e-Journal Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan / National Institute of Health Research and Development
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Dampak Perpaduan Obat ARV pada Pasien HIV/AIDS ditinjau dari Kenaikan Jumlah Limfosit CD4+ di RSUD Dok II Kota Jayapura
No full textThe purpose of ARV is reducing the rate of transmission, reducing morbidity and mortalityassociated with HIV, restoring and maintaining the immune system and suppressing the viralreplication maximal. Dok II Hospital is one of the hospitals that provide care and ARV therapy forpatients HIV. The number of patients increasing each year, it is necessary to evaluate the success ofARV drugs on a regular basis in order to achieve optimal outcomes. One way of monitoring is tolook at the efficacy of a combination of ARV drugs on the immune response of the increase is theincrease in Lymphocyte CD4+ cell count. To determine the efficacy of ARV combination based onthe increase in CD4 cell counts of patients after 6-12 months of ARV treatment in Dok II Hospital in2011-2012. The study was an observational. Data were collected retrospectively on secondary datafrom medical records of patients who met the inclusion criteria. Data were analyzed by ANOVA. Sixobtained the drug combination gave good efficacy based on a significant increase in LymphocyteCD4+ cell counts in patients with HIV/AIDS who receive ARV drugs in combination II and V (pvalue = 0.002) and the combination of III and V (p value = 0.033) while for other combinationsbetween no significant difference. The sixth best combination ARV efficacy there are 2 that thecombination II and V combination
Pengetahuan, sikap, dan perilaku terhadap malaria pada masyarakat di Kecamatan Alue Bilie, Kabupaten Nagan Raya, Aceh
No full textAbstract.Research on community knowledge, attitudes and behavior malaria in Alue Bilie sub District, Nagan Raya District , aims to explore the level of community awareness of efforts to control malaria. The research methodology used is non-intervention exploratory survey with cross sectional design. Interviews using structured questionnaires conducted on 75 respondents. Based on the interview result, 69,3% of respondents is at productive age between 17 to 45 years, with the proportion of 13,3% were male and 86,7% were female. The number of men interviewed were less than women because the interview time is at 10 am to 2 pm, time where most of the men were outside the home. The level of community knowledge classified as good, with as many as 72% of respondents knew about the name of malaria, knows about breeding grounds for mosquitoes and answers mosquito bites on the same blood type as the object of transmission. For the attitude in community, 100% of respondents have a good attitude against malaria by complying with and appreciative in the prevention of malaria. Community behavior is also considered good, which is reflected in the actions of prevention and treatment of malaria. As many as 92% of the 75 respondents interviewed said that they sleep using mosquito nets, 82,7% of respondents use protective clothing throughout the body during activity outside the home, 90,7% of respondents spread larvae-eating fish in breeding grounds for mosquitoes, 85,3% respondent choose clean the home environment by burning the leaves, burying cans, closing the puddles. In general, the level of community knowledge, attitudes and behavior regarding malaria in Alue Bilie Sub District are considered very good.Keywords: knowledge, attitudes, behavior, malaria, Alue BilieAbstrak.Penelitian tentang pengetahuan, sikap dan perilaku masyarakat di Kecamatan Alue Bilie Kabupaten Nagan Raya terhadap malaria bertujuan untuk mengeksplor bagaimana tingkat kepedulian masyarakat terhadap upaya pengendalian malaria. Metodologi penelitian yang digunakan adalah survei eksploratif non intervensi dengan desain cross sectional. Wawancara dengan menggunakan kuesioner berstruktur dilakukan pada 75 responden. Berdasarkan hasil wawancara, sebesar 69,3% responden yang diwawancara pada usia produktif antara 17 sampai 45 tahun dengan proporsi 13,3% adalah laki-laki dan 86,7% adalah perempuan. Jumlah laki-laki lebih