e-Journal Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan / National Institute of Health Research and Development
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Daya Tetas dan Perkembangan Larva Aedes aegypti Menjadi Nyamuk Dewasa pada Tiga Jenis Air Sumur Gali dan Air Selokan
No full textResearch on Aedes aegypti hatchability and larval development into adult mosquitoes were conducted to compare the egg laying behavior of mosquitoes in different types of water (water from wells, sewage and clean water or distilled water). It also want to campare the durability of the larvae until the adult mosquitoes. This research was conducted on August to October 2012 in Entomology Laboratory Vector Borne Disease Research and Development Baturaja. The study design was a complete randomized design with different type of water as the treatment and used four level and six repetition. The observed variables were color, odor and turbidity of the water. Data analysis was performed by One-Way ANOVA Post Hoc Tests with Least Significant Difference (LSD). The results showed that there was a significant influence on the hatchability and development of Ae. aegypti larvae into the adult stage in regard of the type of water (p<0,05). It can be concluded that Ae. aegypti can grow into adult stage on the outside of clean water media and also on the soil contaminated water.Penelitian mengenai daya tetas dan perkembangan larva Aedes aegypti menjadi nyamuk dewasa dilakukan untuk membandingkan perilaku bertelur nyamuk Ae. aegypti pada tiga jenis air sumur gali, air selokan, dan air bersih, serta untuk melihat daya tahan Ae. aegypti sampai menjadi nyamuk dewasa. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Agustus hingga Oktober tahun 2012 di Laboratorium Entomologi Loka Litbang P2B2 Baturaja. Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah rancangan acak kelompok, dengan faktor perlakuan adalah air sebagai media bertelur, dengan dan empat taraf enam pengulangan. Variabel yang diamati dibedakan berdasarkan warna, bau dan kekeruhan air. Analisis data dilakukan dengan One-Way ANOVA Post Hoc Tests dengan Least Significant Difference (LSD). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada pengaruh media air terhadap daya tetas dan perkembangan Ae. aegypti menjadi nyamuk dewasa (p<0,05). Penelitian membuktikan bahwa Ae. aegypti dapat berkembang biak menjadi dewasa di luar media air bersih dan air yang dasarnya mengandung tanah
Review Artikel : Perkembangan Vaksin untuk Schistosoma japonicum
No full textSchistosomiasis infects 261 million people in 78 countries with 600 million people at risk of infection. Schistosomiasis in Indonesia is due to blood trematode Schistosoma japonicum and Oncomelania hupensis lindoensis snail as intermediate host .Schistosomiasis control is conducted by the management of environment as well as treatment with praziquantel. The long periode and continously drug use may result in drug resistance. Based on these, vaccines against schistosomiasis, as schistosomiasis control strategies in the future, is needed. This review was aimed to describe some of the vaccine candidates against S. japonicum with their level of efficacy, which composed by many schistosomiasis vaccine-related scientific literature. Schistosomiasis vaccine candidate proteins showed varying levels of efficacy and no one has the most potential. Although the development of vaccines against schistosomiasis is quite difficult, the research must still be continue
Upaya Pencegahan DBD di Kelurahan Tatura Utara Kecamatan Palu Selatan Tahun 2011
No full textDengue Hemorrhagic Fever(DHF) is one of the major public health problems in Palu Municipality, particularly in North tatura Village, South Palu Sub-district, the work area of Mabelopura Health Center whose 64 DHF cases were founded in 2010. The aim of this research was to know the relationship between DHF case and household prevention in North Tatura Village, South Palu Sub-district. This was a cross-sectional study by using survey and interview. The total sampels were 91 households in North Tatura, South Palu Sub-district. The results showed that from 22 DHF cases, 59.l% were categorised as good in household prevention and 12.5% as not good. On the other hand, among 72 respondents who were not DHF cases, 40.9% were categorised as good in household prevention and 87.5% were not good. Moreover the p value showed a strong evidence of the relationship between DHF cases and household prevention p value (0,001). In order to eliminate Ae. aegypti larvae, source reduction by 3M plus need to be done in household level continuously. As a result, it is espected that the DHF transmission con be reduced
