e-Journal Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan / National Institute of Health Research and Development
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Peran Kesenjangan Ekonomi terhadap Kejadian Kegemukan
No full textEconomic inequality relationship to health has been widely analyzed in western countries but is stilllimited in developing countries. Knowing the role of economic inequality against obesity is expectedto help overcome the problem of obesity in Indonesia. This study aims to analyses the relationshipof economic inequality and obesity. The data were obtained from a cross-sectional Indonesian BasicHealth Research (Riskesdas) year 2010. The subjects consisted of 125563 respondent’s ages 19-55years old that derived from 251388 household members nested within 69300 households nested within 2798 communities nested within 33 regions. Obese was categorized as body mass index more than 25.Community level exposures included economic inequality that based on Gini coefficient. The data were analyzed with multilevel logistic regression. The prevalence of obesity in Indonesia was 22.96 percent.The economic inequality was ranged from 0.18-0.69 across 33 provinces in Indonesia. The economicinequality has a role on obesity although the role of the individual and household level on obesity isgreater (76.8%) compared to the role of economic inequality at the provincial level (23.2%). At theindividual level, variables that contribute to obesity were female (OR = 1.91), education > SMA (OR =1.18), married (OR = 2.70), and higher socioeconomic status (OR5th kuintil= 2 , 76). At the provincial level, economic inequalities increase the chances of obesity of 1.31 times. The higher the economic inequality in the province level is likely to increase the incidence of obesity but the effect was smaller than at the individual level factors. Obesity prevention are needed focusing on female, married, and higher socioeconomic status.Keywords: inequality, economic, obesity AbstrakKesenjangan ekonomi telah banyak dianalisis di negara-negara barat tetapi masih terbatas di negara-negara berkembang. Mengetahui peran kesenjangan ekonomi terhadap kegemukan diharapkan dapat membantu mengatasi masalah kegemukan di Indonesia. Analisis ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan kesenjangan ekonomi dengan kegemukan. Analisis menggunakan data Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) tahun 2010 yang bersifat potong lintang. Subyek terdiri dari 125.563 responden berumur 19–55 tahun yang berasal dari 251.388 anggota rumah tangga dari 69.300 rumah tangga pada 2.798 blok sensus di 33 provinsi. Kegemukan dikategorikan sebagai indeks massa tubuh lebih dari 25. Eksposur di tingkat masyarakat yaitu kesenjangan ekonomi didasarkan pada koefisien Gini. Data dianalisis dengan multilevel regresi logistik. Prevalensi kegemukan di Indonesia adalah 22,96%. Kesenjangan ekonomi berkisar antara 0.18–0.69 di 33 provinsi di Indonesia. Kesenjangan ekonomi mempunyai peran terhadap kejadian kegemukan di tingkat individu dan rumah tangga. Namun, peran tingkat individu dan rumah tangga lebih besar (76,8%) dibandingkan peran kesenjangan ekonomi di tingkat provinsi (23,2%) terhadap kejadian kegemukan.Pada tingkat individu yang berperan pada kegemukan adalah jenis kelamin perempuan (OR=1,91), pendidikan > SMA (OR=1,18), kawin (OR=2,70), dan status sosial ekonomi semakin tinggi (OR kuintil 5=2,76). Pada tingkat provinsi, kesenjangan ekonomi meningkatkan peluang kegemukan 1,31 kali. Kesenjangan ekonomi semakin tinggi berpeluang meningkatkan kejadian kegemukan tetapi pengaruhnya lebih kecil dibanding faktor di tingkat individu. Pencegahan kegemukan yang berfokus pada individu yang berjenis kelamin perempuan, kawin, dan status sosial ekonomi semakin tinggiABSTRAKKata Kunci: kesenjangan, ekonomi, kegemuka
Predicting the Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) occurrence among Pharmacist assistant in Banjarmasin South Kalimantan