sedikit yang diwawancara dibandingkan perempuan karena waktu wawancara adalah pukul 10.00 - 14.00 dan pada waktu tersebut umumnya laki-laki berada di luar rumah. Tingkat pengetahuan masyarakat digolongkan baik yaitu sebanyak 72% responden tahu tentang nama malaria tanpa ada sebutan yang lain, tahu tempat berkembang biak nyamuk, serta menjawab gigitan nyamuk pada golongan darah yang sama sebagai objek penularan. Sikap 100% responden dikategorikan baik terhadap malaria dengan mematuhi dan apresiatif dalam upaya pencegahan malaria. Perilaku masyarakat juga dikategorikan baik, hal ini tercermin tindakan dalam pencegahan dan mengobati malaria. Sebanyak 92% dari 75 responden yang diwawancara mengatakan bahwa mereka tidur menggunakan kelambu, 82,7% responden menggunakan baju tertutup seluruh tubuh saat beraktivitas di luar rumah, 90,7% responden menebar ikan pemakan jentik di tempat berkembang biak nyamuk, 85,3% responden memilih membersihkan lingkungan rumah dengan membakar daun-daun, menguburkan kaleng-kaleng bekas, menutup genangan air. Secara umum, tingkat pengetahuan, sikap dan perilaku masyarakat Kecamatan Alue Bilie dapat dikatakan baik terhadap pemahaman tentang malaria.Kata kunci: pengetahuan, sikap, perilaku, malaria, Alue Bili
Ascariasis di Kalimantan Selatan
No full textAbstract.Helminthiasis remains a public health problem in Indonesia, one of which is ascariasis caused by Ascaris lumbricoides. Ascariasis causes a decrease in the immune system and inhibit the development of the child as taking in nutrients needed by the body, further it can degrade the quality of human. The purpose of research was to get the representation of ascariasis distribution in South Kalimantan. Observational study with cross-sectional design conducted in thirteen districts of the city of South Kalimantan Province in 2010 and 2011 divided by forest, wetlands, urban and beach ecosystems. The population are all elementary school children in South Kalimantan. The samples were elementary school children of the elementary school was selected as a sample. The selection using purposive sample. The study was conducted by field surveys,that are explanation of informed consent, the distribution and pot collection parasitological examination of feces and worm eggs directly. The existence of ascariasis spread across Kalimantan Selatan in both of forest, wetlands, urban and beach ecosystems with the highest prevalence in three districts namely Tanah Bumbu, Tabalong and Balangan. It’s needed health promotion to increase the awareness of personal hygiene and environmental sanitation, especially the use of latrines and also continue mass drugs administration in endemic areas.Keywords : helminthiasis, ascariasis, South KalimantanAbstrak.Penyakit kecacingan masih merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat di Indonesia, salah satunya adalah ascariasis yang disebabkan oleh cacing Ascaris lumbricoides. Ascariasis menyebabkan penurunan daya tahan tubuh dan menghambat tumbuh kembang anak karena mengambil sari-sari makanan yang dibutuhkan oleh tubuh lebih lanjut dapat menurunkan kualitas sumber daya manusia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui gambaran sebaran Ascariasis di Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan. Penelitian observasional dengan desain potong lintang dilakukan di tiga belas kabupaten kota Propinsi Kalimantan Selatan pada tahun 2010 dan 2011 dibagi berdasarkan ekosistem hutan, rawa, perkotaan dan pantai. Populasi penelitian adalah seluruh anak sekolah dasar di Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan. Sampel penelitian adalah anak sekolah dasar yang bersekolah pada sekolah dasar yang terpilih sebagai sampel. Pemilihan sampel sekolah dilakukan secara purposive sampling. Penelitian dilakukan dengan cara survei lapangan yaitu penjelasan informed consent, pembagian dan pengumpulan pot tinja dan pemeriksaan parasitologi telur cacing secara langsung. Keberadaan Ascariasis tersebar di seluruh wilayah Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan baik di ekosistem hutan dan pertambangan, rawa, perkotaan maupun pantai dengan prevalensi tertinggi di tiga kabupaten yaitu Kabupaten Tanah Bumbu, Tabalong dan Balangan. Diperlukan promosi kesehatan guna peningkatan kesadaran perorangan untuk memelihara kebersihan dan kesehatan serta sanitasi lingkungan yang buruk khususnya penggunaan jamban keluarga dan pemberian obat kecacingan secara kontinyu di daerah endemis.Kata kunci : kecacingan, ascariasis, Kalimantan Selatan
