e-Journal Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan / National Institute of Health Research and Development
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Optimasi Kondisi Ekstraksi Senyawa Total Fenolik Buah Labu Siam (Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw.) Menggunakan Response Surface Methodology
No full textChayote (Sechium edule (Jacq). Sw.) is one of the vegetable plants that can be used for traditional medicine and has activity as an antioxidant. The objective of the research is to know aims the optimum condition of fruit of chayote extract to total phenolic compound. The method for determining the optimum condition is by using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was selected as a research design with three factors parameters and three levels. The three variabels used are the extraction times (2, 3 and 4 hours), chayote-solvents ratio (1:5, 1:10 and 1:15) and solvent concentration (food quality ethanol 30, 50 and 70%). The total phenolic content and yield extraction were obtained as the non-dependent variables. The extraction was done by percolation method and total phenolic content was analyzed by using ELISA reader. The simplicis used is fresh fruit of chayote with dried up shrink rate of 90.47%, water content 93.69%, total ash content of 0.44%, 0.02% acid soluble ash content, 0.52% for soluble compound in water, 0.52% soluble in ethanol, and total phenol content of 4.75 mg EAG/g dry simplicia. The results showed that the optimum condition of extraction for fresh fruit of chayote was obtained at 2 hours extraction with 1:14.35 chayote-solvent ratios and ethanol concentration 66.22% with total phenol value 2.50 mg EAG/g extract and 2.20% extraction yields. In conclusion, the total phenolic compounds of fruit chayote has been successfully optimized using the Response Surface Methodology technique. The optimum condition of total phenolic compound of fruit chayote is in the range of factors determined.AbstrakLabu siam (Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw.) merupakan salah satu tanaman sayur yang dapat digunakan untuk obat tradisional dan memiliki aktivitas sebagai antioksidan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kondisi optimum ekstraksi buah labu siam terhadap senyawa total fenol. Metode untuk menentukan kondisi optimum menggunakan tehnik Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Box Behnken Design (BBD) dipilih sebagai rancangan penelitian dengan tiga faktor dan tiga tingkat. Variabel bebas yang digunakan adalah waktu ekstraksi (2, 3, dan 4 jam), perbandingan simplisia-pelarut (1:5, 1:10, dan 1:15) dan konsentrasi pelarut (etanol kualitas pangan 30, 50, dan 70%), sedangkan variabel tidak bebas yang digunakan adalah kadar total fenol dan rendemen proses. Ekstraksi dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode perkolasi dan analisis kadar total fenol dilakukan dengan menggunakan ELISA reader. Simplisia yang digunakan adalah buah labu siam segar yang memiliki kadar susut pengeringan sebesar 90,47%; kadar air 93,69%; kadar abu total 0,44%; kadar abu tidak larut asam 0,02%; kadar sari larut air dan kadar sari larut etanol 0,52%; dan kadar total fenol 4,75 mg EAG/g simplisia kering. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kondisi optimum ekstraksi buah labu siam diperoleh pada waktu 2 jam, perbandingan simplisia-pelarut (1:14,35) dan konsentrasi etanol 66,22%, dengan nilai kadar total fenol 2,50 mg EAG/g ekstrak dan rendemen proses 2,20%. Kesimpulannya adalah senyawa total fenolik dalam buah labu siam telah berhasil dioptimasi menggunakan tehnik Response Surface Methodology. Kondisi optimum ekstraksi senyawa total fenolik buah labu siam berada pada kisaran faktor yang ditetapkan
Penguraian Parasetamol oleh Sel dan Protein Ekstraselular Khamir Candida tropicalis dan Rhodotorula minuta
No full textYeast can be used as cell model to study toxicity in mammalian cell. In the previous study we demonstrated that yeast Candida tropicalis was able to metabolize analgesic drug paracetamol causing oxidative stress. This phenomenon is similar to that in mammalian cell. In mammalian cell system, enzymes responsible in paracetamol metabolism are at least cytochrome P450 (P450) and peroxidase. In order to understand the possible role of peroxidase enzyme in paracetamol metabolism in yeast, research on the effect of peroxidase inhibitor of sodium cyanide (KCN) and a peroxidase substrate peroxide (H2O2) on paracetamol degradation by cell suspension and extracellular protein of