampel yang sudah di stratifikasi. Fungsi tiroid diukur dengan indikator Thyroid Stimulating Hormon (TSH) dan free thyroxin (fT4) dalam serum dengan metode Elisa. Analisis data dilakukan secara univariat dengan SPSS 21. Hasil: Responden berjumlah 244 ibu hamil, berusia 16-44 tahun, usia kehamilan 2–38 minggu. Prevalensi hipotiroid di daerah replete gondok sebesar 17,2 persen dan 19,2 persen di daerah non-replete gondok. Lebih rinci disebutkan pada daerah replete gondok prevalensi overt hypothyroid sebesar 0.0 persen, hipotiroid subklinis 13 persen, hypothyroxinemia 4,1 persen. Pada daerah non-replete gondok prevalensi overt hypothyroid 4,2 persen, hipotiroid subklinis sebesar 15 persen dan hypothyroxinemia sebesar 0.0 persen. Prevalensi lebih tinggi pada ibu hamil di trimester tiga dibanding dua trimester sebelumnya di kedua wilayah. Kesimpulan: Hipotiroid pada ibu hamil terjadi pada daerah replete dan non-replete gondok dan tidak ada perbedaan prevalensi di daerah replete dan non-replete gondok. Perbedaan nyata terlihat pada ibu hamil antar trimester kehamilan
KEPATUHAN KONSUMSI SUPLEMEN KALSIUM SERTA HUBUNGANNYA DENGAN TINGKAT KECUKUPAN KALSIUM PADA IBU HAMIL DI KABUPATEN JEMBER
No full textAbstract Background: World Health Organization (WHO) recommended supplementation of 1500-2000 mg/day calcium to be integrated into antenatal care (ANC) programmes to prevent pre-eclampsia, but the current program has not followed these recommendation. There was limited information about factors related to calcium supplements compliance and calcium adequacy in pregnant women in Indonesia. Objective: The study aims to analyze factors related to calcium supplements compliance and calcium adequacy in pregnant women. Method: This research was observational with cross sectional design. Subjects were 96 pregnant women received calcium supplements and attended ANC in Sumbersari and Ambulu Community Health Centre, Jember Regency. Data was analyzed using logistic regression to assess factors related to calcium intake compliance. Result: Factors associated to calcium supplements compliance were family support (OR= 3.40; 95% CI: 1.29–9.01) and perceived calcium benefits (OR= 3.02; 95% CI: 1.22-7.48). A high number of subjects (76.1%) was below estimated average requirement (EAR) of calcium. The average contribution of calcium intake from supplements was only 2.6% of subject’s EAR. Conclusion: This study implies that family support can improve compliance among the pregnant women and the needs of optimizing calcium supplementation program in Indonesia.Keywords: Calcium supplements, calcium adequacy, pregnant women, ANC Abstrak Latar belakang: WHO menganjurkan suplementasi kalsium 1500-2000 mg/hari bagi ibu hamil sebagai bagian dari ANC untuk pencegahan pre-eklampsi, namun program suplementasi kalsium di Indonesia saat ini belum sepenuhnya mengikuti anjuran tersebut. Belum banyak informasi mengenai faktor yang mempengaruhi kepatuhan ibu dalam mengonsumsi suplemen kalsium maupun informasi kecukupan kalsium pada ibu hamil di Indonesia. Tujuan: Menganalisis faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kepatuhan ibu hamil dalam mengonsumsi suplemen kalsium dan tingkat kecukupan kalsium pada ibu hamil. Metode: Penelitian observasional dengan rancangan cross sectional study. Subjek penelitian adalah 96 ibu hamil yang telah mendapatkan suplemen kalsium dan melakukan ANC di Puskesmas Sumbersari dan Ambulu, Kabupaten Jember. Regresi logistik digunakan untuk menganalisis faktor yang paling berpengaruh. Hasil: Hasil penelitian diperoleh faktor yang mempengaruhi kepatuhan konsumsi tablet kalsium adalah dukungan keluarga (OR= 3,40; 95% CI: 1,29 – 9,01) dan manfaat suplemen kalsium yang dirasakan (OR= 3,02; 95% CI: 1,22- 7,48). Tingkat kecukupan kalsium sebagian besar ibu hamil (76,1%) masih di bawah estimated average requirement (EAR) kalsium. Kontribusi asupan kalsium dari suplemen tidak besar, yaitu hanya memenuhi 2,6% EAR. Kesimpulan: Meningkatkan dukungan keluarga dapat menjadi strategi meningkatkan kepatuhan konsumsi suplemen kalsium dan perlunya mengoptimalkan program suplementasi kalsium di Indonesia.Kata kunci: Suplemen kalsium, kecukupan kalsium, ibu hamil, AN
SANITASI PASAR TRADISIONAL DI KABUPATEN SRAGEN JAWA TENGAH DAN KABUPATEN GIANYAR BALI
