e-Journal Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan / National Institute of Health Research and Development
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PENGARUH METODE PEMBELAJARAN BERBASIS MASALAH TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN MAHASISWA FARMASI DALAM ASPEK INFORMASI OBAT
No full textDrug information service is one of competencies that pharmacist should have to increase patient compliance on treatment. It needs a good learning method to improve pharmacy student the ability in applying their theoretical knowledge to clinical practice in community later. The study aims to determine effect of problem based learning method on drug information systems course for the ability of drug information service by pharmacy students. The assessment is on aspects of theoretical knowledge, competence of the learning material and case solving abilities. It is a single-blind, case-control study. The study was carried out in19 months, in January 2014 to July 2015 at the Department of Pharmacy, Udayana University. The case group are pharmacy students who receive problem-based learning method, while control group are students who receive conventional teaching methods. A total 79 students are selected, consisting of 38 students in the control group and 41 students in the case group (PBL), respectively. The score of theoretical competence among students in the control group is signifi cantly higher than the case group (p = 0.047). Whereas, the competency of learning material and problem solving ability in the case group are signifi cantly higher than the case group (p = 0.000). The application of problem based learning method can improve the competencies of learning material and problem solving on drug information service by pharmacy students who take drug information systems course. The application of problem based learning method is good to be used at the pharmacy department in general to improve students soft skills, especially in applied subjects relating to clinical practice competencie among pharmacists in the community. ABSTRAK Pelayanan informasi obat merupakan salah satu kompetensi yang harus dimiliki apoteker dalam rangka meningkatkan kepatuhan pasien terhadap pengobatan. Metode pembelajaran yang baik diperlukan untuk dapat meningkatkan kemampuan mahasiswa farmasi dalam mengaplikasikan pengetahuan teoritisnya dalam penerapan praktek klinis mereka di masyarakat nantinya. Tujuan penelitian ini menentukan pengaruh metode pembelajaran berbasis masalah pada mata kuliah sistem informasi obat terhadap kemampuan pelayanan informasi obat oleh mahasiswa farmasi. Penilaiannya meliputi aspek-aspek yaitu pengetahuan teoritis, penguasaan materi dan kemampuan pemecahan kasus. Desain penelitian adalah kasus kontrol single blind. Penelitian dilakukan selama 19 bulan, bulan Januari 2014 sampai dengan bulan Juli 2015 di Jurusan Farmasi Universitas Udayana. Kelompok kasus adalah mahasiswa yang menggunakan sistem pembelajaran berbasis masalah sedangkan kelompok kontrol adalah mahasiswa yang menggunakan metode pembelajaran konvensional. Diambil total 79 mahasiswa yang terdiri dari 38 mahasiswa untuk kelompok kontrol dan 41 mahasiswa untuk kelompok kasus (PBL). Nilai kemampuan teoritis mahasiswa pada kelompok kontrol signifi kan lebih tinggi terhadap kelompok kasus (p = 0,047). Adapun nilai kemampuan penguasaan materi dan kemampuan pemecahan kasus pada kelompok kasus signifi kan lebih tinggi terhadap kelompok kontrol (p = 0,000). Penerapan metode pembelajaran berbasis masalah mampu meningkatkan kemampuan penguasaan materi dan pemecahan kasus terkait pemberian pelayanan informasi obat oleh mahasiswa yang mengikuti mata kuliah sistem informasi obat. Penerapan metode pembelajaran berbasis masalah sangat baik untuk digunakan di Jurusan/Fakultas Farmasi secara umum agar meningkatkan kemampuan soft skill mahasiswa, terutama pada mata kuliah terapan yang berkaitan dengan kompetensi praktek klinis apoteker di masyarakat
Kontribusi Dana Alokasi Khusus terhadap IPKM dalam Pelaksanaan Pembangunan Kesehatan di Kabupaten Tapin dan Banjar Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan
No full textThe Special Allocation Fund (DAK) by the Government for special health activities is aimed improving access and quality health services equally, one of which is to support the program of improving maternal health and reducing child mortality. Since 2011, more than 50% of districts in South Kalimantan Province receive DAK with an increasing number each year. However, the increase in the amount of DAK disbursed is not yet optimal if it is seen from the ranking of Community Health Development Index (IPKM) of all districts / cities in South Kalimantan Province which decreased at the national level. Based on these problems it is necessary to know the implementation of DAK utilization in the implementation of health development in South Kalimantan Province. The methods of data collection in the form of legislation and other literature in the form of books, scientific journals and other literary data. Empirical data were obtained by confirmation of data and interviews at South Kalimantan Provincial Health Office. The results, DAK allocation in Tapin and Banjar districts both increased at the end of 2015. Unlike the DAK allocation in districtTapin which consistently increases, the allocation of DAK district Banjar tends to be inconsistent. If linked with IPKM in the national level both districts are both experiencing a decrease in rankings, however a considerable decline is experienced by district Banjar. The increase of budget and the addition of the allocation in every year has not changed the development of public health in district Banjar. Recommendations from the results of the study, utilization of DAK funds to date are still limited as an addition to the assets of the region, have not been used as a support health programs, for example for promotive and preventive. The proposed recommendations for DAK funds can be used for the improvement of public health programsAbstrakDana Alokasi Khusus (DAK) yang dialokasikan Pemerintah untuk kegiatan khusus bidang kesehatan ditujukan meningkatkan akses dan kualitas pelayanan kesehatan yang merata, salah satunya untuk menunjang program peningkatan kesehatan ibu dan menurunkan angka kematian anak. Sejak tahun 2011, lebih dari 50% kabupaten/kota di Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan menerima DAK dengan jumlah yang meningkat setiap tahunnya. Namun, peningkatan jumlah DAK yang digelontorkan tersebut belum optimal jika dilihat dari ranking Indeks Pembangunan Kesehatan Masyarakat (IPKM) seluruh kabupaten/kota di Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan yang menurun di tingkat nasional. Berdasarkan permasalahan tersebut maka perlu untuk diketahui implementasi pemanfaatan DAK dalam pelaksanaan pembangunan kesehatan di Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan. Studi ini merupakan kajian. Metode pengumpulan data berupa peraturan perundang-undangan dan literatur lainnya berupa buku, jurnal ilmiah dan data kepustakaan lainnya. Data empiris diperoleh dengan konfirmasi data dan wawancara di Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa Alokasi DAK di Kabupaten Tapin dan Banjar sama-sama mengalami peningkatan di akhir tahun 2015. Berbeda dengan alokasi DAK di Kabupaten Tapin yang konsisten kenaikannya, alokasi DAK Kabupaten Banjar cenderung tidak konsisten. Jika dihubungkan dengan IPKM dalam tingkat nasional kedua kabupaten tersebut sama-sama mengalami penurunan ranking namun, penurunan yang cukup jauh dialami oleh Kabupaten Banjar. Peningkatan anggaran dan penambahan aloksi pada setiap tahun ternyata belum merubah pembangunan kesehatan masyarakat di Kabupaten Banjar. Rekomendasi dari hasil kajian, pemanfaatan dana DAK sampai saat ini masih terbatas sebagai penambah aset daerah, belum dimanfaatkan sebagai penunjang program kesehatan, misalnya untuk promotif dan preventif. Rekomendasi yang diusulkan agar dana DAK dapat digunakan untuk peningkatan program upaya kesehatan masyaraka
Kriptosporidiosis di Indonesia
No full textABSTRACTCryptosporidiosis included to waterborne and soil transmited diseases, caused by Cryptosporidium, obligat intraceluller pathogen organism. Cryptosporidium cause intestinal infection of human and animal acute diarrhea. Lung cryptosporidiosis on HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis patients was reported. Diarrhea still be important health problem because diarrhea was be the third dominant contributor of children morbidity and mortality at some country include Indonesia. Every children have 1,6-2x diarrhea onset annually. Diarrhea cases caused by Cryptosporidium sp parasite was around 4-11%. Focus of this review is about cryptosporidiosis on children, HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis patients, animal, environment, diagnostic and it’s prevention and control. Cryptosporidium species confirmed in Indonesia are C. wrairi, C. muris, C. felis, C. hominis, C. meleagridis and C. parvum, indicated that there was a big