Peran Stakeholder dalam Pengendalian Malaria di Daerah Endemis
No full textMalaria is compromised as a disease that can be transmitted back to the missal especially endemic area because of casualties every year. One way of preventing malariais to advocate to stakeholders so that they can comprehend and understand the programs to be implemented so that the policies will be siding with the program, especially in terms of budget. Stakeholders are people who have influence over public policy. The role of stakeholders in malaria control is very strategic, especially insupport for the success of a program. Common perception among the stakeholders will give birth to a better policy in malaria control programs. The policy is expected to increase the budget and support in the implementation of malaria control programs
Insektisida Rumah Tangga dan Keberadaan Larva Aedes aegypti di Jakarta Selatan
No full textInsecticides holds a very important role in the field of vector control. Since a long time ago, various types of insecticides has been used for household vector control, however, most of the research focused on adult mosquitoes only. There are limited research about the effect of insecticide active components to the presence of larvae. There are some mindsets in Indonesian that mosquitoes control can be done by simply using any type of insecticide. Therefore this study aims to determine the effect of insecticide active ingredients against the presence of Aedes aegypti larvae in household sample. Sampling was conducted in South Jakarta in 2015. The sample are 300 households where the data includes the use of insecticide active ingredients and the presence of larvae. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of SPSS 17. The results showed that the active ingredients of household insecticides significantly has no effect on the presence of Aedes aegypti larvae. Hence integrated vector control is needed rather than control simply by insecticides.Abstract. There are many research about household insecticides, however research about the effect of household insecticide active ingredients to the presence of larvae has never been optimized yet. There are some people in Indonesia who think that to avoid mosquito bites simply can be done by only using insecticides. Some types of insecticides has been used since long time ago to control mosquitoes in households, but until now, research about mosquitoes control by insecticides is limited to adult mosquitoes only. Research about the effect of household insecticide active ingredients to the presence of larvae has never been done. Therefore, this study aims to determine the relationship between the various content of the insecticide to the presence of larvae in South Jakarta as densely populated area. 300 household were used as samples, data about the use of insecticide, insecticide’s active ingredients and the presence of larvae were collected and observed. Data was analyzed using chi‐square analysis. The results showed that there is a wide variety of household insecticide used by samples. Most of the samples use insecticides with pyrethroid as it active ingredients. From the chi‐square analysis, we concluded that there is no relationship between the various household insecticides to the presence or the absence of Aedes aegypti larvae in South Jakarta.Keywords: Household Insecticide, larvae, Aedes aegypti, South JakartaAbstrak. Penelitian mengenai insektisida rumah tangga hingga kini sudah banyak dilakukan. Namun, penelitian mengenai pengaruh bahan aktif insektisida rumah tangga terhadap keberadaan larva belum pernah dilakukan. Padahal sebagian pola pikir masyarakat di Indonesia ada yang menganggap bahwa untuk terhindar dari nyamuk cukup dengan menggunakan insektisida. Maka penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara macam‐macam kandungan insektisida terhadap keberadaan larva di lingkungan tempat tinggal di Jakarta Selatan sebagai pemukiman padat penduduk. Berbagai jenis bahan insektisida sudah lama dimanfaatkan untuk mengendalikan nyamuk di rumah tangga, tetapi hingga kini penelitian hanya diterapkan pada nyamuk dewasa saja. Penelitian mengenai pengaruh bahan aktif insektisida rumah tangga terhadap keberadaan larva masih belum ada. Maka penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh bahan‐bahan aktif insektisida yang digunakan di rumah tangga terhadap keberadaan larva. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan di wilayah Jakarta Selatan. Sampel diambil sebanyak 300 rumah tangga dengan mencakup data pemakaian bahan‐bahan aktif insektisida dan keberadaan larva. Data dianalisis menggunakan analisis chi‐square. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat berbagai variasi bahan aktif insektisida rumah tangga dengan mayoritas pemakaian adalah piretroid. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada hubungan antara macam‐macam insektisida rumah tangga dengan ada tidaknya larva Ae. aegypti di Jakarta Selatan.Kata Kunci: Insektisida rumah tangga, larva, Aedes aegypti, Jakarta Selata
Berbagai Faktor yang Memengaruhi Kejadian Demam Berdarah Dengue di Kota Bandung
No full textAbstract. Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) reemerged as a significant public health problem, which reflects the difficulty in sustaining DHF control program. Community-based strategy to control Aedes aegypti breeding sites needs to be understood. The objective of this study is to understand contributed factors to DHF based on characteristics, the availability of basic sanitation, knowledge, perception, and attitude towards DHF prevention program. A survey conducted to 2035 households in 12 districts and 16 villages in Kota Bandung in April to June 2015 using stratified random sampling method. A questionnaire was administered to collect information on variables related to economic status, knowledge on DBD, risk perception and practices associated with Aedes aegypti breeding sites, also basic sanitation facilities. The analysis used was correlation and generalized estimating equation (GEE). Results showed that gender, basic sanitation availability, knowledge about dengue in general, knowledge about DHF symptoms, and perception about the disease contribute to dengue cases (p ≤ 0.05). The conclusion of this study is factors contributed to dengue cases were sex, education, basic sanitation, knowledge about dengue in general, knowledge about DHF symptoms and perception about the disease. Program planning should also include factors and the need for the local community.Keywords: knowledge, attitude, risk perception, basic sanitation, dengueAbstrak. Munculnya kembali Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) sebagai masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang utama menunjukkan sulitnya mempertahankan kelangsungan program pencegahan dan pemberantasan penyakit ini. Pengetahuan yang memadai mengenai DBD dan metode untuk mencegahnya harus dapat dimengerti oleh masyarakat sebelum mereka mau berpartisipasi aktif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kejadian DBD di Kota Bandung. Penelitian ini merupakan survei pada 2035 rumah tangga di 12 kecamatan dan 16 desa di Kota Bandung pada Bulan Mei – Juni 2015 yang dilakukan dengan metode stratified random sampling. Kuesioner dipergunakan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor karakteristik, pengetahuan mengenai DBD, persepsi risiko dan sikap dalam pemberantasan sarang nyamuk serta fasilitas sanitasi dasar. Analisis data menggunakan analisis korelasi serta Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE). Hasil menunjukkan jenis kelamin, pendidikan, ketersediaan sanitasi, pengetahuan umum mengenai DBD, pengetahuan mengenai gejala DBD, dan persepsi mengenai DBD menjadi faktor yang memberikan pengaruh terhadap kejadian DBD (p<0,005). Simpulan penelitian adalah faktor yang memengaruhi kejadian DBD di Kota Bandung adalah jenis kelamin, pendidikan tinggi, sanitasi, pengetahuan umum mengenai DBD, pengetahuan mengenai gejala DBD dan persepsi mengenai DBD. Perencanaan program sebaiknya mengikut sertakan faktor karakteristik lokal masyarakat.Kata Kunci: DBD, sanitasi dasar, persepsi, pengetahuan, pencegaha
Pengembangan Kesehatan Tradisional Indonesia: Konsep, Strategi dan Tantangan