No full textAbstract According to Environmental Performance Index (EPI) Indonesia at the 134th ranking for 163countries below the rangking of Sudan and Tanzania. EPI indicators tracked across ten policy categoriescovering both environmental public health in relation to water supply and sanitation and ecosystem vitality.Sanitation in human life include such as housing and public places sanitation. As a public places , in themarket many people doing the transaction and it may transmit diseases. In the other hands, the existence ofmarket are needed by the community to suffice their basic live need. The main purpose of this study was toevaluate the sanitation of several traditional market including market location, market yard, building, andsanitation facilities. The study was an observational and expolatory sectional study for two Kabupatenstraditional market by using form. The object of this research was the Kabupaten Sragen Central JavaProvince and Kabupaten Gianyar Bali Province traditional market including "toko", "kios", and ''los".Scoring result for each variable which consist of market location, market yard, building, and marketsanitation facilities including water supply, refuse or garbage disposal, sewage disposal shown in tables.The result indicate that market at Bunder Sragen which trained is good. At the other market, yard, wall,roof, floor, water supply, garbage disposal and cleaners were fair or middle criteria. Market "kios"blocking, waste disposal, lighting, garbage container, drainage and firehouse were poor criteria.Keywords: Sanitation, traditional market, public places Abstrak Menurut Environmental Performance Index (EPI) yang berkaitan dengan kesehatan lingkungantermasuk penyediaan air bersih dan sanitasi dan ekosistem, Indonesia menduduki rangking ke 134 dari163 negara di bawah Sudan dan Tanzania. Sanitasi mencakup sanitasi perumahan (housing) dan sanitasitempat-tempat umum (public places sanitation). Pasar merupakan salah satu tempat umum bagi orangbanyak untuk melakukan kegiatan jual - beli yang dapat menyebabkan timbulnya dan atau menularnyapenyakit. Keberadaan pasar sangat dibutuhkan, 'oleh masyarakat untuk memperoleh dan mencukupikebutuhan hidupnya. Jenis penelitian ini observasional yang bertujuan menilai sanitasi pasar tradisional .Sebagai populasi adalah pasar tradisional yang ada di Jawa dan Bali. Sampel diambil secara purposif daripasar yang telah dibina oleh Ditjen PP-PL, kemudian diambil pasar yang mewakili daerah Jawa Tengah(Kabupaten Sragen) dan Bali (Kabupaten Gianyar). Penelitian dilaksanakan tahun 2010. Pengumpulandata dengan observasi menggunakari check list, wawancara mendalam (in depth interview) kepadapedagang menggunakan kuesioner dan diskusi terarah (focus group discussion) dengan pengelola pasar.Pengumpulan data primer terrmasuk letak pasar, bangunan pasar meliputi toko, kios, los,sarana sanitasimencakup penyediaan air bersih, pembuangan sampah dan kotoran, dan saluran drainase. Selain itu jugadilakukan pengumpulan data mengenai keamanan pasar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pasarB under Sragen merupakan pasar tradisional yang sudah dibina sesuai pedoman yang sudah memenuhisyarat Pasar Sehat. Lantai, penyediaan air bersih dan alat pembersih termasuk kriteria baik yang mencapainilai maksimal. Tempat Pembuangan Sampah (TPS), dan pembuangan air limbah termasuk kriteria sedang.Sedangkan letak pasar, penerangan, pembuangan kotoran manusia, bak sampah, dan alat pemadamkebakaran termasuk kriteria.kurang.Kata kunci: Sanitasi, pasar tradisional, tempat umu
KEMAMPUAN KADER POSYANDU DALAM MELAKUKAN PENGUKURAN PANJANG/TINGGI BADAN BALITA
