e-Journal Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan / National Institute of Health Research and Development
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HIV-1 Gag specific IgG response in mice immunized with Vp22-Gag vaccine candidate
No full textLatar Belakang: Stimulasi respon sel T CD8+ spesifik Gag, terkait dengan penurunan viremia, kontrol replikasi virus, dan perkembangan penyakit yang lambat. Respon T CD8+ yang efektif juga dipengaruhi oleh sel T CD4+. Protein rekombinan Gag dapat diklona dan diekpresikan pada sistem prokariota, dan pada saat diimunisasi pada hewan coba atau manusia akan bersifat sebagai antigen eksogen. Antigen eksogen dapat menjadi antigen endogen dengan menambahkan protein yang mempunyai kemampuan bertranslokasi kedalam membran sel, salah satunya protein Vp22.Metode: Transformasi Plasmid rekombinan didapatkan dari Pusat Penelitian dan Layanan Virologi Kanker Patobiologi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia-Rumah Sakit Pusat Nasional dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo (PPLVKP FK UI-RSCM), yang dilakukan transformasi pada sistem ekpresi prokariota dengan metode heat shock, yang dilanjutkan dengan ekpresi protein rekombinan. Purifikasi protein rekombinan dilakukan dengan kromatografi afinitas. Analisa berat molekul protein rekombinan dilakukan dengan SDS-PAGE. Western blotting dilakukan untuk mengaetahui reaktifitas protein rekombinan dengan antibodi poliklonal terhadap antigen p24. Transfeksi sel CHO dan imunisasi mencit DDY dengan protein rekombinan, untuk mengetahui kemampuan migrasi intraseluler serta stimulasi respon imun spesifik.Hasil: Uji western blotting, menunjukkan protein rekombinan dapat berinteraksi dengan antibodi poliklonal terhadap antigen p24. Pengamatan mikroskop konfokal menunjukkan protein rekombinan berlokalisasi dengan endosom. Uji ELISA, menunjukkan respon IgG spesifik Gag setelah imunisasi pada mencit DDY. Kesimpulan: Protein rekombinan dapat diekspresikan pada sistem ekspresi prokariota. Kemampuan migrasi intrasseluler protein rekombinan pada sel CHO belum dapat dibuktikan. Protein rekombinan dapat menstimulasi respon IgG spesifik Gag. Kata Kunci: Protein rekombinan Gag dan Vp22-Gag; Migrasi intraseluler, Respon IgG spesifik Gag. Abstract Background: Stimulation of Gag-specific CD8+ T-cell response, associated with reduction in viremia, viral replication control, and slow disease progression. Effective CD8+ T cell response is also influenced by CD4+ T cells. Gag recombinant protein may be cloned and expressed in the prokaryotic system and when they are immunized in experimental animals or human will have property as exogenous antigens. Exogenous antigens may become endogenous antigens by adding proteins that have the ability to translocate into the cell membrane, one of which is the Vp22 protein. Methods: Recombinant plasmids were obtained from Research and Services Centers of Virology and Cancer Patobiology Medical Faculity Universitas Indonesia-dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Central General Hospital (PPLVKP FK UI-RSCM) which transformation to prokaryotic expression system with heat shock method was followed by expression of recombinant proteins. Purification of recombinant proteins was performed with affinity chromatography. The molecular weight analysis of recombinant proteins was performed with SDS-PAGE. Western blotting was performed to determine the reactivity of recombinant proteins with polyclonal antibodies against p24 antigens. Transfection of Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell and immunization of Deutschland, Denken, and Yoken (DDY) mice with recombinant proteins was conducted to determine intracellular migration ability and stimulation of specific immune response. Results: Western blotting test, indicating recombinant protein may interact with polyclonal antibody against p24 antigens. The observation of a confocal microscope showed recombinant proteins localized with endosomes. The Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) test indicates Gag-specific IgG response after immunization in DDY mice.Conclusion: Recombinant proteins may be expressed on a prokaryotic expression system. The ability of recombinant protein intracellular migration in CHO cell has not been proven. Recombinant proteins may stimulate Gag-specific IgG response. Keywords: Gag and Vp22-Gag recombinant proteins; intracellular migration, Gag-specific IgG response.