No full textLatar belakang: Banjarmasin memiliki jumlah apotek terbanyak di wilayah Kalimantan Selatan. Salahsatu jenis pekerjaan yang ada di apotek adalah asisten apoteker. Dengan tipikal pekerjaan asisten apoteker yang indoor dan memiliki resiko yang tinggi terhadap paparan zat kimia, asisten apoteker cenderung mengalami kejadian Sick Building Syndrom (SBS). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi faktor determinan yang paling berpengaruh terhadap kejadian SBS pada asisten apoteker yang bekerja di apotek wilayah kerja Kota Banjarmasin Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian crosssectional dengan metode observasional analitik. Lokasi penelitian dilakukan pada 13 lokasi apotek yang berada di wilayah kerja Kota Banjarmasin dengan 73 orang asisten apoteker yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi sebagai respondennya. Variabel bebas dari penelitian ini adalah variabel karakteristik responden dengan sub variabel jenis kelamin, usia, kondisi psikososial dan masa kerja, variabel aspek perilaku dengan sub variabel pengetahuan, sikap dan praktik asisten apoteker terhadap SBS, serta variabel faktor lingkungan pekerja meliputi kepadatan ruang, suhu, kelembaban, kecepatan aliran udara serta pencahayaan ruangan, sedangkan kejadian SBS menjadi variabel terikat. Hasil : Sebanyak 29 responden (39.7%) responden mengalami kejadian SBS dengan sebesar 68.3% kejadian SBS dipengaruhi oleh faktor psikososial responden (OR 26,479), masa kerja (OR 9,882), tindakan yang memicu SBS oleh responden (OR 13,859) serta kondisi pencahayaan yang tidak sesuai standar (OR 8,912). Kesimpulan : Lingkungan kerja seperti pencahayaan ruangan yang kurang, pengaturan jam kerja serta ketersediaan fasilitas istirahat merupakan faktor determinan yang berpengaruh pada kejadian SBS. Kata kunci: Sick Building Syndrom, asisten apoteker Abstract Background: Banjarmasin has the highest number of pharmacies among the other area in South Kalimantan. One of the main types of work in stores is a pharmacist's assistant. With their typical indoor job activities and the higher risk of chemical exposures, assistant pharmacist tends to experience the sick building syndrome occurrence. This research aims to identify the primary determinant on the SBS event among pharmacy assistant working at pharmacies in Banjarmasin. Methods: This is a cross-sectional research with analytical observation method. The research location takes place in 13 pharmacies in the city of Banjarmasin with 73 pharmacy assistants that meet the inclusion criteria serve as respondents. The study analyzes several variables such as SBS occurrence, respondents characteristics, working conditions including room density, temperature, humidity, air velocity and indoor lighting. Results: There are 29 respondents (39.7%) having an SBS occurrence with a significant correlation between the SBS occurrences with respondents psycho-social condition (OR 26,479), years of service (OR, 9.882), indoor lighting condition (OR 8,912) and respondents behaviors related to SBS occurrences (OR 13,859). Conclusion: Working environments such as inadequate indoor lighting, working hours arrangement and rest facilities are the determinants of SBS. Keywords: sick building syndrome, pharmacy assistants
Total working period and other risk factors related to eating protein foods habits among civil pilots in Indonesia
No full textABSTRAK Latar belakang: Kebiasaan makan protein yang berlebihan dapat menyebabkan penyakit ginjal dan hati serta meningkatkan risiko penyakit kardiovaskular yang dapat menyebabkan terjadinya inkapasitasi pada pilot. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengidentifikasi faktor sosiodemografi dan faktor lainnya terhadap kebiasaan makan protein berlebih pada pilot sipil di Indonesia. Metode: Penelitian potong lintang menggunakan data sekunder Survei kebiasaan makan, minum dan latihan fisik pada pilot sipil di Indonesia 2016. Data yang dikumpulkan adalah karakteristik demografi, kebiasaan latihan fisik, pengetahuan, indeks massa tubuh dan karakteristik penerbangan. Analisis regresi cox dipakai untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor dominan yang berhubungan dengan kebiasaan makan protein berlebih. Hasil: Di antara 528 pilot yang berusia 19-64 tahun, 194 (36.74%) pilot memiliki kebiasaan makan protein berlebih. Lama masa kerja dan indeks massa tubuh menjadi faktor risiko dominan yang berkaitan dengan kebiasaan makan protein berlebih pada pilot. Jika dibandingkan dengan pilot dengan lama masa kerja 1 – 9 tahun, pilot dengan masa kerja 10 – 40 tahun berisiko 35% lebih kecil memiliki kebiasaan makan protein berlebih (RRa = 0.65 ; 95% CI 0.49 – 0.87). Jika dibandingkan dengan pilot dengan indeks massa tubuh normal, pilot yang overweight berisiko 34% lebih kecil memiliki kebiasaan makan protein berlebih (RRa = 0.66 ; 95% CI 0.47 – 0.93). Kesimpulan: Masa kerja yang lebih panjang dan overweight merupakan faktor protektif terhadap risiko kebiasaan makan protein berlebih Kata kunci: kebiasaan makan protein, lama masa kerja, indeks massa tubuh, pilot sipil Indonesia ABSTRACT Background: Excessive protein eating habits may cause kidney and liver disease and increase the risk of cardiovascular disease leading to incapacitation of the pilot. The purpose of this study was