No full textABSTRACTRiskesdas 2013, provides information stunting in infants of as much as 37,2 percent. Meanwhile, inRISKESDAS 2007, information abaut stunting are 36.8 percent. The highest proportion is importantreason, to monitoring height / weight infants at posyandu. Community fact, show that body length oftoddler in posyandu. Thirty percent of posyandu (integrated service station) activities undertaken correctlyby the kader-posyandu (integrated service station center). Kader-posyandu chosen by people, so that thepublic trus her's. Her's advice and guidance are often followed by community, therefore necessary totraining as a form of education in adults. Assessing the impact of training on changes in measure thelength and height on under five children, before and after training. Descriptive for collect characteristicsdata, of the observations to look at the technique/how to measure before and after training. Nonparametricanalysis with wilcoxcon test and sign, used to see whether there are differences 'delta standardkader'(the difference in the results of the cadre integrated service station and the gold standard ofmeasurement)between before and after training. In general, high school educated kader-posyandu, aged31-40 years. Posyandu time to perform activities ranged from 2 s / d 4 years. As much as 74 percent ofthemhave never received refresher training in the last year period. The results of measurement accordingtothe standard observation phase (right) increased by about 30-40 percent. Anthropometry training resultsshoweddifferences in technique how to measure the infants who fit the measurement requirements. hereweresignificant differences (p = 0.00) results 'delta standard-kader' using three tools are multifunctional,lengboard,microtoise before and .after training. Anthropometry training, has been able to improve kaderposyanduskill in measuring of length and height of under five children.Keywords: Measurement, height, length, under-five ABSTRAKRISKESDAS 2013 menghasilkan informasi, sebesar 37,2 persen balita Indonesia pendek: SementaraRiskesdas 2007, balita pendek dan sangat pendek sebesar 36,8 persen. Angka stunting yang cukup tinggi,memberikan alasan, pentingnya pemantauan tinggi/panjang badan balita di posyandu. Fakta di lapanganmenunjukkan kader hanya melakukan penimbangan, dan hanya 30 persen kegiatan posyandu dilaksanakandengan benar. Kader dipilih masyarakat sehingga dipercaya masyarakat, saran dan petunjuknya seringdiikuti masyarakat, oleh karena itu diperlukan pelatihan sebagai bentuk pendidikan pada orang dewasa.Menilai ketepatan pengukuran panjang/tinggi badan balita yang dilakukan kader posyandu sebelum dansesudah pelatihan. Uji t dependen digunakan untuk melihat apakah ada perbedaan perbedaan basilpengukuran kader sebelum dan sesudah pelatihan. Deskriptif untuk melihat karakteristik observasi pada teknik/cara mengukur. Pada umumnya kader berpendidikan SLTA, berumur 31-40 tahun, lama menjadikader berkisar 2 s/d 4 tahun dan 74 persen diantaranya tidak pernah mendapat penyegaran pelatihan dalam kurun walctu 1 tahun terakhir. Ada perbedaan bermakna (p=0.00) hasil pengukuran kader dibandingkanGold Standart (peneliti) menggunakan alat"lengboard", dan "microtoise"sebelum dan setelah pelatihan.Ada perbedaan bermakna (p=0.00) hasil penggukuran kader dibandingkan Gold Standart (peneliti)menggunakan alat multifungsisebelum dan setelah pelatihan. Hasil penilaian berdasarkan uji statistikmenyatakan kader telah mampu mengukur mendekati gold standar setelah pelatihan. Hasil pengamatankader lebih mudah (sesuai standar pengamatan) dalam menggunakan alat lengboard dan microtoice.Kata kunci: Pengukuran, Tinggi Badan, Panjang Badan, Balit
ASUPAN ZAT BESI DAN SENG PADA BAYI UMUR 6 – 11 BULAN DI KELURAHAN JATI CEMPAKA, KOTA BEKASI, TAHUN 2014
No full textInfants are at higher risk of iron and zinc deficiency because of their rapid growth and higher iron and zinc needs. The infants’ iron and zinc status are directly affected by their dietary intake. The aims of this study were to measure the average and the deficit of iron and zinc intake in infants aged 6 – 11.months in Kelurahan Jati Cempaka Kota Bekasi, 2014. The research was conducted in 10 Integrated Health Service in Kelurahan Jati Cempaka, Bekasi City, 2014. Eighty pairs of infants and mothers were selected as samples. Infants’ intake were assessed by 2 x 24 hours non-consecutive dietary recall. Independent T test analysis were conducted to identify the differences in iron and zinc intake between underweight infant and infant with normal nutritional status. Analysis showed that iron and zinc the total of average of breastfeeding infants were 2,3 ± 1,2 mg/day and 1,7 ± 0,7 mg/day. Iron and zinc The average deficit of of breastfeeding infants were 4,7 ± 1,2 mg/day and 1,3 ± 0,7 mg/day. There was significant difference on the average of iron intake between underweight infant and infants with normal nutritional status. But there was no significant difference on the zinc intake. However zinc intake the average of of underweight infant was lower than the normal infant with normal nutritional status. Nutrition counseling about good complementary feeding practice to the mothers of infants is needed, especially complementary food from animal source. Multi micro nutrient supplementations to the infants need to be considered, regarding low consumption of complementary food from animal source