SITUASI FILARIASIS SETELAH PENGOBATAN MASSAL TAHUN KETIGA DI KABUPATEN MAMUJU UTARA
No full textABSTRACT Mass Drug Administration (MDA) of lymphatic filariasis has been carried out for three years in North of Mamuju District. However, achievement of efficacy of this programme was unknown. The implementation of mass treatment to filariasis have been conducted for three years in the District of North Mamuju, but achievement of efficacy of this activity were not known yet. To determine the change of filarial situation as well as knowledge, attitude and behavior of the people to filariasis, after three years mass drug treatment, studies were conducted in March-November 2015, the activities were to collect mass blood fingerprick and interview to the local community. The blood fingerprick was conducted to two selected villages do to age 5 years up old (≥ 5 years), and interviewed was conducted to thirty selected villages do to age 15 years up old (≥ 15 years). The results showed that microfilaria rate in North Mamuju district was 1,39%, and the species was Brugiamalayi. Interviewed to 1,586 respondents indicated that knowledge of filariasis disease and the mass treatment it self were low, similary with the behavior related prevention to drug consumption. On the other hand their behave to prevention, control and filariasis treatment were positif. Microfilaria rate was still higher than 1%, as well as knowledge, attitude and behavior related to prevention and mass drug consumption were particularly still low, those indicated that after three years of mass drug treatment implementation the result did not showed as excpected. It suggested that mass drug implementation in North Mamuju need to be continued until five years,with right procedures and seriously monitoring to the area with chronic and microfilaria positive cases. Keywords: Filariasis, Mass treatment, North of Mamuju Regency ABSTRAK Program pengobatan masal filariasis telah dilakukan selama tiga tahun berturut-turut di Kabupaten Mamuju Utara, namun penilaian terhadap keberhasilan pelaksanaan pengobatan tersebut belum pernah dilakukan. Untuk mengetahui perubahan situasi filariasis serta perubahan pengetahuan, sikap dan perilaku masyarakat pasca tiga tahun pelaksanaan pengobatan masal, telah dilakukan survei darah jari (SDJ) dan wawancara pada masyarakat setempat dari bulan Maret sampai dengan November 2015. Survei darah jari dilakukan di dua desa terpilih pada masyarakat yang berusia lima tahun keatas (≥ 5 tahun), dan wawancara dilakukan pada masyarakat di 30 desa terpilih yang berusia lima belas tahun keatas (≥ 15 tahun). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa angka microfilaria rate di Kabupaten Mamuju Utara sebesar 1,39%, dengan spesies Brugiamalayi. Hasil wawancara terhadap 1.586 responden menunjukkan bahwa pengetahuan tentang penyakit filariasis dan kegiatan pengobatan masal masih rendah, demikian halnya dengan perilaku masyarakat terkait pencegahan dan konsumsi obat massal. Sebaliknya masyarakat cenderung bersikap positif terhadap kegiatan pencegahan, pengendalian dan pengobatan filariasis. Angka microfilariarate yang masih diatas 1% (≥1%), serta pengetahuan dan perilaku masyarakat tentang penyakit filariasis dan perilaku masyarakat terkait pencegahan dan konsumsi obat massal masih kurang, hal ini menunjukkan pelaksanaan POMP belum menunjukan hasil seperti yang diharapkan. Disarankan kegiatan pengobatan masal filariasis di Kabupaten Mamuju Utara masih perlu dilanjutkan sampai dengan lima tahun, sesuai dengan prosedur dan dilakukan pemantauan yang ketat terhadap daerah dengan kasus kronis dan positif mikrofilaria. Kata kunci: Filariasis, Pengobatan Massal, Kabupaten Mamuju Utara
IODIUM LINGKUNGAN DAERAH REPLETE DAN NON-REPLETE GAKI, DI KABUPATEN MAGELANG
