e-Journal Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan / National Institute of Health Research and Development
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Sensitifitas dan Spesifisitas Pertanyaan Gejala Saluran Pernapasan dan Faktor risiko untuk Kejadian Penyakit Paru Obstruktif Kronik (PPOK)
No full textAbstract Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic lung disease characterized by progressive non-reversible or partially reversible airflow obstruction in the airway. The aim of this study was to assess the sensitivity and specificity of questions on respiratory symptoms and risky behavior for diagnosing COPD. Method. This study was a further analysis of Bogor Cohort Study on Non-Communicable Risk Factors 2011-2012 data. COPD was diagnosed by spirometry examination with bronchodilator. Twelve questions on COPD respiratory symptoms and two questions on rizky behavior were analyzed using crossed tabulation with 5 % significance level. Results. The sensitivity and specificity of several aggregate questions on respiratory symptom and COPD risk factors ranged from 12.5% to 94.3% and 2.2% to 94.4%. Aggregate of 7 questions on 6 respiratory symptoms and 1 smoking behavior with either one was answered “Yes” had the optimal sensitivity (68.1 %) and specificity (59.7 %). Those questions were coughing more than 1 month, excreting sputum almost every day, easily feeling fatigue or dyspnea while doing activity, dyspnea > 3 months that restricted daily activities, worsened fatigue/dyspnea, whizzing, and smoking behavior. Conclusion. Questions on respiratory symptoms were neither sensitive nor specific for diagnosing COPD. Keywords: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, sensitivity, specificity. AbstrakPenyakit paru obstruktif kronis (PPOK) adalah penyakit paru kronik, ditandai dengan adanya hambatan aliran udara di saluran pernapasan, dan bersifat progressif nonreversibel atau reversibel parsial. Tujuan penelitian untuk mendapatkan sensitifitas dan spesifisitas pertanyaan gejala saluran pernapasan dan faktor risiko terhadap PPOK. Metode. Penelitian ini merupakan analisis lanjut sampel Studi Kohor Faktor Risiko PTM di Bogor tahun 2011-2012. Variabel yang dianalisis terdiri dari 12 pertanyaan gejala saluran pernapasan dan dua pertanyaan faktor risiko PPOK. Diagnosis PPOK berdasarkan hasil spirometri dengan bronchodilator. Analisis untuk mendapatkan nilai sensitifitas dan spesitifitas dilakukan tabulasi silang dengan tingkat kemaknaan 5%. Hasil. Dari kombinasi antara pertanyaan gejala saluran pernapasan dan faktor risiko terhadap PPOK, didapatkan range sensitifitas antara 12,5%-94,3% dan spesifitas 2,2%- 94,4%. Sensitifitas dan spesifisitas tertinggi adalah adanya salah satu dari 7 pertanyaan saluran pernapasan dan faktor risiko merokok terhadap PPOK yaitu dengan sensitifitas 68,1% dan dengan spesifisitas 59,7%. Tujuh pertanyaan tersebut adalah batuk setiap hari satu bulan lebih, mengeluarkan dahak/reak hampir setiap hari, cepat lelah/sesak napas bila beraktivitas, keluhan sesak napas >3 bulan yang membatasi aktivitas sehari-hari, cepat lelah/sesak napas semakin memberat, mengi, dan merokok. Kesimpulan. Pertanyaan gejala saluran pernapasan kurang sensitif dan kurang spesifik untuk mendiagnosis PPOK.Kata kunci: penyakit paru obstruksi kronis, sensitifitas, spesifisitas
Gambaran Peningkatan Kadar Inter Leukin-10 (IL-10) dan Tumor Necrosis Faktor – Alfa (TNF-α) dengan Gejala Klinis pada Penderita Malaria
No full textAbstract Malaria parasites develop in erythrocytes and naturally-acquired immune responses can result in either the elimination of the parasites or a persistent response. The cytokines are responsible for all the symptoms, pathological alterations and the outcome of the infection depending on the reciprocal regulation of the pro inflammatory (TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines. The aim of this study was to describe the level of IL-10 and TNF- α on malaria infection, using an analytic laboratory cross-sectional design. The serum levels of the cytokines TNF- α and IL-10 from 50 patients were evaluated by indirect ELISA. The results revealed that increased levels of IL-10 and TNF-α among respondents without clinical symptoms of malaria were higher compared to respondents with clinical symptoms of P. falciparum and P. vivax. Statistically, there was no significant association between clinical symptoms with increased cytokine IL-10 and TNF-α.The ratio of TNF-α / IL-10 in respondents with clinical symptoms and without clinical symptoms indicated that the respondent without clinical symptoms was higher than that of clinical symptoms. The study concluded that molecular basis of immune response of patients in the study site is still very good because of reciprocal response between pro-inflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory. Key words : clinical symptom, cytokine TNF-α, IL-10, malaria AbstrakKetika parasit berkembang di dalam sel darah merah, respon kekebalan tubuh yang secara alami diperoleh dapat mengakibatkan penghapusan/pembersihan parasit atau respon persisten dimediasi oleh sitokin yang mengarah ke immunopatologi. Sitokin yang ikut bertanggung jawab untuk semua gejala, perubahan patologi yang dihasilkan tergantung pada hubungan timbal balik antara sitokin pro inflamsi (TNF-α) dan anti inflamasi (IL-10). Tujuan penelitian adalah menggambarkan peningkatan kadar IL-10 dan TNF-α pada malaria. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan analitik laboratorium secara potong lintang. Kadar TNF-α dan IL-10 diukur dengan menggunakan metode ELISA. Hasil; peningkatan kadar IL-10 dan kadar TNF-α pada responden malaria tanpa gejala klinis lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan responden dengan gejala klinis P. falciparum maupun P.vivax. Secara statistik tidak ada hubungan signifikan antara gejala klinis dengan peningkatan sitokin IL-10 dan TNF-α. Rasio TNF-α/IL-10 pada responden dengan gejala klinis dan tanpa gejala klinis menunjukkan pada responden tanpa gejala klinis lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan gejala klinis. Kesimpulan : Secara molekuler respon immun penderita di lokasi penelitian masih sangat baik dimana masih ada respon timbal balik antara sitokin pro-inflamasi dan anti- inflamasi.Kata kunci : gejala klinis, malaria, sitokin TNF-α, IL-1
Hubungan Pengetahuan, Sikap, dan Perilaku dalam Rangka Pengendalian Vektor DBD pada Siswa Sekolah Dasar di Kecamatan Tembalang, Semarang
No full textSchoolchildren’s could play a strategic role dengue control behavior in Semarang City. This study purposed to analyze the relationship between knowledge and attitudes of students with dengue vector control behavior in order to increase school community participation for dengue prevention. This was a descriptive analytic study with cross sectional design. Data collection conducted from August to October 2011. The population was SD/MI students Grade 5 in Tembalang sub-District, Semarang City, Central Java Province. The number of samples were 306 students which was choosed using multistage sampling method.The independent variable was knowledge and attitudes, while dependent variable was students’ behavior in dengue vector control. Results showed no correlation between knowledge and attitudes as well as knowledge and behavior. Attitude proved to be significantly associated with students’ vector control behavior. Health education was recommended given to students to give knowledge about mosquito lifecycle and dengue vector control efforts. Teacher aapproach as a model of good behavior in PHBS could be applied to improve the quality of vector control behavior at elementary school students
Pengaruh Ekstrak Daun Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata Ness.) terhadap Daya Bunuh Bakteri Leptospira sp.
No full textAbstrakLeptospirosis termasuk penyakit zoonosis yang meningkat saat musim penghujan. Genangan airberpotensi terdapat bakteri Leptospira sp. jika telah terkontaminasi kencing tikus. Penggunaandesinfektan kimia di lingkungan secara terus-menerus dapat mengganggu kesehatan makhluk hidupsehingga perlu alternatif desinfektan secara alami menggunakan tanaman, salah satunya adalahsambiloto (Andrographis paniculata Ness.). Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh ekstrakdaun sambiloto terhadap daya bunuh bakteri Leptospira sp. Penelitian dilakukan dengan membuatekstrak daun sambiloto yang selanjutnya dibuat 10 seri pengenceran dan 3 kontrol dengan 3 kali ulangan yang diujikan pada bakteri Leptospira sp. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ekstraksi serbuk sambiloto 1 kg dengan 10 liter etanol 70% dengan metode maserasi menghasilkan rendemen ekstrak sebesar 11,2%. Kadar andrographolide yang diperoleh menggunakan KLT-Densitometri sebesar 0,41%. Hasil analisis perlakuan ekstrak daun sambiloto terhadap Leptospira sp. diperoleh nilai p-value 0,000 (p < 0,05) yang menunjukkan terdapat hubungan yang bermakna, yang berarti pemberian ekstrak sambiloto berpengaruh terhadap daya bunuh Leptospira sp. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah ekstrak sambiloto dapat berpotensi sebagai desinfektan bakteri Leptospira sp. pada dosis minimal 1,56%.Kata Kunci: Leptopsira sp., sambiloto, desinfektanAbstractLeptospirosis including zoonotic disease increases during the rainy season. Puddles potentially contained the bacteria Leptospira sp. if it has been contaminated by rat urine. The use of chemical disinfectants in the environment on an ongoing basis can damage the health of living beings that need an alternative disinfectant naturally using plants, one of which is sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata Ness.). The study was conducted to determine the effect of extract sambiloto leaf toward killing bacteria Leptospira sp.The study was conducted by making an extract sambiloto leaf were then made 10 serials dilutions and 3 controls with 3 times replicated tested on the bacteria Leptospira sp. The results showed extraction of a kilogram of powder sambiloto with 10 liters of ethanol 70% by maceration method produces the extract yield 11.2%. Andrographolide levels obtained by TLC-densitometry of 0.41%. The Result of the analysis of sambiloto leaf extract against Leptospira sp. obtained p-value of 0.000 (p < 0.05), which indicates there is a significant relationship, which means the extract of sambiloto influence toward killing bacteria Leptospira sp. The conclusion of this study is the extract of sambiloto could be potentially as a disinfectant bacteria Leptospira sp. at a dose of at least 1.56%.Keywords: Leptopsira sp., sambiloto, disinfectan
Purser support and the tendency of depression among civil female flight attendants in Indonesia
No full textAbstrak Latar belakang: Depresi dapat terjadi di antara pramugari dalam melakukan pekerjaannya. Tujuan penelitian inimembuktikan pengaruh dukungan purser dan faktor lainnya terhadap kecenderungan depresi pada pramugaripenerbangan sipil di Indonesia.Metode: Studi potong lintang dengan sampling purposif terhadap pramugari yang sedang melakukanpemeriksaan pengujian kesehatan rutin di Balai Kesehatan Penerbangan, pada tanggal 12-18 Mei 2014Jakarta. Kriteria eklusi dalam penelitian ini adalah pramugari yangtidakminum obat antidepresan ataugolongan benzodiazepine, tidak mempunyai kebiasaanminum minuman alkohol lebih dari 3 unit per hari.Kecenderungan depresi dinilai dengan kuesioner Beck Depression Inventory. Sedangkan dukunganpurser, rekan kerja, di luar pekerjaan dan beban kerja mental dinilai dengan kuesioner NIOSH GenericJob Stress. Faktor-faktor risiko kecenderungan depresi dianalisis dengan regresi linear.Hasil: Di antara 242 pramugari yang sedang melakukan pemeriksaan pengujian kesehatan rutin memenuhikriteria inklusi adalah 145 orang. Dukungan purser, dukungan di luar pekerjaan, dan beban kerja mentalmerupakan faktor dominan yang mempengaruhi kecenderungan depresi. Dengan peningkatan 1 poin dukunganpurser akan menurunkan 0,552 poin depresi [koefisien regresi = (β) = -0,552; p= 0,033]. Dengan peningkatan 1point dukungan di luar pekerjaan akan menurunkan 1,191 poin depresi (β = -1,191; p= 0,000). Namun sebaliknya,dengan peningkatan 1 poin beban kerja mental akan meningkatkan 0,549 poin depresi (β = 0,549; p= 0,045).Kesimpulan: Semakin tinggi dukungan purser dan dukungan di luar pekerjaan akan semakin mengurangikecenderungan depresi, sebaliknya semakin tinggi beban kerja mental akan semakin mempertinggikecenderungan depresi. (Health Science Journal of Indonesia 2015;6:76-80)Kata kunci: depresi, dukungan purser, beban kerja mental, pramugari Abstract Background: Depression can occur in female flight attendants. The purpose of this study was to findthe correlationbetween purser support and other factors with depression among female civil flight attendants in Indonesia.Methods: This cross-sectional study with purposive sampling was carried out on female civilian flightattendantsundergoing routine medical check up at the Civil Aviation Medical Center Jakarta from May12to18, 2014. Those taking antidepressants or benzodiazepines,ordrink alcohol more than 3 times a day,were excluded for this study. Depression was measured using the Beck Depression Inventory Questionnaire.Purser support, co-workers support, support outside workand mental workload were measured using theNIOSH Generic Job Stress Questionnaire. Risk factors for depression were analyzed using linear regression.Results: Out of 242 female flight attendants undergoing routine medical check up, 145 persons met thestudy criteria. Purser support, support outside work, as well as mental workload were the dominant riskfactors related to depression among female civilian flight attendants. One point increase of purser support,decreaseddepression by 0.552 point [regression coefficient (β) = -0.552; p = 0.033]. One point increase ofsupport outside work, decreaseddepression by 1.191 points [β = -1.191; p = 0.000]. On the other hand, onepoint increase of mental workload, increaseddepression by 0.549 point (β = 0.549; p = 0.045).Conclusion: Increased purser and outside of worksupportsdecreased the risk of depression, however, moremental work load increased depression among civilian flight attendants in Indonesia. (Health ScienceJournal of Indonesia 2015;6:76-80)Keywords: depression, purser support, mental workload, female flight attendant
MALARIA HUTAN DI PROVINSI KALIMANTAN TENGAH DAN KALIMANTAN SELATAN, INDONESIA TAHUN 2013