C. tropicalis and Rhodotorula minuta was carried out. Paracetamol was degraded by cells or extracellular protein in both of yeast. Paracetamol degradations were significantly inhibited by KCN (0.01 μM) or H2O2 (3 μM). Since P450 is generally located inside the cell (in cell membrane) while no activity of P450 in extracellular, the data indicated the presence of soluble enzyme which is able to metabolize paracetamol that is inhibited by KCN or H2O2. The possibility of presence of peroxidase in the soluble protein by which paracetamol is metabolized and its inhibition by peroxide via competitive substrate or peroxide toxicity is discussed. The results supported use of yeast for studying toxicity of paracetamol in cell level.AbstrakKhamir dapat digunakan sebagai sel model untuk mempelajari toksisitas pada sel mamalia. Pada penelitian sebelumnya diketahui bahwa khamir Candida tropicalis mampu memetabolisme obat analgesik parasetamol dan mengakibatkan terjadinya cekaman oksidasi pada sel seperti yang terjadi pada sel mamalia. Pada sel mamalia, metabolisme parasetamol terutama dilakukan setidaknya oleh enzim membran sitokrom P450 dan peroksidase. Untuk mengetahui indikasi keterlibatan enzim peroksidase dalam metabolisme parasetamol pada C. tropicalis dan Rhodotorula minuta, diamati efek senyawa inhibitor peroksidase kalium sianida (KCN) terhadap metabolisme parasetamol; juga efek hidrogen peroksida (H2O2), senyawa substrat peroksidase. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa pada kedua khamir, baik pada sel maupun protein ekstraselular dapat mengurai parasetamol. Penguraian parasetamol dapat dihambat oleh KCN (0,01 μM) dan juga H2O2 (3 μM). Mengingat pada umumnya khamir memiliki P450 dalam sel (membran) tetapi tidak ada aktivitas P450 pada larutan ekstraselular, maka hasil ini mengindikasikan adanya peran enzim terlarut dalam mengurai parasetamol, yang dihambat oleh KCN dan H2O2. Kemungkinan enzim terlarut tersebut adalah peroksida yang kemampuan metabolisme parasetamolnya dapat dihambat oleh H2O2 melalui proses kompetitif dan keracunan dibahas dalam penelitian ini. Kemampuan metabolisme parasetamol oleh enzim yang diduga peroksidase menambah peluang penggunaan khamir dalam penelitian toksisitas parasetamol di tingkat sel
Improving the use of Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. as anthelmintic for children in Bogor Regency
No full textLatar belakang: Tingkat kecacingan pada anak di Indonesia masih tinggi, untuk itu diperlukan pendekatan intervensi kesehatan masyarakat yang tepat. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan, sikap dan perilaku (PSP) ibu dalam hal mengobati sendiri penyakit kecacingan dengan menggunakan Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb., bahan alam yang mudah ditemukan di Indonesia. Metode: Studi intervensi yang terdiri dari pengukuran terhadap tingkat PSP ibu (77) yang memiliki anak (80) usia 3 sampai 10 tahun, dimana dilakukan pemeriksaan kecacingan pada tinja anak-anak tersebut. Kemudian pada anak-anak yang terbukti menderita kecacingan diobati dengan minuman Curcuma dengan melibatkan ibu. Terhadap ibu juga diberi penyuluhan dan diukur kembali PSP nya terkait kecacingan dan pengobatan kecacingan dengan Curcuma. Tempat pengambilan sampel di Posyandu, desa Cibungbulang kabupaten Bogor. Hasil: PSP ibu meningkat setelah mereka diberikan penyuluhan kecacingan dan pengobatannya a.l pengetahuan bahwa kecacingan adalah penyakit menular (42,90% menjadi 84.40%) dan makanan yang kurang matang dan kotor menjadi jalan masauk bagi cacing kedalam tubuh (67,50% ke 92.20%), dan tanaman obat dapat digunakan untuk mengobati kecacingan (45.50% menjadi 79.20%). Kesimpulan: Edukasi kesehatan yang langsung melibatkan ibu untuk melakukan pengobatan kecacingan dengan Curcuma terbukti efektif untuk meningkatkan PSP sekaligus menyembuhkan kecacingan pada anak. Hasil studi menyarankan bahwa program pengobatan kecacingan pada anak dengan Curcuma dapat dilakukan pada program pengentasan kecacingan dan tidak perlu didahului dengan test pengujian kecacingan pada feces karena Curcuma terbukti efektif untuk pengobatan kecacingan, aman dan meningkatkan nafsu makan anak. Kata kunci: pengentasan kecacingan, Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb., anthelmintic, ibu dan anakAbstract Backgrounds: Worm infections in Indonesia are still high, it needs an appropriate public health intervention. This study aims to improve the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of mothers about self-medication of worm infections using Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb., a natural plant easily found in Indonesia Methods: Study intervention involving the assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice of mothers (77) whose children (80) were feces tested to find out worm infections on their children. The children who confirmed suffering from worm infection were joined Curcuma treatment. Health education related to worm infections and its treatment with Curcuma were delivered to mothers. Then PSP of mothers were assessed again using the same questionnaires as before. Samples were collected from two Village Integrated Health Post in Cibungbulang village Bogor Municipality Results: Before-after intervention showed, the KAP of mothers increased after they got health education & information i.e. mothers knew that worm infections was a contagious disease 42.90% to 84.40%, mothers knew that dirty or poor cooked food is the way of worm get inside into the body 67.50% to 92.20%) and mothers knew that medicinal plant is one of kind treatment for worm infections 45.50% to 79.20%. Conclusions: Health education together with Curcuma’s treatment improved mother’s KAP and it was also cured children from worm infections. It is recommended that deworming program for children with Curcuma should be appropriate without examination of stools since Curcuma effective, safe and may stimulate children’s appetite. Keywords: deworming, Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb., anthelmintic, mothers and children.
HIGH DOSES OF SOYBEAN, JATI BELANDA AND THEIR COMBINATION EXTRACTS HAVE NO ACUTE TOXIC EFFECTS
No full textLatar Belakang: Sebagai terapi antiobesitas kombinasi ekstrak kedelai Detam-1 dan daun Jati Belanda haruslah aman dan bebas dari bahan toksik. Untuk membuktikan keamanan ekstrak tumbuhan obat, diperlukan uji toksisitas akut. Tes ini terdiri dari: nilai LD50, perilaku, berat organ (BO), dan indeks organ (IO) mencit Swiss Webster setelah diberi ekstrak etanol kedelai Detam-1 (EEKD), ekstrak etanol Jati Belanda (EEJB) dan kombinasinya.Metode: Penelitian eksperimental sejati dengan rancangan acak lengkap sesuai ketentuan BPOM tahun 2014 adalah metode penelitian ini. Dua puluh mencit betina Swiss Webster dibagi menjadi empat kelompok perlakuan. Kelompok 1 (kontrol negatif), 2 (EEKD 2.000 mg / kgBB), 3 (EEJB 2.000 mg / kgBB), dan 4 (kombinasi EEKD dan EEJB 1: 2 sebesar 2000 mg / kgBB). Data BO dan IO dianalisis dengan uji t tidak berpasangan dengan α = 0,05.Hasil: Tidak ada gejala mortalitas dan toksisitas pada semua kelompok, semua mencit berperilaku normal, tidak ada perbedaan bermakna dari BO dan IO dari delapan organ utama semua grup secara statistik (p> 0,05) kecuali paru-paru, hati dan limpa pada kelompok 2. Kesimpulan: Nilai LD50 dari EEKD, EEJB dan kombinasinya seluruhnya di atas 2.000 mg/kgBB, tidak menimbulkan perubahan perilaku mencit; BO dan IO pada mencit yang diberi dosis sangat tinggi EEKD, EEJB dan kombinasinya.Kata kunci: LD50, perilaku, bobot organ, indeks organ, kedelai Detam-1, daun Jati Belanda AbstractBackground: As an antiobesity therapy the combination of Detam-1 soybean extract and Jati Belanda leaves extract should be safe and free from toxic material. In order to prove the safety of both medicinal plant’s extract, acute toxicity test is needed. The test consists of : LD50 value, behaviour, organ weight (OW), and organ index (OI) of Webster Swiss mice after feeding with ethanol extract of Detam-1 soybean (EEDS), ethanol extract of Jati Belanda (EEJB) and its combination. The aim of this research was to know the value of Lethal Dose (LD) 50, behavior, organ weight (OW), and organ index (OI) in Swiss Webster mice after administered of ethanol extract of Detam-1 soybean (EEDS), ethanol extract of Jati Belanda (EEJB) and their combination.Methods: True experimental study with complete randomized design in accordance with BPOM 2014 was the methods of this study. Twenty Swiss Webster female mice were divided into four treatment groups. Group 1 (negative control), 2 EEDS ( 2,000 mg / kgBB), 3 (EEJB 2,000 mg / kgBW), and 4 (EEDS and EEJB 1: 2 combination of 2000 mg / kgBW). OW and OI data were analyzed by independent t test with α = 0.05.Results: There were no symptom of mortality and toxicity in all groups, all of mice behave normally, statistically no significant differences in OW and OI of the eight major organs of all groups (p> 0.05) except lung, liver and spleen in group 2.Conclusion: The LD50 value of EEDS, EEJB and their combinations entirely above 2,000 mg/kgBW, no changing on the behavior, OW and OI in mice which given very high dose of EEDS, EEJB and their combinationKeywords : LD50, behavior, organ weight, organ index, Detam-1 soybean, Jati Beland