No full textABSTRACT One of the fundamental factors causing the emergence of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) is low environmental iodine. Epidemiological studies show that IDD problem is found in areas expressed as poor areas of iodine, but without measurement data. In Kabupaten Magelang, there is a replete area, an area that has a history of IDD problems in the past, and intervention has been made, so it is hoped that the problem can be overcome. The aim of this study was to compare environmental iodine levels in replete and non-replete areas in Magelang District. The study design was cross sectional with iodine content in water samples variable of surface and ground water. The sample size is 71 from 17 surface water points and 54 ground water points. Analysis of iodine content in water samples was done with Sandell-Kolthoff method at Laboratory of Balai Litbang GAKI Magelang. The results showed that iodine content in surface water was within a fairly wide range of 0 to 22 μg/L in the replete areaand 0 to 115 μg/L in the non-replete area. The iodine content in ground water in the replete area ranges from 0 to 77μg/L, in the non-replete area between 3to 48 μg/L. There was a significant difference of iodine content between water samples from replete area with non-replete area (P <0.05). It is necessary to maintain the sustainability of sufficiency of iodine intake especially in replete area. Keywords: IDD,environmental iodine, replete, non-replete, surface water, ground water ABSTRAK Salah satu faktor mendasar penyebab munculnya Gangguan Akibat Kekurangan Iodium (GAKI) adalah iodium lingkungan yang rendah. Penelitian-penelitian epidemiologi menunjukkan bahwa permasahan GAKI dijumpai di daerah yang dinyatakan sebagai daerah miskin iodium, tetapi tanpa data hasil pengukuran. Di Kabupaten Magelang, terdapat daerah replete, yaitu daerah yang mempunyai riwayat permasalahan GAKI di masa lalu, dan telah dilakukan intervensi, sehingga diharapkan permasalahan tersebut telah dapat diatasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah membandingkan kadar iodium lingkungan di daerah replete dan non-replete di Kabupaten Magelang.Disain penelitian adalah potong lintang dengan variabel kadar iodium dalam sampel air permukaan dan air tanah. Jumlah sampel adalah 71 berasal dari 71 titik sampling, rincian 17 air permukaan dan 54 air. Analisis kandungan iodium dalam sampel air dilakukan dengan metode Sandell-Kolthoff, yang dilakukan di Laboratorium Balai Litbang GAKI Magelang. Hasil menunjukkan Kadar iodium pada air permukaan berada dalam rentang yang cukup lebar, yaitu 0 sampai 22µg/Ldi daerah replete 0 sampai dengan 115µg/Ldi daerah non-replete. Kadar iodium dalam air tanah di daerah replete berkisar antara 0 sampai 77µg/L, di daerah non-replete antara 3 sampai 48µg/L. Terdapat perbedaan kadar iodium yang bermakna antara sampel air yang berasal dari daerah replete dengan non-replete(P<0,05). Perlu upaya menjaga keberlangsungan kecukupan asupan iodium terutama di daerah replete. Kata kunci: GAKI, iodium lingkungan, replete, non-replete, air permukaan, air tana
EFEKTIFITAS PEMBERIAN JUS LABU SIAM (Sechium edule) TERHADAP PROFIL LIPID TIKUS (Rattus novergicus) MODEL HIPERLIPIDEMIA
No full textHyperlipidemia is a lipid profile (TC, TG, HDL, LDL) metabolism disorder becoming the leading cause of cardiovascular disease. Flavonoid, phenol, vitamin C contained in squash have strong cardioprotective effect but its optimal dose has not been known yet. The objective of this research was to analyze the effectiveness of squash juice administration with varying doses on the lipid profile of hyperlipidemia model-rat with High Fat Diet induced. This research was done in laboratory experimental research with pre and posttest control group design.The experimental animals were consisted of 36 rats and divided into negative control, positive control, treatment I (drug), treatment II, III, IV (squash juice dose 1 ml, 2 ml, 4 ml/ 100 g BW rat/day) with treatment for 38 days. The rat’s blood was taken before and after treatment for lipid profile. TC, HDL, LDL levels were measured using spectrophotometer Microlab 300 with CHOD-PAP. TG level was measured using Microlab 300 with GPO-PAP. Considering the statistic analysis, squash juice at doses 1 ml, 2 ml and 4 ml / 100 g BW rat/day, could reduce significantly (p < 0.05) TC, TG, LDL levels of rats. HDL level of rat could increase significantly (p < 0.05) with squash juice at dose 1 ml/100 g BW rat/day. There was no significant difference between the three doses of squash juice, so that squash juice at dose 1 ml/100 g BW rat/day is the best dose to reduce the lipid profile of hyperlipidemia model-rat. Hiperlipidemia merupakan gangguan metabolisme profil lipid (kolesterol total, trigliserida, HDL, LDL) yang menjadi penyebab utama timbulnya penyakit kardiovaskular. Flavonoid, fenol, vitamin C yang terkandung dalam buah labu siam mempunyai efek kardioprotektif yang kuat akan tetapi belum diketahui dosis optimal. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis efektifitas pemberian jus labu siam dengan variasi dosis terhadap profil lipid tikus model hiperlipidemia. Metode yang digunakan adalah eksperimental laboratorik dengan rancangan pre and posttest control group design. Sebanyak 36 tikus putih Strain Wistar jantan dibagi menjadi 6 kelompok dengan 6 ekor tiap kelompok, yaitu kontrol negatif, kontrol positif (diinduksi High Fat Diet), perlakuan 1 (diinduksi High Fat Diet dan obat), perlakuan 2, 3, 4 (diinduksi High Fat Diet dan jus labu siam) dosis 1 ml, 2 ml, 4 ml/100 g BB tikus/hari) dengan perlakuan selama 38 hari. Pengambilan darah tikus dilakukan sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan untuk analisis profil lipid. Kadar kolesterol total, HDL, LDL diukur menggunakan spektrofotometer Microlab 300 dengan metode CHOD-PAP. Kadar trigliserida diukur menggunakan spektrofotometer Microlab 300 dengan metode GPO-PAP. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji Paired T-Test dan menunjukkan jus labu siam ketiga dosis dapat menurunkan secara bermakna (p<0,05) kadar kolesterol total, trigliserida dan LDL tikus. Kadar HDL tikus dapat naik secara bermakna (p<0,05) dengan jus labu siam dosis 1 ml/100 g BB tikus/hari. Pemberian jus labu siam dosis 1 ml/100 g BB tikus/hari merupakan dosis yang paling efektif dalam menurunkan kadar kolesterol total, trigliserida dan LDL serta menaikkan kadar HDL.Hyperlipidemia is a lipid profile (TC, TG, HDL, LDL) metabolism disorder becoming the leading cause of cardiovascular disease. Flavonoid, phenol, vitamin C contained in squash have strong cardioprotective effect but its optimal dose has not been known yet. The objective of this research was to analyze the effectiveness of squash juice administration with varying doses on the lipid profile of hyperlipidemia model-rat with High Fat Diet induced. This research was done in laboratory experimental research with pre and posttest control group design.The experimental animals were consisted of 36 rats and divided into negative control, positive control, treatment I (drug), treatment II, III, IV (squash juice dose 1 ml, 2 ml, 4 ml/ 100 g BW rat/day) with treatment for 38 days. The rat’s blood was taken before and after treatment for lipid profile. TC, HDL, LDL levels were measured using spectrophotometer Microlab 300 with CHOD-PAP. TG level was measured using Microlab 300 with GPO-PAP. Considering the statistic analysis, squash juice at doses 1 ml, 2 ml and 4 ml / 100 g BW rat/day, could reduce significantly (p < 0.05) TC, TG, LDL levels of rats. HDL level of rat could increase significantly (p < 0.05) with squash juice at dose 1 ml/100 g BW rat/day. There was no significant difference between the three doses of squash juice, so that squash juice at dose 1 ml/100 g BW rat/day is the best dose to reduce the lipid profile of hyperlipidemia model-rat. Hiperlipidemia merupakan gangguan metabolisme profil lipid (kolesterol total, trigliserida, HDL, LDL) yang menjadi penyebab utama timbulnya penyakit kardiovaskular. Flavonoid, fenol, vitamin C yang terkandung dalam buah labu siam mempunyai efek kardioprotektif yang kuat akan tetapi belum diketahui dosis optimal. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis efektifitas pemberian jus labu siam dengan variasi dosis terhadap profil lipid tikus model hiperlipidemia. Metode yang digunakan adalah eksperimental laboratorik dengan rancangan pre and posttest control group design. Sebanyak 36 tikus putih Strain Wistar jantan dibagi menjadi 6 kelompok dengan 6 ekor tiap kelompok, yaitu kontrol negatif, kontrol positif (diinduksi High Fat Diet), perlakuan 1 (diinduksi High Fat Diet dan obat), perlakuan 2, 3, 4 (diinduksi High Fat Diet dan jus labu siam) dosis 1 ml, 2 ml, 4 ml/100 g BB tikus/hari) dengan perlakuan selama 38 hari. Pengambilan darah tikus dilakukan sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan untuk analisis profil lipid. Kadar kolesterol total, HDL, LDL diukur menggunakan spektrofotometer Microlab 300 dengan metode CHOD-PAP. Kadar trigliserida diukur menggunakan spektrofotometer Microlab 300 dengan metode GPO-PAP. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji Paired T-Test dan menunjukkan jus labu siam ketiga dosis dapat menurunkan secara bermakna (p<0,05) kadar kolesterol total, trigliserida dan LDL tikus. Kadar HDL tikus dapat naik secara bermakna (p<0,05) dengan jus labu siam dosis 1 ml/100 g BB tikus/hari. Pemberian jus labu siam dosis 1 ml/100 g BB tikus/hari merupakan dosis yang paling efektif dalam menurunkan kadar kolesterol total, trigliserida dan LDL serta menaikkan kadar HDL
Pengaruh Keberadaan Apoteker terhadap Mutu Pelayanan Kefarmasian di Puskesmas Wilayah Kabupaten Banyumas
No full textDue to complexity enhancement of health care services, pharmacists are required to provide their orientation to the patient.The objective of the study are to evaluate the pharmaceutical standard prosedures and measuring the effect of the pharmacist’s presence on the pharmacy services quality in the Community Health Centers (CHCs) of Banyumas districts. The study is an observational analytic categorical through cross sectional approach with colleting data technique is divided into two periods, through observation and structured interviews to the person in charge of pharmaceutical care unit. Based on the analysis, from 38 CHCs it’s found out that 24 (63,16%) CHCs have the pharmaceutical standard procedures and 14 (36,84%) CHCs doesn’t have it. However, of the 39 CHCs, there are 33 (84,61) CHCs that have pharmacist, 2 (6,06%) CHCs were categorized in a moderate quality and 31 (93,94%) of them categorized as having less quality. While the six (15,38%) CHCs that doesn’t have a qualified pharmacist categorized as having less quality. There are the presence of pharmacists towards the availability ofthe pharmaceutical standard prosedures, have p value of 0.363 (p>0.05) and the pharmaceutical services checklist with p value of 1.00 (p>0.05)at CHCs of Banyumas districts. Conclusionis pharmaceutical services in Banyumas district aren’t running optimally because presence of pharmacists hasn’t improve the quality
DAMPAK INTERVENSI GARAM BERIODIUM BERBAGAI DOSIS TERHADAP STATUS IODIUM DAN FUNGSI TIROID NORMAL PADA ANAK SEKOLAH DASAR
No full textBackground. There were some debate regarding iodized salt dosages (SNI>30 ppm) indicating excess of iodine in some areas in Indonesia. Previous studies have not yet define appropriate and effective iodine content in salt that ensure safe iodine status for the community. Objective. This study aims to define iodized dosage in salt that can effectively guarantee the urine iodine levels and normal thyroid function in elementary school children. Method. The study was conducted in Kepil Subdistrict,Wonosobo District for ten months. The subjects were 176 children aged 6-12 years chosen using randomized block design with eight blocks. This is a population based double-blind RCT. Each intervention groups given iodized salt dosage of 15-25 ppm; 25-35 ppm; 35-45 ppm; 45-55 ppm KIO3 respectivelly for four months. Research variables were urinary iodine excretion (24-hours urine samples), thyroid function, nutritional status, iodine sources food consumption, goitrogenic and iodized salt consumption. Results. The median value of urinary iodine excretion (UIE) was still within the optimal limits (100-300 ug/l): 222 ug/l (pre study) and 238 ug/l (post study). The median value of UIE and TSH levels were not significantly different between groups or between pre and post study. The risk of iodine deficiency and excess of 8.0% and 26.7% respectivelly at pre study; to 7.4% and 31.2% post study. Subjects with high TSH and low TSH level was found after four months of intervention. Thyroid function based on the assessment of TSH and FT4 levels simultaneously not found the incidence of overt overt hypothyroidism and overt hyperthyroidism. There were no overt hypothyroidism and overt hyperthyroidism, however, there were 4% subclinic hypothyroid and 1.7% subclinic hyperthyroidism in post study. Conclusion. Iodized salt (KIO3) intervention of 15-55 ppm for four months was generally able to provide normal urine iodine and thyroid function on elementary school children