No full textForests malaria is one of the epidemiological prototypes related to ecological conditions. Major changes in the forest environment cause changes in the pattern of malaria transmission and the transmission of primate malarias to humans has made forest malaria more highlighted recently. During 2013, a cases finding of malaria and passive case detection have been conducted. Case finding of malaria was done by survey to residents around the forest and the people who work in the forestry sector. Passive case detection conducted in some health facilities in Central Kalimantan and South Kalimantan, in order to determine the extent of the transmission of primate malaria, Plasmodium knowlesi, to humans. The results presented in this paper is about the parasite rate of microscopic examination results in all locations and risk factors of malaria transmission. Results shown that the Slide Positivity Rate (SPR) at the village level ranged from 0% to 12%, and most infections occured at male and age of > 15 years. In Central Kalimantan, the results indicated no significant difference of SPR between the miners and non-miner (P <0,0001) with an OR of 7,25 (95% CI: 3,08 to 17,08). In South Kalimantan, there is a significant difference of SPR between loggers and non-loggers (P <0,0001) with an OR of 5,4 (95% CI: 3,1 to 9,5). In conclusion, forest is one of the suitable environment for malaria transmission in Central Kalimantan and South Kalimantan with the highest transmission is among adults and males. In Central Kalimantan, forest miner is five times more at risk of malaria than non-miners. Whereas in South Kalimantan, logger is seven times more at risk of malaria than non-logger. It is recommended that the local government should intensify malaria case finding surveillance in both occupation
KEJADIAN ISPA DAN PNEUMONIA AKIBAT KEBAKARAN HUTAN DI KABUPATEN PULANG PISAU PROVINSI KALIMANTAN TENGAH
No full textLand and forest fires is a familiar phenomenon in some parts of Indonesia, particularly Sumatera and Kalimantan Island. This phenomenon developes into a form of disasters that has an impact on people's life. Catastrophic events smoke caused by forest fires happened several times in Indonesia. Smoke could influence very negative impact on public health such as Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) and pneumonia. The purpose of research conducted in 2011 was to analyse the impact of forest fires on the incidence of ARI and pneumonia in Pulang Pisau, Central Kalimantan. Using a cross-sectional study design, data analysis was done descriptively, to describe the trend of ARI and pneumonia during 2004-2011 in the district. The results showed that in Pulang Pisau District for seven years (2004-2011), the incidence of ARI was fluctuated in each year, but the highest in December, such as in 2005 and 2008 the incidence of ARI reached 21,65 per 1000 population and 35,58 per 1000 population respectively. The incidence of pneumonia among ≤ 5 years old varied, the highest incidence in 2004 occurred in March (0,35), 2006 in July (0,51), 2007 in March (0,55) and 2008 in January (0,42) respectively. The highest hotspot in 2004 occurred in October (962), 2005 in September (270) and 2011 in August (316) respectively. As a conclusion, the impact of smoke from forest fires on health could be respiratory infection especially for high risk groups. Probably, there was a relationship of ARI and pneumonia with quality of the air in the study area
DETERMINASI SEROVAR BAKTERI LEPTOSPIRA PADA RESERVOIR DI KABUPATEN BANYUMAS
No full textLeptospirosis is an infectious disease caused by pathogenic Leptospira. Leptospirosis transmitted to human through direct contact with body fluids of infected animals or indirectly through contaminated puddles . The prevalence of leptospirosis in Banyumas tends to increase for 3 years. The purpose of this study was to determine the leptospira serovar in reservoir to prove of a current infection. Surveys was conducted using single live traps for three consecutive days, determination of leptospira serovar was conducted using Microscopic Aglutination Test (MAT). Data analysis was performed by univariate and presented in tables and graphs. The results showed that the trapped animals consisted of Rattus tanezumi (70.6%) and Suncus murinus (29.4%) with 6.5% succsess trap. Rattus tanezumi were dominantly caught inside the house (51%) than outside the house (49%). Female rats were dominantly caught (66.7%) than male rats (33.3%). Suncus murinus and Rattus tanezumi shown a titer of 1/100 to be infected with L.icterohaemorrhagiae , L.javanica and L.cynopteri which are pathogenic Leptospira in humans. Efforts are needed to improve community participation in preventing tranmission of leptospirosis by avoiding contact with contaminated water and soil. For people who are risk of exposure to infected animal should wear protective clothes or footwear