to identify sociodemographic and other factors on protein eating habits among civilian pilots in Indonesia. Methods: A cross-sectional study using secondary data from the survey of eating, drinking and physical exercise habits among civilian pilots in Indonesia 2016. Data collected were demographic characteristics, physical exercise habits, smoking habits, knowledge, body mass index and flight characteristics. Cox regression analysis was used to analyze the dominant factors associated with protein eating habits. Results: Among 528 pilots aged 19-64 years, 194 (36.74%) pilots had excessive protein eating habits . Long working period and body mass index were the dominant risk factors associated with protein eating habit in pilots. Compared to pilots with 1-9 years working period, pilots with 10-40 years working period had 35% lower risk of excessive protein eating habits (RRA = 0.65; 95% CI 0:49 - 0.87). Compared to pilots with normal body mass index, overweight pilots had 34% lower risk of excessive protein eating habits (RRA = 0.66; 95% CI 0:47 - 0.93). Conclusion: Long working period and overweight were protective factors from the risk of excessive protein eating habits Keywords: protein eating habits, total working periode, body mass index, civilian pilots Indonesi
GANGGUAN KESEHATAN PADA WANITA USIA SUBUR AKIBAT PAJANAN PESTISIDA ORGANOFOSFAT DI KABUPATEN BANDUNG BARAT, JAWA BARAT
No full textABSTRACT Women of Childbearing Age (WCA) who live in agricultural area areat risk to pesticide poisoning with long-term negative impacts. This study objective is to describe organophosphate(OP) pesticide metabolites in urine of WCA exposed to pesticides. This study design was Type-1 Health Study which was conducted by the National Institute for Health Research and Development in 2014. Descriptive analysis was performed to obtain the percentages of WCA sufferers from OP contamination, and Chi-Square test was used to assess the effect. The percentage of WCA contaminated by OP pesticide metabolites was 52.9%, and 58.3% among the age group of15-25yearsold.The highest percentage (60,7%) was those who are farmers. Fisher’s Exacttest shows that there was no statistically significant relation between health problems and OP pesticide contamination. Generally, pesticide metabolites were detected most at the young age of WCA. Symptomsamong WCA include dizziness, fatigue, vomiting and shortness of breath. Keywords:Organophosphate, pesticide metabolites, women ofchildbearing age, health disorders ABSTRAK Wanita usia subur (WUS) yang tinggal didaerah pertanian merupakan salah satu populasi yang berisiko untuk mengalami keracunan pestisida dengan dampak negatif jangka panjang. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui gambaran metabolit pestisida organofosfat (OP) pada urine WUS yang mengalami gangguan kesehatan akibat pajanan pestisida. Penelitian dilakukan Badan Litbangkes pada tahun 2014 dengan desain Type-1 Health Study. Analisis dilakukan secara deskriptif untuk menggambarkan persentase WUS yang mengalami pajanan. Uji Chi-Square dilakukan untuk mengkaji dampak pajanan pada WUS. Secara deskriptif, persentase WUS yang terdeteksi metabolit pestisida OP adalah 52,9% dan yang paling banyak terdeteksi pada kelompok umur 15-25 tahun (58,3%) dengan pekerjaan petani/buruh tani (60,7%). Hasil uji Fisher’s Exact menunjukkan bahwa dampak kesehatan tidak menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan dengan kontaminasi pestisida. Secara umum, WUS yang terdeteksi metabolit pestisida paling banyak pada usia muda dengan pekerjaan petani/buruh tani. Gejala paling sering muncul pada WUS yang terkontaminasi pestisida adalah pusing, mata berkunang, perasaan letih, muntah-muntah dan sesak. Kata kunci: Organofosfat, metabolit pestisida, wanita usia subur, gangguan kesehata
HUBUNGAN ANTARA PENGETAHUAN HIV/AIDS DENGAN SIKAP PENOLAKAN TERHADAP ORANG DENGAN HIV/AIDS (ODHA) PADA MASYARAKAT INDONESIA (ANALISIS LANJUT SURVEI DEMOGRAFI DAN KESEHATAN INDONESIA 2012)