No full textReferred to ancient artifact and manuscript, Indonesian Traditional Medicine has been established and used by Indonesian people for maintaining health, treatment, and disease prevention. SWOT analysis has shown that Indonesia has the potencies and opportunities to develop Indonesian Traditional Medicine. The appropriate strategy to develop Indonesian Traditional Medicine is by conducting a 3P approach i.e. product, practice, and provider in a simultaneous way. The development of product is dealing with efficacy, safety and quality of product (modalities). The development of practice is dealing with the elaboration of the body of knowledge of Indonesian Traditional Medicine (Kestrindo) that can be used for formal education (Strata 1) in universities, to generate Kestrindo professionals, separated from conventional medicine. During the last three years, National Committee of Jamu Scientification has involved to elaborate and to establish the body of knowledge of Kestrindo. Kestrindo body of knowledge has the following building blocks, i.e. supporting pillars of biomedical science, philosophy of Indonesian origin, mechanism of action: physiogenesis (holistic), modalities of Indonesian origin (jamu, diet, massage, hypnotherapy, praying). As the philosophy of Kestrindo is holistic .i.e. paying attention a patient as holistic human being (body-mind-spirit), mixed methodology should be used. In this method, clinical outcome to be concerned is not only objective parameters (etic) but also subjective parameters (emic). In the future, it needs to finalize the concept of Kestrindo development for anticipation of global competitions and challenges and also to raise Indonesian nation integrity
Gambaran lingkungan air di wilayah endemis fasciolopsiasis Kabupaten Hulu Sungai Utara, Kalimantan Selatan
No full textAbstract.Fasciolopsiasis is a trematode worm disease of Fasciolopsis buski’s species, which is only endemic in some areas in Hulu Sungai Utara, South Kalimantan. Buski life cycle requires an intermediate host such as snails and plants that live in the aquatic environment. Fasciolopsiasis endemic areas in HSU is a marshy area, however not all regions that have the same characteristics or directly adjacent to an endemic area fasciolopsiasis. This research is a descriptive, aims to describe the aquatic environment through the parameters of temperature, acidity (pH), salinity, the value of Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), which supports buski’s habitation in endemic areas. Cross-sectional study design, and implemented in the village of Kalumpang Dalam, Sungai Papuyu, and Telaga Mas, in the month of June to September 2012. The results showed swamp water environment in the research site with a surface water temperature of 25oC, pH 6, salinity 0‰, DO value between 3,49-88,7 mg O2/L, BOD value between 0,05-3,64 mg O2/L, and COD values between 3,016- 39,51 mg O2/L, which indicate the presence of marshy water pollution and still found life freshwater snails as an intermediate host of F.buski : Lymnaea and IndoplanorbisKeywords : Fasciolopsis buski, fasciolopsiasis, swamp water, intermediate host, HSUAbstrak. Fasciolopsiasis adalah penyakit cacing trematoda dari spesies Fasciolopsis buski, yang hanya endemis di sebagian wilayah di Kabupaten Hulu Sungai Utara Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan. Siklus hidup buski memerlukan hospes perantara berupa keong dan tumbuhan yang hidup di lingkungan air. Wilayah endemis fasciolopsiasis di Kab. HSU merupakan wilayah berawa, namun demikian tidak semua wilayah yang mempunyai karakteristik sama ataupun berbatasan langsung merupakan daerah endemis fasciolopsiasis.Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif, bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran lingkungan air melalui parameter suhu, derajat keasaman (pH), salinitas, nilai Dissolved Oxygen (DO), nilai Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), dan nilai Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) yang mendukung habitat buski di wilayah endemis. Desain penelitian secara cross sectional, dan dilaksanakan di Desa Kalumpang Dalam, Desa Sungai Papuyu, dan Desa Telaga Mas, pada bulan Juni-September 2012. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan lingkungan air rawa di lokasi penelitian dengan suhu air permukaan 25oC, pH air 6, dan salinitas 0‰, nilai DO antara 3,49-88,7 mg O2/L, nilai BOD antara 0,05-3,64 mg O2/L, nilai COD antara 3,016-39,51 mg O2/L, yang menunjukkan adanya pencemaran air rawa dan masih ditemukan kehidupan keong air tawar sebagai hospes perantara pada F.buski yaitu keong jenis Lymnaea dan Indoplanorbis.Kata kunci : Fasciolopsis buski, fasciolopsiasis, air rawa, hospes perantara, HSU.