Gambaran Malaria di Daerah Lintas Batas Indonesia-Malaysia (Kecamatan Sebatik dan Sebatik Barat, Kabupaten Nunukan, Provinsi Kalimantan Timur)
No full textCommunity behavior in the endemic area has become one of the important malaria case,despite of the good environmental support. Should there any case for the community to change bad environment into free disease environment would result in such difficulty to become endemic. Some studies were done in order to determine the community behavior toward malaria tronsmission in Sebatik Island. Those with high risk factor for malaria transmission were respondents with night outdoors activity and also did not use any protection agoinst mosquito bites. There was a lack of knowledge and unfinished medicul treatmen among the respondents. Furthermore, it was necessary to increase more knowledge for the community in order to avoid malaria transmission. Several ways to avoid maloria are increasing the surveillance case toward new comers and medical treatment for the malaria patient. Some refreshment toward microscopic training in village health centre was done in order to decrease incorrect result on the blood slide checking (parasite species determination). In addition, it is necessary to do some entomology trainings for village health centre staff in order to control the mosquito vector as an early warning system in malaria transmission
Evaluasi Kelambu Berinsektisida terhadap Nyamuk An. sundaicus (Diptera: Culicidae) di Pulau Sebatik, Kalimantan Utara
No full textLong Lasting Insecticide Nets (LLINs) are used in vector control program and the maintenance of LLINs is an important factor to ensure the effectiveness of LLINs. This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of LLINs against An. sundaicus and analyze people's knowledge, attitudes, practices (KAP) regarding LLINs. The research was conducted in the Sungai Nyamuk Village, North Kalimantan. Methods used in the researchwere the WHO Bioassay Cone Test and questionnaires of KAP for the use of LLINs. The efficacy test was carried out on several groups, the treatment groups (bed nets have beenused for six months, 12-23 months and over 24 months) and control group (bed nets without insecticide). The results showed that LLINs used for six months had the highest efficiency with mortality 24 hours of An. sundaicus is 94.13% while LLINs used for 12-23 months and more than 24 months were not effective (mortality is 71.74% and 37.33%) .KAP results showed that all respondents accepted the distribution of LLINs, but not willin gto wash the LLINs. The effectiveness of LLINs is correlated with washing the nets. The use of LLINs to prevent malaria transmission will be effective if supported by a good maintenance. Kelambu berinsektisida digunakan dalam program pengendalian vektor malaria. Pemeliharaan kelambu berinsektisida merupakan faktor penting untuk menjamin efektivitas kelambu tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi kelambu berinsektisida terhadap nyamuk An. sundaicus dan menganalisis pengetahuan, sikap,perilaku masyarakat terhadap kelambu tersebut. Penelitian dilaksanakan di DesaSungai Nyamuk, Kabupaten Nunukan-Kalimantan Utara. Metode yang digunakandalam penelitian ini adalah WHO Bioassay Cone Test dan kuesioner pengetahuan, sikap dan perilaku (knowledge, attitute, practices-KAP) terhadap penggunaan kelambu berinsektisida. Pengujian efikasi kelambu berinsektisida dilakukan terhadapkelompok perlakuan (enam bulan, 12-23 bulan dan lebih dari 24 bulan pemakaian) dan kontrol. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kelambu berinsektisida yang telah digunakan selama enam bulan mempunyai efektivitas yang paling tinggi (94,13%). Kelambu yang telah digunakan 12-23 bulan, dan lebih dari 24 bulan menunjukkan tidak efektif karena kematian nyamuk uji adalah 71,74% dan 37,33%. Hasil studi KAP menunjukkan sikap 100% setuju untuk menerima pembagian kelambu berinsektisida, tetapi tidak bersedia mencuci kelambu tersebut. Efektivitas kelambu berinsektisida berkorelasi dengan pencucian kelambu. Penggunaan kelambu berinsektisida akan efektif mencegah penularan malaria bila didukung oleh perawatan yang baik terhadap kelambu berinsektisida tersebut
Optimasi Teknik Isolasi DNA dan RAPD – PCR pada Keong Oncomelania Hupensis Lindoensis sebagai Hospes Perantara Schistosomiasis di Sulawesi Tengah