FAKTOR RISIKO ' GREEN TOBACCO SICKNESS' (GTS) PADA PETANI PEMETIK DAUN TEMBAKAU DI DESA BANSARI, KABUPATEN TEMANGGUNG, JAWA TENGAH
Get PDFAbstract. A cross sectional study on the incidence and the risk factors of green tobacco sickness wascarried out inBansari village, Sindoro mountain range, Parakan sub district,Temanggung District, CentralJava.The subject of the study consisted of 80 of tobacco-leaf pickers, who were healthy,without hypertension, tachycardia, and hyperpnoea story. Data were collected through interview, physicalexamination(blood pressure, pulse, frequency of breath), and Cotinineurine examination (competitiveimmunoassaymethod with Coti Traq-Serex).Data were analyzed using SPSS program. The incidence ofGTS was found about 64%. The symptoms were found frequently including dizzy, headache, and fatigue.Therisk factors that influence GTS were working experience, location of the leaf, and the use of safetyprotector.Statistical analysis showed that the incidence of GTS among pickers who had long workingexperience,middle location of the leaf, and wore long-sleeve shirts was significantly lower than pickerswhohad short working experience, middle-high location of the leaf, and did not wear long-sleeve shirts
Karakterisasi Mutu Ekstrak Daun Sirsak (Annona muricata L.) dari Tiga Tempat Tumbuh
No full textAbstract The soursop leaves (Annona muricata L.) are part of soursop plants that have a potential to be developed as anticancer as it contains annonacin. Annonacin is one of the acetogenins compounds group that are cytotoxic and mostly can be found in soursop plants. In the development of pharmaceutical preparation, apart from their safety and efficacy, quality of medicinal raw materials has been one of the important factors. Soursop leaf extract quality can be affected by their types of growing places. Therefore, the research of the quality characterization of soursop leaf extracts from three different growing places needs to be done in order to identify the quality of the extract used as herbal medicines. Quality inspection of soursop leaf extracts was including non-specific and specific parameters. Soursop leaf samples were obtained from three growing places with different altitude, which were from Tawangmangu, Central Java,; Pasuruan, East Java; and Bogor, West Java.The results showed that the best leaf extracts of soursop was from Pasuruan with non-specific parameters: (water content of 7,15% , ash content of 3,59% and 0,44 ppb levels of aflatoxin G2, and specific parameters: (the concentration of annonacin is 12,80%). Keywords: soursop leaf, annonacin, characterization, quality extractsAbstrakDaun sirsak (Annona muricata L.) merupakan bagian dari tanaman sirsak yang berpotensi untuk dikembangkan sebagai antikanker karena mengandung annonacin. Annonacin adalah salah satu senyawa golongan acetogenins yang bersifat sitotoksik dan paling banyak terkandung dalam tanaman sirsak. Dalam pengembangan sediaan obat, mutu bahan baku obat merupakan salah satu faktor penting, selain keamanan dan efektifitas. Mutu ekstrak daun sirsak dapat dipengaruhi oleh perbedaan tempat tumbuh. Oleh karena itu, penelitian karakterisasi terhadap mutu ekstrak daun sirsak pada tiga tempat tumbuh perlu dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi mutu ekstrak yang digunakan sebagai obat herbal. Pemeriksaan mutu ekstrak daun sirsak mencakup parameter non spesifik dan spesifik. Sampel daun sirsak diperoleh dari tiga tempat tumbuh dengan ketinggian yang berbeda, yaitu daerah Tawangmangu, Jawa Tengah; Pasuruan, Jawa Timur; dan Bogor, Jawa Barat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak daun sirsak yang paling baik adalah ekstrak dari daerah Pasuruan dengan parameter non spesifik: (kadar air 7,15%, kadar abu 3,59%, kadar aflatoksin G2 0,44 ppb), dan parameter spesifik: (kadar annonacin sebesar 12,80%).Kata kunci: daun sirsak , annonacin, karakterisasi, mutu ekstra