rule of animal on Cryptosporidium transmission. Cryptosporidium was necessary to be one of diseases diagnose on HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis patients. Transmission of Cryptosporidium by respiratory secretion (droplet, aerosol or contact with vomiting) must be anticipated to prevent cryptosporidiosis especially on imunocompromissed/imunodeficiency people. Rapid Diagnostic Test that have highly sensitivity and spesificity is very important on Cryptosporidium cases finding and surveillance in Indonesia. Environment and cattle sanitation, personal hygiene, water and food treatment, is necessary to prevent cryptosporidiosis transmission. Kriptosporidiosis termasuk waterborne dan soil transmitted diseases, disebabkan oleh Cryptosporidium yang bersifat obligat intraseluler. Cryptosporidium menyebabkan infeksi pada usus halus dan dapat menyebabkan diare akut pada manusia dan hewan. Kriptosporidiosis paru telah dilaporkan pada penderita HIV/AIDS dan tuberkulosis. Diare merupakan penyumbang utama ketiga angka kesakitan dan kematian anak di berbagai negara termasuk Indonesia. Di Indonesia, setiap anak mengalami serangan diare sebanyak 1,6-2 kali setahun. Kasus diare yang disebabkan oleh parasit Cryptosporidium sp berkisar antara 4-11%. Fokus tulisan ini adalah hasil penelitian tentang infeksi Cryptosporidium anak-anak, penderita HIV/AIDS dan tuberkulosis, hewan, lingkungan, teknik diagnosa dan upaya pengendaliannya. Spesies Cryptosporidium yang terkonfirmasi ada di Indonesia adalah C. wrairi, C. muris, C. felis, C. hominis, C. melagridis dan C. parvum, yang mengindikasikan besarnya peranan hewan dalam penularan kriptosporidiosis. Cryptosporidium sp perlu dipertimbangkan dalam diagnosa penyakit pada penderita HIV/AIDS dan tuberkulosis. Kemungkinan penularan kriptosporidiosis melalui sekresi pernafasan baik dari droplet, aerosol maupun kontak dengan muntahan harus diantisipasi untuk mencegah penularan terutama pada individu imunokompromi/imunodefisiensi. Teknik diagnosa cepat yang mempunyai sensitifitas dan spesifisitas yang tinggi sangat penting dalam membantu penemuan kasus dan surveilans kriptosporidiosis di Indonesia. Pentingnya menjaga sanitasi lingkungan dan ternak, higiene perseorangan, pengelolaan air minum dan makanan untuk mencegah penularan kriptosporidiosis.
Hubungan Perilaku Anak Sekolah Dasar dengan Kejadian Schistosomiasis di Kecamatan Lindu Kabupaten Sigi, Sulawesi Tengah
No full textABSTRAK Schistosomiasis merupakan penyakit parasitik yang disebabkan infeksi cacing Schistosoma japonicum, S. haematobium, S. mansoni, S. mekongi, dan S. intercalatum. Penyakit ini ditularkan melalui air tercemar cercaria ke hospes. Di Indonesia, schistosomiasis disebabkan oleh S. japonicum ditemukan endemis di dataran tinggi Lindu, dataran tinggi Napu, dan dataran tinggi Bada. Penyakit schistosomiasis bisa menyerang semua orang termasuk anak-anak. Apabila tidak diberikan pengobatan bisa menjadi kronis. Anak yang terinfeksi akan mengalami gangguan pertumbuhan, gangguan kognitif, bahkan dapat menimbulkan kematian. Secara epidemiologi penularan schistosomiasis tidak terpisahkan dari faktor perilaku atau kebiasaan manusia. Penelitian bertujuan mengidentifikasi hubungan perilaku anak sekolah dasar dengan kejadian schistosomiasis. Penelitian dilakukan di Kecamatan Lindu Kabupaten Sigi Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah, selama 8 bulan mulai bulan Maret sampai Oktober 2014. Penelitian observasional ini menggunakan desain cross sectional. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan pengambilan sampel tinja dan wawancara pada anak sekolah. Sampel tinja diperiksa dengan menggunakan metode Kato-Katz. Hasil uji chi-square menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada hubungan antara kebiasaan mandi, kebiasaan buang air besar, kebiasaan ke daerah fokus dan kebiasaan penggunaan sepatu boot dengan kejadian schistosomiasis. Kata kunci: schistosomiasis, perilaku, anak sekolah dasar ABSTRACT Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by infection of Schistosoma japonicum, S. haematobium, S. mansoni, S. mekongi, and S. intercalatum. It is transmitted to definitive host through cercaria contaminated water. In Indonesia, schistosomiasis was caused by S. japonicum which can be found in endemic areas at Lindu, Napu, and Bada highland. Schistosomiasis can infect all people regardless their age. If untreated, it leads to a chronic condition. Children who are infected will have a growth and cognitive problem and even death. The transmission