Aktivitas Ramuan Daun Salam, Herba Pegagan, Akar Alang-Alang dan Biji Pala pada Tikus Hipertensi yang Diinduksi Prednison dan Garam
No full textThe prevalence of hypertension in Indonesia was 25,8%. As much as 70% types of hypertensive patients were mild hypertension. There were some medicinal plants contain single formulation could be used for lowering blood pressure but not in a herbal formulation. This study determined the efficacy of antihypertension herbal formulation that consists of Indonesian bay leaves, Centella herbs, blady grass roots dan nutmeg seeds. This study was an experimental laboratory research with pre and post-test controlled design, used thirty Sprague-Dawley rats that were classified randomly into five groups (negative control group which didn't have treatment, positive control group which consumed captopril 0,25 mg, and three groups which consumed antihypertension herbal formulation with doses of 0,08 g; 0,16 g; and 0,32 g. The rats were induced by prednisone and NaCl 2,5 % for 21 days. The data were analysed using ANOVA test with CI 95%. After two weeks observation, the results showed that the blood pressure in the negative control group increased, but in the positive control and treatment groups decreased significantly (p=0,001). In conclusion, the herbal formulation could decrease rat's blood pressure.
Perbedaan Karakteristik Demografi dan Riwayat Infeksi Malaria Menurut Status Gizi Balita di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur
No full textNusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) is one of the provinces with the number of malaria and stunting are high, especially in high risk groups, among them are children under five. Associationof demographic characteristicsand malaria infection history with stunting nutrition status of children under five yearsin NTT is required to know in order to determine effective interventions to overcome the problem of children under five years. The study uses Riskesdas secondary data in 2013.The sample in this analysis were all children under five in NTT who were selected as sample Riskesdas 2013 and have a height measurement values. Analysis using different test that is t-independent. The results of t-tests showed the average difference of children under five height status among children under five living in urban areas and in rural areas (p = 0.003), the average difference height status of children under five among children under five who have a history of malaria infection and without history of malaria (p = 0.00), and there is no the average difference of children under five height status between male and woman (p = 0.056).There is a difference between the nutritional status of stunting children living in rural areas and urban. And there is a difference between the nutritional status of toddlers with a history of malaria and who have no history of malaria. Control of stunting and malaria in children under fiveneed to be developed, especially in rural areas with a high prevalence of malaria and stunting. cross-sector cooperationis needed to enforce stunting and malaria prevention program to control mosquitoesin cluding malaria and nutritional enhancement and improvement ofenvironmental sanitationin rural areas.ABSTRAKProvinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) merupakan salah satu provinsi dengan angka malaria dan stunting yang tinggi terutama pada kelompok beresiko tinggi yaitu balita. Hubungan karakteristik demografi balita dan riwayat infeksi malaria terhadap status gizi balita stunting di Provinsi NTT perlu diketahui guna mengetahui intervensi yang efektif dalam mengatasi permasalahan balita tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan perbedaan karakteristik demografi balita dan riwayat infeksi malaria menurut status gizi balita stunting dan balita normal di Provinsi NTT. Studi menggunakan data sekunder Riskesdas tahun 2013. Sampel dalam analisis ini adalah seluruh balita di Provinsi NTT yang terpilih menjadi sampel Riskesdas 2013 dan memiliki nilai pengukuran tinggi badan. Analisis menggunakan uji beda yaitu t-independent. Hasil uji beda menunjukkan ada perbedaan rata-rata status tinggi badan balita antara balita yang tinggal di perkotaan dan dipedesaan (p=0,003), ada perbedaan rata-rata status tinggi badan balita antara balita yang memiliki riwayat infeksi malaria dan tidak memiliki riwayat infeksi malaria (p=0,000) serta tidak ada perbedaan rata-rata status tinggi badan balita antara laki-laki dan perempuan (p=0,056). Terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara status gizi balita stunting yang tinggal di pedesaan dan perkotaan. Dan terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara status gizi balita stunting memiliki riwayat penyakit malaria dan yang tidak memiliki riwayat malaria. Pengendalian stunting dan malaria pada balita perlu dikembangkan terutama di daerah pedesaan yang tinggi prevalensi malaria dan stunting. dibutuhkan kerjasama lintas sektor untuk menegakkan program pencegahan stunting dan malaria diantaranya dengan pengendalian nyamuk malaria dan peningkatan gizi balitaserta perbaikan sanitasi lingkungan di wilayah pedesaan.