KARAKTERISTIK PASIEN DISFUNGSI TIROID : STUDI EPIDEMIOLOGI
No full textBackground. Iodine is an essential element for thyroid hormone synthesis important for growth and development. An Epidemiological study is important to describe who the case were, area mostly affected and trends of disease over time. Objective. The purpose of this study was to describe the epidemiological characteristics of patients with thyroid dysfunction. Method. This is a descriptive study. Data taken from medical record of 291 patients with hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism diagnoses from Klinik Litbang GAKI Magelang in 2011-2012. Medical records used were the one that recorded age and gender, address and time of diagnose. The differences characteristic comparation of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism were analyzed using Chi Square. Results. Result found that hypothyroidism affected younger (<20 years) patients while hyperthyroidism affected older (20-39 years), p=0.00. Women suffered thyroid dysfunction more than men with 58.8% hypothyroidism and 88.35% hyperthyroidism, p=0.00. Patients with hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism came from areas with history of mild endemic area (p=0.247). The trend showed that hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism increase from 2011 to 2012, although not statistically significant (p=0.194). Conclusion. Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are more common in female. Hyperthyroidism affected older age group compare to hypothyroidism. Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism more prevalent on patient came from areas with history of mild endemic and showed increasing trend
STATUS GIZI IBU MENYUSUI DAN KADAR IODIUM DALAM AIR SUSU IBU DI DAERAH DENGAN NILAI EKSKRESI IODIUM URIN TINGGI
No full textResults of a survey conducted in 2003 found 35% of women had urinary iodineexcretion is more than 300 μg/L that can harm our health at risk. Nutritional statusof breastfeeding mothers may affect the value of iodine levels in ation due tomaternal nutritional status of underweight or malnutrition can lead to impairedmilk production, more rapid exit and urine iodine levels in urine is reduced. Toknow the nutritional status of lactating mothers correlation with levels of iodine inbreast milk (ASI) in areas with high urinary iodine excretion values. The study wasconducted in the District of Demak, Central District of Coral as areas that havehigh urinary iodine excretion values. Cross Sectional research design. This type ofresearch is applied research. Samples: breastfeeding mothers aged 17-45 years.Large samples were calculated based on the sample to the relationship betweentwo variables with one-sided test of significance (a1) = 0.05, r = 0.2 and power= 80. Random sampling (simple random sampling) during lactation according toinclusion criteria. Univariabel analysis includes data analysis, correlation analysis.Most of the father’s occupation as a farmer 20.0%. This type of work more than30% of mothers did not work, father and mother education level is the most widelydad graduated from elementary school to 27.6% for women 29.4%. Nutritionalstatus of breastfeeding mothers by BMI is normal nutritional value as much as73.03%. nutritional status based on the value of upper arm circumference (lilac) isnormal as many as 73.33%. Iodine levels in mother’s milk (ASI) was also high at97% above normal or ≥ 300 mg / l. The correlation between the type of work withthe levels of iodine in ation coefficient has a value of 0.458 and p value <0.05.There is no correlation between maternal nutritional status through measurementof lilac, with BMI levels of iodine in breast milk. Only on the type of work motherwho has a correlation with the levels of iodine in breast milk