of schistosomiasis cannot be separated from people behavior. This study aimed to identify the relationship between behavior of elementary student and schistosomiasis settle in Lindu, Sigi District, Central Sulawesi for eight months from March to December 2014. This was an observational study with a cross-sectional design. The data were collected by stool sampling and interview on elementary students. Stool samples were examined by Kato-Katz method. The chi-square analysis showed that there was no relationship between bathing habits, defecation habits, and using boots to schistosomiasis. Keywords: schistosomiasis, behavior, elementary student Keywords: schistosomiasis, behavior, primary school studen
Re-Transmission Assessment Survey Filariasis Pasca Pengobatan Massal di Kabupaten Agam, Provinsi Sumatera Barat Tahun 2016
No full textABSTRAK Kabupaten Agam telah selesai melakukan pengulangan pengobatan selama 2 tahun, sehingga perlu dilakukan Re-TAS. Re-TAS dilakukan terhadap murid Sekolah Dasar kelas 1 dan 2 yang ada di Kabupaten Agam. Desain survei dengan menggunakan klaster sekolah. Jumlah sekolah yang terpilih sebanyak 40 SD. Pemilihan sampel sekolah dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode survey sample builder (SSB). Seluruh murid kelas 1 dan 2 di sekolah terpilih diperiksa dengan menggunakan Brugia Rapid test untuk menilai adanya antibodi spesifik terhadap cacing Brugia malayi maupun B. timori. Jumlah murid yang terdaftar sebanyak 1.999 anak, sedangkan yang diperiksa dengan RDT sebanyak 1.717 anak. Sebanyak 282 murid tidak hadir pada saat pemeriksaan atau menolak untuk diperiksa. Hasil pemeriksaan mendapatkan 3 positif, 1.694 negatif, 20 invalid dan 3 sampel dikeluarkan karena hasil pemeriksaan kedua negatif. Jumlah sampel yang diperhitungkan untuk menilai penularan filariasis sebanyak 1.697, yaitu hanya sampel positif dan negatif. Hasil survei mendapatkan bahwa sampel minimal sudah terpenuhi dan jumlah anak positif di bawah cut off point, sehingga Kabupaten Agam dinyatakan lulus TAS 1. Kata kunci: filariasis, POPM, TAS, endemisitasABSTRACTAgam District finished the repetition of Filariasis treatment for 2 years, so Agam must be conducting the Re-TAS. Re-TAS was conducted on elementary school students grade 1 and 2 in the district of Agam. Survey design using the school cluster. The number of schools selected were 40 schools. Selection of the sample schools were calculated using sample survey builder (SSB). All students grades 1 and 2 in selected schools were examined using Brugia Rapid test to assess the presence of specific antibodies against Brugia malayi and B. timori worms. The number of students who registered as many as 1,999 children, while being examined by RDT as many as 1,717. A total of 282 students were absent during the examination or refused to be examined.Test results showed that 3 positive, 1694 negative, 20 invalid and 3 samples were excluded. The number of samples taken into account to assess the transmission of filariasis as many as 1,697, which is only positive and negative samples. The survey found that the minimum sample was adequate and the number of positive children under the cut of point, so Agam passed TAS 1.Keywords: filariasis, MDA, TAS, endemicit
Gambaran Angka Prevalensi Mikrofilaria di Kabupaten Banyuasin Pasca Pengobatan Massal Tahap III
No full textABSTRACT Filariasis is a chronic infectious disease that can cause permanent disability. One effort to interrupt transmission of filariasis is the Mass Drug Administration filariasis (MDA filariasis) in endemic areas of filariasis for 5 years. In 2012, MDA filariasis was carried out in all regions of Banyuasin. After treatment the 3rd year, it is necessary to evaluate the prevalence of microfilaria and microfilaria density. This activity was conducted by finger blood survey to people who’s living in sentinel and spot villages. This study selected 930 people for SDJ activities The test results obtained 4 positive of microfilaria Brugia malayi. The prevalence or microfilaria rate (Mf rate) in the village of sentinel was 0,96 with microfilaria density were 938/mL of blood, Mf rate in spot village was 0.31 with a microfilaria density were 217.75/mL of blood, while the Mf rate district was 0.43 with a microfilaria density were 716.06/mL of blood. People who suffer filiariasis mostly are farmers/fishermen. The prevalence of microfilariae in Banyuasin decreased, but the risk of transmission can still occur because of the density of microfilariae found> 50/mL of blood. Filariasis merupakan penyakit menular yang dapat menimbulkan cacat permanen bagi penderitanya. Salah satu upaya memutus mata rantai penularan filariasis adalah dengan Pemberian Obat Massal Pencegahan Filariasis (POMP filariasis) di daerah endemis filariasis selama 5 tahun berturut-turut. Sejak tahun 2012 kegiatan POMP filariasis dilakukan di seluruh wilayah Kabupaten Banyuasin. Setelah pengobatan tahun ke-3 perlu dilakukan evaluasi angka prevalensi mikrofilaria. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui angka prevalensi mikrofilaria dan densitas (kepadatan) mikrofilaria setelah POMP filariasis. Kegiatan yang dilakukan adalah survei darah jari (SDJ) terhadap penduduk yang tinggal di desa sentinel dan desa spot sebanyak 930 orang. Hasil pemeriksaan mendapatkan 4 orang positif mikrofilaria dengan spesies Brugia malayi. Microfilaria rate (Mf rate) di desa sentinel ditemukan sebesar 0,96 dengan kepadatan mikrofilaria 938 ekor/mL darah, Mf rate di desa spot sebesar 0,31 dengan kepadatan 217,75 ekor/mL darah, sedangkan Mf rate kabupaten sebesar 0,43 dengan kepadatan 716,06 ekor/mL darah. Jenis pekerjaan penderita filariasis paling banyak adalah petani/nelayan. Telah terjadi penurunan angka prevalensi mikrofilaria di Kabupaten Banyuasin, namun risiko penularan masih dapat terjadi karena kepadatan mikrofilaria yang ditemukan >50 ekor/mL darah
PERUBAHAN KADAR IODIUM URIN, TSH, DAN T4 BEBAS PADA WUS SETELAH PEMBERIAN GARAM DOSIS 30-35 ppm KIO3
No full textBackground. In several countries, iodine deficiency has been turned into iodineexcess. These iodine excess due to poor monitoring of iodine concentration onsalt, which cause high and uneven iodine rations. The objective of the study wasto determine if intervention of 30-35 ppm iodized salt improves UIE, TSH and fT4level in childbearing age women. Methods. This is a quasi-experimental study byproviding 30-35 ppm KIO3 iodized salt for 6 months on childbearing age women inIDD mild endemic area (n=71). The control group were only measured by iodine saltconsumption of each monthly used (n=76). The study conducted in in Bener villagePurworejo. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC), TSH and fT4 were measured atbaseline and endline. TSH and fT4 level were measured using ELISA method. UIEwas analysed using APDM method. Result. Subject characterisitcs of each groupare not much different. Iodine concentration median (range) of treatment group andcontrol group were 149 (20-400) μg/ L and 160 (28 – 698) μg/ L, respectively. MeanTSH level which were normal before intervention (3.03 ± 1.19 μIU/ ml vs 2.52 ±1.29 μIU/ ml), improved significantly after intervention compared to the control group(2.03 ± 1.28 μIU/ ml vs 2.71 ± 1.66 μIU/ ml). Mean free T4 level which were normalbefore intervention (1.29 ± 0.29 ng/ dl vs 1.32 ± 0.24 ng/ dl), decreased significantlyafter intervention compared to the control group (1.04 ± 0.24 ng/ dl vs 1.18 ± 0.43ng/ dl). Conclusion. 30 – 35 ppm iodized salt Intervention for 6 months was able toprovide iodine requirement, improve level of TSH and maintain level of fT4 in normallevel.Keywords: iodine urine concentration, iodized salt intervention, thyroid function,women of childbearing ag
Kendali Optimal Model Siklus Hidup Cacing Schistosoma japonicum dengan Prinsip Minimum Pontryagin
No full textSchistosomiasis is an infectious disease caused by trematodes, of the genus Schistosoma. In Indonesia the disease is caused by Schistosoma japonicum. The worm life cycle is specific because its habitat is not only on human body or some other mammal but also in snail. This research is aimed to a mathematical model of the worm cycle and investigates the optimal control of the model. The mathematically control was conducted by put a time dependent parameter ρ (t) to the model that represents a medical treatment to infected humans. The governed model, that has an endemic stable critical point, describes a transferred worm cycle of several phases. The optimal control is determined by the Minimum Pontryagin Principle. The simulation of the model shows that, for such initial condition of the uncontrolled model, the number of adult worms will increase up to 4700 in 80 days. This number could reduce to 4500 on the day of 100 and converge to 4400for unbounded time growth. It means that schistosomiasis is permanently occurring (endemic). The controlled model gives as the drug dose of praziquantel. The drug doze of 20 mg praziquantel could minimize the growth of worms and decreasethe number of adult worm population to 8 in 6 months