No full textBackground: The rejection attitude towards people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) is a major obstacle in the prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS. Various studies have shown that knowledge of HIV/AIDS can reduce negative/rejection attitudes towards PLHA. Objective: In order to study and explain the relationship between knowledge of HIV/AIDS with a rejection attitude towards PLHA in Indonesian society. Method: This study analyzed secondary data of the 2012 IDHS using a cross sectional research design. Multivariate analysis used Logistic Regression test was done to process the data of IDHS 2012. We used 41,004 samples consisting of all women of reproductive age 15-49 years old, married men aged 15-54, and 15-24 years old men who had never married. The relationship analyses used logistic regression with interaction and confounding test. Result: There was a significant negative relationship between knowledge of HIV/AIDS with an negative attitude towards PLHA (p-value= 0.001; OR= 0.47). Variables substantially confounder were the level of education and media exposure. In addition, there was an interaction between knowledge with level of education, and knowledge with media exposure. Conclusion: The level of education and media exposure becomes a very important variable to one's knowledge and attitude. Therefore, it is necessary to increase knowledge through education and media exposure to reduce the attitude of rejection of PLHA
PENGARUH FAKTOR SOSIAL EKONOMI DAN BUDAYA TERHADAP PERILAKU PERSALINAN DI PERDESAAN DAERAH ANGKA KEMATIAN IBU RENDAH DAN TINGGI
No full textBackground: Maternal complications are the risk of maternal death. Unsafe childbirth behavior is still a major challenge in Indonesia that is influenced by social, economic and cultural factors. Objective: The study aimed to identify socio-economic and cultural influences on the behavior of childbirth in rural areas with low and high maternal mortality Method: Cross-sectional study was conducted in rural areas with low and high maternal mortality. The sample of the study were nursing mothers. The sample size of each research area is 120, bringing the total to 240 samples. Data were collected through interviews using questionnaires and interview guidelines. Data analysis was done descriptively and analytically with multiple regression test. Results: In the low maternal mortality areas, almost all (99.2%) of the samples performed safe deliveries. Safe delivery was influenced by the equality of the mother's social status with her husband, social support for healthy behaviors, and high maternal social value for the family. In the high maternal mortality areas, the majority (66.6%) of the samples performed unsafe childbirth. Unsafe childbirth behavior was influenced by strong social support to unhealthy behavior and low husband's financial support. Conclusion: Safe childbirth behavior in low maternal mortality area was influenced by mother's social status, social support to healthy behavior, and mother's social value. Unsafe childbirth behavior in high maternal mortality areas was influenced by social support for unhealthy behaviors and financial support
FAKTOR IBU YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN KEMAMPUAN KOGNITIF ANAK PRA SEKOLAH DI DAERAH ENDEMIK DEFISIENSI YODIUM
No full textBackground: Maternal conditions were important determinants for children development. Therefore, mothers impacted by IDD condition also became risk factor for children developmental delays. Objective: Analyze the associations between maternal social status, maternal nutritional status including maternal goiter status, maternal IQ, and quality of care, with pre-school children cognitive abilities in IDD endemic areas. Method: This study explores the data screening of parenting and iodized salt intervention studies of pre-school children in IDD endemic areas. The study was conducted in Pituruh, Purworejo district. A total pair of 82 mothers and 4-5 years aged children became subjects of this research. Data were analyzed with path analysis. Result: The percentage of child cognitive ability problems found were high (59.5%) and 17.1% mothers had goitre enlargement. Multivariate analysis with Path showed that home quality of care (r=0.41) and maternal verbal responsiveness (r=0.24) associated directly and rather strongly with preschool child cognitive ability. Maternal education and IQ both significantly correlated with home environmental quality of care. Since both variable having colinearity, just one variable chosen as determinant of care. Maternal IQ associated indirectly with child cognitive ability through home environmental quality of care (r=0.38) and maternal verbal responsiveness (r=0.31). Maternal goiter associated with child cognitive development indirectly through its association with maternal IQ (r= 0.23). Conclusion: The cognitive abilities of preschool children in endemic areas GAKI affected directly by the home environmental quality of care and maternal verbal responsiveness. Indirectly, maternal quality of care is affected by maternal IQ and maternal education. Maternal goiter status affected children cognitive abilities through its influence on maternal IQ, maternal education, and quality of care.