KONTRIBUSI SISTEM BUDAYA DALAM POLA ASUH GIZI BALITA PADA LINGKUNGAN RENTAN GIZI (Studi Kasus di Desa Pecuk, Jawa Tengah)
No full textABSTRACTFactors that greatly affect the nutritional status is nutrition parenting children through food, which willrespond to and practiced by caregivers differently in each culture. Issues that were examined in this study isthe extent to which contributions will form a cultural system that supports parenting nutritional status ofchildren better nutrition in vulnerable environments in the Village Pecuk. This study used a qualitativeapproach with a focus on aspects of the culture system consisting of the elements of the norms, habits,values, beliefs and myths. Instrument in this study are the author's own and one researcher, questionnaire,food recall and the supporting instruments such as observation, interviews and FGDs. The results showedthat: 1) the vulnerable environment in the Village Pecuk nutrition, the nutritional status of children to begood because of the support system of the existing culture, 2) Elements of culture systems that supportparenting nutrition in the form of values, norms and practices, 3) patterns parental nutrition focuses on thehigh value of children.Keywords: cultural system, nutrition, environment, child Value ABSTRAK Faktoryang sangat mempengaruhistatus gizi adalah pola asuh gizi anak melalui makanan,yang akan direspon dan dipraktekan oleh pemberi perawatan secara berbeda-bedapada masing-masing budaya. Permasalahanyang dikajipada penelitian ini adalah sejauh mana kontribusi sistem budaya akan membentuk pola asuhyang dapat mendukungstatus gizi balitayang lebih baikpada lingkungan rentan gizi di Desa Pecuk. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan fokuspada aspek sistem budaya yang terdiri dari unsur-unsur norma, kebiasaan, nilai, kepercayaan dan mitos. Instrumen dalam penelitian ini adalah penulis sendiri beserta satu orang anggota tim peneliti, kuesioner, food recall dan instrumen pendukung berupa pedoman observasi, wawancara dan FGD. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa: 1)pada lingkungan rentan gizidi Desa Pecuk, makastatus gizi balita menjadi baik, karena dukungan sistem budaya yang ada,2) Unsur sistem budayayang mendukung pola asuh gizi balita berupa nilai, norma dan kebiasaan,3) pola asuh gizi balita berfokuspada nilai anakyang tinggi.Kata kunci: Sistem budaya, gizi, pola asuh, Lingkungan, Nilai ana
KEJADIAN CACAT PADA ANAK USIA 24 - 59 BULAN DAN FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG BERKAITAN, RISKESDAS 2010
No full textThe objective of the analysis is to determine the factors that associated with Down Syndrome (DS), Cerebral Palsy (CP) and other disabilities (blind, deaf, speech impaired, physically disabled, ormentally disabled). The data that used in this analysis were from Basic National Health Survey (Riskesdas) 2010. Subjects were children aged 24-59 months and their birth mother (11.115 children). Nine defect children had been found from West Java Province in 2010 were verified by visiting to their home. In Indonesia, the prevalence of DS, CP and other defects were respectively 0,07%; 0,05%; and 0,39%. Mothers who gave birth above 35 years old have risk of having a DS child 4,8 times (CI: 1,225 to 20,265; p=0,034) than mothers who gave birth at and below 35 years old. Mothers who live in a slum area have risk of having other defect children 2,1 times(CI: 1,225 to 4,109; p=0,021) than mothers who not live in slum area. Maternal age at delivery is associated with DS. Living environment is associated with other defects. Counseling to pregnant women aged ≥ 35 years old and living in a rundown neighborhood in order to antenal care every month so that the incidence of DS and other defects can be prevented