No full textIn Indonesia schistosomiasis is caused by Schistosoma japonicum with O.h.lindoensis snails as an intermediate host. For that we need to do research on the level of DNA polymorphism O.h.lindoensis snails. One method used is the technique of Random Amplified Polymerase ChainReaction (RAPD-PCR). Thereforewe need a proper method of DNA extraction aswell as in determining theoptimumreaction conditions forRAPD-PCR. This study aimed to be obtained of O.h.lindoensis DNA from in the highlands of Central Sulawesi in Bada, Napu and Lindu and to optimize condition of PCR-RAPD. To be obtained O.h.lindoensis DNA using with protocols or operating procedures PureLink Genomic DNA Mini Kits TM. The extraction of DNA yieled good quality of DNA. While amplification of DNA using PCR-RAPD will become efficient and consistent if the amplification reactions are in ideal condition. In O.h.lindoensis, clear PCR-RAPD patterns were obtained using 10ngDNAtemplate, 25 pmol primer and thenumberof thermal cycle was 40 x
Hubungan Kepadatan Penghuni Rumah, Keberadaan Larva Nyamuk dan Lingkungan Abiotik dengan Status Penularan Virus Dengue
No full textTransmission of dengue virus is more prevalent in the home, so that the home environmental affects the morbidity of dengue hemorrhagic fever, although still dependent on other factors. This study aims to determine the relationship of the household density, abiotic environment and the presence of larvae of house mosquito Aedes spp against dengue virus infection. The study was conducted in Cirebon regency with cross sectional design. Respondents were asked the wide of house and number of occupants, then calculated the house density. Subsequently measured lighting, temperature and humidity inside the house and observed the presence of water containers are not covered as well as the presence of mosquito larvae of Aedes spp. The number of respondents was 200 persons consisting of 86 men ans 114 women. Known, respondents with not normal nutritional status is 68 respondents (34%) and normal categories was 132 (66%); in age group <5 years in 193 respondents (96,50%) and 161 respondents (80,50%) is negatif. Bivariate analysis showed the nutritional status and age groups are each associated with dengue virus infection status, the most influential is the age group. In addition, it was examined the blood samples using a rapid diagnostic test to find out the status of dengue virus transmission. The resulting data, analysed to determine the relationship between the independent variables with the dependent variable. It was concluded, the density of the household, home lighting, and humidity shown to be associated with dengue virus infection status. Dense homes and homes with optimal light for the development of Aedes spp is a risk factor for the occurrence of dengue virus infection
Tingkat Kematian Larva Aedes aegypti dan Aedes albopictus Terhadap Penggunaan Abate Dengan Metode Berbeda
No full textNowadays, Dengue Haemorhagic Fever (Indonesian called DBD) is still problem of a public health in the Palu city. Eradication efforts that have been done routinely in the area, particularly vector eradication using chemical insecticides, one of them is conducted through abatesasi by using 1% of temephos granules for larvasida, with an applicable range of 0.01 mg / l for 8-12 weeks in the place water reservoirs, potentially as a breeding place of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Nevertheless, the obtained results were not in line with proposed expectation. This study applied experimental method by looking at mortality reduction in larvae populations of Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti at the abate application of both sow and wrap with five dose levels. It showed that the ability of'Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus larvae to survive on the application of a sow abate was < I 2 hours, while in the appticatioi of a wrap abate of ones can survive <24 hours. Abate application with five dose levels showed no significant difference to kill the larvae mosquito of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. It means the occured death at all used dose level. Abate application of both sow and wrap manner resulted in a significant effect (F = 5.651 P value 0.00 <0.05) where the mortality of larvae in the sow application was more quickly than the wrap application of abate. Therefore, it can be concluded that abate doses diffirence still effectively killed the larvae of Aedes aegypti or Aedes albopictus, both a sow and a wrap manner