TINJAUAN KRITIS INTERVENSI MULTI MIKRONUTRIEN PADA 1000 HARI PERTAMA KEHIDUPAN
No full textIndonesia is one of 35 countries which join Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN) movement, a global movement worldwide effort to end under-nutrition, emphasizing on the first 1000 days of life. There are several critical notes in term of program implementation. This article will discuss the critical point view of the implementation of SUN movement in Indonesia focussing on the importance of nutrition intervention during preconception period, particularly with multi microminutrients supplementation. Several literature-based evidences as well as the author’s research evidence will be discussed in this paper. Based on literature review, there were many prospective cohort studies in several countries provided evidence that women who consumed multivitamin supplement during preconception period had 50% reduced risk of prematurity compared to those did not consume multivitamin supplement (RR= 0,050); reduced risk of preeclampsia about 45-71% (OR=0,029-0,55); and reduced risk of small for gestational age (SGA) by 36%. Current randomized double blind community based trial conducted in Probolinggo East Java revealed that extended multi micronutrients intervention 2-6 month prior to pregnancy provided better effect on birth weight and placental weight, as well as maternal endocrine and immune response. Those evidences ensure the plaucibility that multi micronutrients supplementation begin at preconception period is more important then just during pregnancy. Otherwise, many evidences were also revealed that multi micronutrients supplementation better effect to improves pregnancy outcomes. It was implied when the intervention is provided only during pregnancy, it means that critical period of early pregnancy (peri-conceptional period) is missing. Furthermore, it might be better to use multi micronutrients begin at preconception period and during pregnancy, instead of iron folic acid. Indonesia merupakan salah satu dari 35 negara di dunia yang mendukung gerakan global Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN), yang intinya untuk menyelamatkan 1000 hari pertama kehidupan (1000 HPK). Ada beberapa catatan dalam pelaksanaan gerakan penyelamatan 1000 HPK di Indonesia. Artikel ini berisi analisis kritis terhadap kebijakan program intervensi 1000 HPK, dengan fokus pentingnya pemenuhan gizi pada periode prakonsepsi (preconception nutrition), terutama suplementasi multi mikronutrien dalam menunjang keberhasilan program. Berbagai evidence disajikan melalui studi literatur maupun evindence dari hasil penelitian yang dilakukan oleh penulis. Penelitian prospective cohort di beberapa negara membuktikan bahwa wanita hamil yang mengkonsumsi suplemen multivitamin pada masa prakonsepsi mengalami penurunan risiko kelahiran prematur sebesar 50% (RR = 0,50) dibandingkan wanita yang tidak mengkonsumsi multivitamin. Konsumsi multivitamin pada masa prakonsepsi dapat menurunkan risiko pre-eklampsia sebesar 45% hingga 71% (OR = 0,029-0,55) dan menurunkan risiko small for gestational age (SGA) sebesar 36%. Penelitian randomized trial terbaru yang dilakukan di Kabupaten Probolinggo Jawa Timur membuktikan bahwa suplementasi multi-mikro nutrient 2-6 bulan sebelum hamil memberikan efek yang lebih baik terhadap respon imun maternal, serta hormon human placental lactogen (hPL) yang akhirnya meningkatkan berat plasenta dan berat bayi lahir, serta penurunan risiko aborsi dan prematuritas. Berbagai bukti empiris tersebut meyakinkan plausibilitas bahwa pemberian suplementasi zat gizi mikro sejak periode prakonsepsi lebih penting dibandingkan hanya diberikan pada masa kehamilan. Di sisi lain, berbagai penelitian telah membuktian keunggulan suplementasi multi mikronutrien dalam meningkatan luaran kehamilan jika dibandingkan suplementasi tablet besi asam folat. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa apabila intervensi diberikan pada saat kehamilan, maka periode kritis awal kehamilan (perikonsepsi) telah terlewatkan. Selain itu, perlu dipikirkan untuk menggantikan suplemen zat besi asam folat dengan suplemen multi mikronutrien yang diberian sejak masa prakonsepsi. Indonesia is one of 35 countries which join Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN) movement, a global movement worldwide effort to end under-nutrition, emphasizing on the first 1000 days of life. There are several critical notes in term of program implementation. This article will discuss the critical point view of the implementation of SUN movement in Indonesia focussing on the importance of nutrition intervention during preconception period, particularly with multi microminutrients supplementation. Several literature-based evidences as well as the author’s research evidence will be discussed in this paper. Basedon literature review, there were many prospective cohort studies in several countries provided evidence that women who consumed multivitamin supplement during preconception period had 50% reduced risk of prematurity compared to those did not consume multivitamin supplement (RR= 0,050); reduced risk of preeclampsia about 45-71% (OR=0,029-0,55); and reduced risk of small for gestational age (SGA) by 36%. Current randomized double blind community based trial conducted in Probolinggo East Java revealed that extended multi micronutrients intervention 2-6 month prior to pregnancy provided better effect on birth weight and placental weight, as well as maternal endocrine and immune response. Those evidences ensure the plaucibility that multi micronutrients supplementation begin at preconception period is more important then just during pregnancy. Otherwise, many evidences were also revealed that multi micronutrients supplementation better effect to improves pregnancy outcomes. It was implied when the intervention is provided only during pregnancy, it means that critical period of early pregnancy (peri-conceptional period) is missing. Furthermore, it might be better to use multi micronutrients begin at preconception period and during pregnancy, instead of iron folic acid. Indonesia merupakan salah satu dari 35 negara di dunia yang mendukung gerakan global Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN), yang intinya untuk menyelamatkan 1000 hari pertama kehidupan (1000 HPK). Ada beberapa catatan dalam pelaksanaan gerakan penyelamatan 1000 HPK di Indonesia. Artikel ini berisi analisis kritis terhadap kebijakan program intervensi 1000 HPK, dengan fokus pentingnya pemenuhan gizi pada periode prakonsepsi (preconception nutrition), terutama suplementasi multi mikronutrien dalam menunjang keberhasilan program. Berbagai evidence disajikan melalui studi literatur maupun evindencedari hasil penelitian yang dilakukan oleh penulis. Penelitian prospective cohort di beberapa negara membuktikan bahwa wanita hamil yang mengkonsumsi suplemen multivitamin pada masa prakonsepsi mengalami penurunan risiko kelahiran prematur sebesar 50% (RR = 0,50) dibandingkan wanita yang tidak mengkonsumsi multivitamin. Konsumsi multivitamin pada masa prakonsepsi dapat menurunkan risiko pre-eklampsia sebesar 45% hingga 71% (OR = 0,029-0,55) dan menurunkan risiko small for gestational age (SGA) sebesar 36%. Penelitian randomized trial terbaru yang dilakukan di Kabupaten Probolinggo Jawa Timur membuktikan bahwa suplementasi multi-mikro nutrient 2-6 bulan sebelum hamil memberikan efek yang lebih baik terhadap respon imun maternal, serta hormon human placental lactogen (hPL) yang akhirnya meningkatkan berat plasenta dan berat bayi lahir, serta penurunan risiko aborsi dan prematuritas. Berbagai bukti empiris tersebut meyakinkan plausibilitas bahwa pemberian suplementasi zat gizi mikro sejak periode prakonsepsi lebih penting dibandingkan hanya diberikan pada masa kehamilan. Di sisi lain, berbagai penelitian telah membuktian keunggulan suplementasi multi mikronutrien dalam meningkatan luaran kehamilan jika dibandingkan suplementasi tablet besi asam folat. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa apabila intervensi diberikan pada saat kehamilan, maka periode kritis awal kehamilan (perikonsepsi) telah terlewatkan. Selain itu, perlu dipikirkan untuk menggantikan suplemen zat besi asam folat dengan suplemen multi mikronutrien yang diberian sejak masa prakonsepsi
Fenomena “Sidang Umur” terhadap Kejadian Berat Badan Lahir Rendah (BBLR) di Desa Sidengok, Kecamatan Pejawaran, Kabupaten Banjarnegara
No full textThere were five infant mortality cases and two malnutrition babies occured in Sidengok Village, Pejawaran Subdistrict, Banjarnegara District year 2013. The main factor of the cases was low birth weight (LBW) as of the early marriages. The women in Sidengok used toget married at the average under 20 years, and even some of them married under 16 years. It was legally allowed because of “age session in court” as marital dispensation. The type of study was a qualitative method with an observation participation. The study aimed to identify social and cultural factors of LBW and infant mortality in Sidengok village. It revealed that the "age session in court" in Sidengok village, is a way to legalize marital status for the underage couple, causing LBW which is one of underlying factors of infant mortalities. On the other hand,‘the age session in court’ such as marital dispensation is legally allowed and regulated in marriage law, which might have an impact on women's reproductive health. It concludes that the occurrence of "age session in court" in Sidengok village has been a common event which was legally supported by marriage laws. It recommends to decrease LBW rate and infant mortality rate, it needs an amendment of marriage law, in particular, a minimum age to get married. AbstrakTerdapat 5 kematian bayi dan dua bayi gizi buruk di Desa Sidengok, Kecamatan Pejawaran, Kabupaten Banjarnegara dalam tahun 2013. Penyebab utama kematian dan gizi buruk tersebut adalah Bayi Berat Lahir Rendah (BBLR). Perkawinan usia dini menjadi salah satu penyebab terjadinya BBLR. Di Desa Sidengok perempuan rata-rata menikah kurang dari 20 tahun, bahkan ada yang belum mencapai usia 16 tahun dengan sidang umur. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi faktor sosial budaya “sidang umur” sebagai salah satu penyebab BBLR dan kematian bayi. Jenis penelitian kualitatif dengan metode observasi partisipasi. Terdapat sidang umur di Desa Sidengok Kecamatan Pejawaran, Kabupaten Banjarnegara bagi yang belum cukup usia perkawinan agar bisa melangsungkan perkawinan. Sidang umur merupakan celah hukum, salah satu syarat yang bersifat formalitas agar diperbolehkan menikah diatur dalam Undang-Undang Perkawinan. Celah hukum ini berdampak pada kesehatan reproduksi perempuan dimana difasilitasi dan dilaksanakan oleh pengadilan agama dan instansi pemerintah terkait. “Sidang umur” merupakan salah satu faktor banyaknya pernikahan dini yang merupakan salah satu faktor penyebab terjadinya BBLR dan selanjutnya kematian bayi. Fenomena “Sidang umur” yang marak di Desa Sidengok merupakan salah satu faktor budaya masyarakat yang diakui oleh undang-undang. Hal ini karena undang-undang perkawinan memiliki celah untuk pengajuan dispensasi nikah untuk calon pasangan yang masih di bawah umur. Disarankan Revisi Undang-Undang perkawinan dalam batasan usia minimal menikah dan diperbolehkannya menikah pada usia dini dengan jalan “sidang umur” sangat diperlukan. Rambu-rambu hukum tertentu terkait kesehatan reproduksi perempuan sangat dibutuhkan agar lahir generasi yang sehat, tidak BBLR dan penyebab kematian bayi setiap tahunnya