Gambaran Ketersediaan Tenaga dan Upaya Pelayanan Kesehatan Gigi di Puskesmas (Analisis Lanjut Riset Fasilitas Kesehatan 2011)
No full textAbstract Results of Riskesdas 2013 showed that 25.9% of the Indonesian population have dental health problems. Amongst them, there were only 31.1% which received dental care. However, the Riskesdas 2013 does not provide information regarding the availability of human resource working for dental health program. Therefore, the researchers used data from the 2011 Health Facility Research (Rifaskes). The analysis aims to obtain information on the proportion of dental health professionals and their program in public health centers (PHCs) based on regions of Indonesia. There were two variables analyzed, namely dental health professionals and dental health program. The analysis showed that the placements of dentists remain concentrated in Java and Bali islands. Of the 8,975 PHC, only 60.6% have dentists. Moreover, in terms of the comprehensiveness level of the dental care program, School Dental Care Effort (UKGS) and Village Community Dental Care Effort (UKGMD) were available. However, only 72.3% PHCs completely conducted three kinds of dental health program. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an attractive policy so as to increase the placement of dentists and dental nurses throughout the PHCs in Indonesia and this should be distributed evenly so that they can carry out optimal dental health program. Key words : dental health, public health center, rifaskes AbstrakHasil Riskesdas 2013 menunjukkan 25,9% penduduk Indonesia memiliki masalah gigi dan mulut. Diantara yang memiliki masalah gigi dan mulut tersebut terdapat 31,1% yang menerima perawatan dan pengobatan dari tenaga medis dan paramedis gigi, sementara 68,9% lainnya tidak dilakukan perawatan. Analisis ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan informasi berapa proporsi tenaga kesehatan gigi dan upaya kesehatan gigi di puskesmas berdasarkan wilayah. Data yang digunakan adalah data Rifaskes 2011. Ada dua variabel yang dianalisis yaitu tenaga kesehatan gigi dan upaya kesehatan gigi. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa penempatan dokter gigi masih terkonsentrasi di wilayah Jawa-Bali, dan belum merata di seluruh Indonesia. Dari 8.975 puskesmas hanya 60,6% puskesmas yang memiliki dokter gigi dan 17,6% puskesmas di Indonesia tidak memiliki dokter gigi ataupun perawat gigi. Namun dalam hal kelengkapan ketersediaan pelayanan kesehatan gigi, UKGS dan UKGMD ternyata hanya 72,3% atau 1.653 puskesmas yang lengkap menyelenggarakan tiga upaya pokok kesehatan gigi. Mengingat masih tingginya prevalensi masalah gigi dan mulut di Indonesia maka perlu dikembangkan suatu strategi yang menarik agar penempatan tenaga dokter gigi dan perawat gigi tersebar merata di seluruh puskesmas di Indonesia sehingga dapat melaksanakan upaya kesehatan gigi secara optimal.Kata kunci : dokter gigi dan perawat gigi, puskesmas. kesehatan gigi
Pengujian Cemaran Bakteri, Kapang dan Khamir di Unit Produksi Garam Farmasi Skala Pilot Kapasitas 5 Kg/Batch
No full textAbstrakHingga saat ini, hampir 90% bahan baku obat (BBO) Indonesia dipenuhi dari produk impor. Garam farmasisebagai bahan baku dalam pembuatan infus termasuk salah satu BBO yang seluruhnya masih diimpor.Untuk mencapai kemandirian bahan baku farmasi pengembangan unit produksi garam farmasi menjadipenting untuk dilakukan di Indonesia. Merujuk pada Peraturan Ka.BPOM No. HK.03.1.33.12.12.8195Tahun 2012 tentang Cara Pembuatan Bahan Baku Aktif Obat yang Baik (CPBBAOB), suatu unit produksiharus menghasilkan produk yang memenuhi persyaratan kandungan kimia dan pengotor lainnya sertabatas cemaran bakteri, kapang dan khamir. Cemaran-cemaran tersebut dapat ditimbulkan dari bahanbaku, bahan pemurnian dan kontaminasi dari udara pada tahapan proses produksi. Dalam penelitianini dilakukan pengujian cemaran-cemaran tersebut di seluruh tahapan proses produksi dan produkgaram farmasi pada unit produksi skala pilot. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa unit proses produksiskala pilot yang dikembangkan dapat menghasilkan produk garam farmasi yang memenuhi persyaratankualitas sesuai FI IV dan tidak mengandung cemaran bakteri, kapang dan khamir.Kata Kunci: garam farmasi, unit produksi, skala pilot, kualitas, cemaran bakteri AbstractAlmost 90% of Indonesian pharmaceutical raw materials controlled by imported products from thepast few years until this moment.Pharmaceutical salt as the main ingredients in making an infusionis one of them. In order to gain self-sufficiency of pharmaceutical raw materials, the improvement ofpharmaceutical salt production plant is a priority to be realized in Indonesia. Referring the rules of theChief of BPOM No. HK.03.1.33.12.12.8195 in 2012 about how to make the active compound of drugsproperly, a production unit has to generate products which can meet with the requirement of chemicalcompound and any other impurities and the limit of bacterial contamination as well as mold and yeast.All the contaminants could be emerged from raw materials, purification materials and air contaminationwhile the production is ongoing. In this research, the investigation of contaminants was conducting notonly in whole steps of production process but also the salt products from pilot scale plant. The resultshows that the pilot scale production plant is capable to produce pharmaceutical salt which is eligible interms of quality according to FI IV and is not contaminated by bacteria, mold and yeast.Keywords: salt pharmaceutical grade, production unit, pilot scale, quality, bacterial contaminan
Faktor-Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Tingkat Kekebalan Hepatitis B (anti-HBs) pada Anak Umur 1-14 Tahun dari Data Hasil Riskesdas 2007
No full textAbstrakVirus Hepatitis B (VHB) masih merupakan masalah utama dalam dunia kesehatan, hal ini terbuktidengan meningkatnya prevalensi di beberapa belahan dunia seperti di Afrika, Asia dan negara-negaraPasifik. Angka prevalensi ≥ 8% dinyatakan endemis tinggi terhadap VHB ditemukan di daerah Afrikadan Asia. Tahun 2012 telah dilaporkan lebih dari 350 juta orang terinfeksi VHB dengan perkiraan 1,2juta orang kematian per tahun karena hepatitis kronis, sirosis dan karsinoma hepatoseluler. Penelitianini merupakan analisis lanjut data sekunder RISKESDAS Kemenkes tahun 2007, yaitu suatu penelitiancross-sectional. Total sebanyak 1.618 sampel anak umur 1-14 tahun telah dianalisis. Tujuan daripenelitian adalah untuk menentukan faktor risiko yang terkait dengan kekebalan Hepatitis B (titer anti-HBs) dengan menganalisis data titer anti-HBs terhadap data KESMAS-nya. Manfaaat penelitian untukmengetahui penurunan kekebalan aktif anti-HBs pada anak Indonesia umur 1-14 tahun. Kesimpulanpenelitian menunjukkan bahwa faktor umur memiliki hubungan yang paling signifikan terhadap titer anti-HBs, (p = 0,001) dengan tingkat terlindungi sebesar 91% (OR = 0,91; 95% CI = 0,886-0,938 p=0,001).Kata Kunci: virus Hepatitis B (VHB), anti-HBs, anak umur 1-14 tahun, data Riskesdas 2007AbstractHepatitis B virus (HBV) is still a major problem in the world, it is proved by the increasing prevalence in someparts of the world such as in Africa, Asia and Pacific countries. ≥ 8% prevalence rate is expressed highlyendemic for HBV is found in regions of Africa and Asia. In the year 2012 has been reported more than 350million people infected with HBV with an estimated 1.2 million deaths per year due to chronic hepatitis,cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The study was an advanced analysis of National Basic HealthResearch 2007 Data, which was using a cross-sectional design. A total of 1,618 samples of children aged1-14 years have been analyzed. The aim of the study was to determine the risk factors associated withHepatitis B immune (anti-HBs titers) by analyzing the data of anti-HBs titers against the data of its publichealth.The benefit of the study was to find the active anti-Hbs immunity decline in Indonesian children aged1-14 years. Conclusion of the study indicated that age factor has the most significant relationship to theanti-HBs titers (p=0.001) with the protected level of 91%. (OR = 0.91; 95% CI = 0.886 to 0.938 p=0.001).Keywords: Hepatitis B virus (HBV),anti-HBs, children of 1-14 years, National Basic Health Research2007 Dat