e-Journal Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan / National Institute of Health Research and Development
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Gambaran Cemaran dan Kadar Metil Galat pada Tiga Mutu Ekstrak Gambir (Uncaria gambir Roxb.)
No full textGambir (Uncaria gambir Roxb) is a plant that has many benefits to health such as antioxidants, antihiperlipidemia and antibacterial. Gambir extract derived from the leaves and twigs of Uncaria gambir Roxb through the process of removing the sap by being boiled, squeezed / compressed, liquid is deposited, molded and dried. During the plant grows, then harvest, process, stored and distributed, it is might contaminated with microbes or chemicals. Based on the requirement issued by BPOM No. 12, 2014 about Traditional Medicine Quality Requirements, it requires us to test the extract that we will use. To determine the contaminant of all three gambir extracts, we tested against yeast fungi figures, total plate count, aflatoxin and heavy metals. Besides that, we also determine content of active compound of methyl gallate which has benefits as an antioxidant with a densitometer. the result shows, there were contaminants that exceeded the requirements. Contaminants that exceeds the requirement are number of fungi yeasts (7,5.10-6) and aflatoxin G2 (47,38.106 ppb) in gambier extract quality 3. The highest content of active compound of methyl gallate was obtained from extracts of gambir quality 3 (2.30%) followed by gambir quality 2 (0.44%) and gambir quality1 (0.14%
Validasi Metode HPLC untuk Penetapan Aspirin dan Asam Salisilat dalam Plasma Kelinci (Lepus curpaeums) secara Simultan
No full textAspirin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug which also has the effect of antiplatelet for stroke prevention. Aspirin inside human body is very easy to break down into salicylic acid as the main metabolite. The aim of this study is to develop and validate the method for determinating aspirin and salicylic acid concentration in plasma by HPLC. Method validation including system suitability test, linearity test, determination of LOD and LOQ, recovery, accuracy and precision. Concentration of analytes in blood is measured by HPLC using benzoic acid as internal standard, with condition Purospher column Endcapped Star RP-18 (250 x 4.6 mm id, 5 m), acetonitrile : buffer phosphate 20 mM pH 2.5 (30:70 v/v) as mobile phase, injection volume 20 mL, flow rate 1.5 mL/minute, and UV-Vis detector λ 230 nm. The results showed that the proposed method meets the requirements of system suitability and good linearity (r > 0,990) with LOQ (aspirin = 0.024 mg/mL, salicylic acid = 0.336 mg/mL) and LOD (aspirin = 0.007 mg/mL, salicylic acid = 0.101 mg/mL). The method of analysis provides recovery of 85-115 %, accuracy and precision in accordance with the requirements for bioanalytical with CV < 5 %. Therefore, the proposed method is applicable to determine of aspirin and salicylic acid concentration in plasma
Perbandingan Penggunaan Kontrasepsi Suntik Zat Tunggal dan Kombinasinya terhadap Kejadian Reaksi Obat yang Tidak Dikehendaki di Satu Bidan Praktek Kota Depok
No full textInjectable contraceptives raise health problems risk than oral or implan contraceptive. This study aimed to compare the incidence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) single injectable contraceptive use (Depot medroxyprogesterone acetat/DMPA) with a combination of injectable contraceptive (CICs) use (DMPA and Estradiol cypionate/E2C). The study design was a cross-sectional two population comparison. The sample consisted of 88 acceptors in each group. The ADRs were analyzed using Chi Square and logistic regression multivariate. The largest side effect in single injectable contraceptive group were menstrual disorders (86,4%) and mood dischange, while the side effects in CICs group were mood (64,8%) and bone pain (51,1%). Menstrual disorders in single injectable contraceptives usage was 10.0 folds than CICs. Headache in injectable contraceptives usage was 1.9 folds than in the use of CICs. Menstrual disorders in overweight acceptor 3,8 folds than not overweight.As the ADR observation, the use of CICs is relatively safer than single injectable contraceptive
Formulasi Emulgel yang Mengandung Ekstrak Etanol Daun Binahong (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) dan Uji Aktivitasnya terhadap Propionibacterium acnes secara In Vitro
No full textBinahong (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) leaves have been known to have antibacterial activity but the activity against Propionibacterium acnes as one of the bacteria that play a role in acne’s pathogenesis is still unknown. Binahong leaves ethanolic extract containing 1,28% of ursolic acid in this study were tested by in vitro against Propionibacterium acnes giving result minimum bactericidal concentration of 0,05%. Emulgel of binahong leaves ethanolic extract in this study had physical stability for 12 weeks. Inhibition zone of binahong leaves ethanolic extract emulgel is larger than clindamycin phosphate 1,2% against Propionibacterium acnes, which is in formula 1 (extract equivalen with MIC 0,05%) is 19,67±1,25 mm and formula 2 (extract equivalen double MIC 0,05%) is 20,67±0,47 mm, while inhibition zone of clindamycin phosphate 1,2% is 16,3±0,47 mm
PROFIL TETANUS NEONATORUM DALAM RANGKA KEBIJAKAN ELIMINASI TETANUS MATERNAL DAN NEONATAL DI KABUPATEN BANGKALAN PROVINSI JAWA TIMUR TAHUN 2012–2014
No full textLatar Belakang: Bayi dalam golden period (periode emas) sangat rentan terhadap berbagai penyakit menular, seperti tetanus neonatorum. Pemerintah Kabupaten Bangkalan mendukung kebijakan Elimination Maternal Neonatal Tetanus (EMNT) untuk menyelamatkan bayi dari infeksi tetanus neonatorum. Tujuan: identifikasi profil kasus tetanus pada bayi dalam mendukung kebijakan eliminasi tetanus di Kabupaten Bangkalan Provinsi Jawa Timur, Tahun 2012–2014. Metode: Studi menggunakan data sekunder tentang imunisasi Tetanus Toxoid dan Tetanus Neonatorum dari Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Bangkalan. Wawancara mendalam tentang pelaksanaan kebijakan EMNT kepada Penanggung jawab program imunisasi. Hasil: Setiap tahun terdapat kejadian tetanus neonatorum (TN) di Kabupaten Bangkalan sehingga menyebabkan kematian karena saat hamil ibunya tidak diimunisasi TT, persalinan ditolong oleh dukun, perawatan tali pusat tidak hygienes seperti penggunaan gunting yang tidak steril, penggunaan ramuan tradisional sebagai obat. Untuk mencegah kasus tetanus neonatorum, Kabupaten Bangkalan menetapkan kebijakan EMNT sebagaimana dituangkan dalam strategi operasional yang harus dilaksanakan semua petugas kesehatan terkait. Pelaksanaan kebijakan EMNT belum sesuai harapan, karena kejadian kasus TN setiap tahun, cakupan TT semakin rendah sebanyak 61,7% pada tahun 2012 menjadi 59,18% pada tahun 2014. Demikian imunisasi DPT untuk bayi semakin rendah yaitu sebesar 92,8% pada tahun 2012 menjadi 88,0% pada tahun 2014. Kesimpulan: Kabupaten Bangkalan rawan tetanus termasuk tetanus neonatorum, karena cakupan imunisasi TT pada ibu hamil dan DPT pada bayi yang terus menurun setiap tahun. Kebijakan eliminasi TN tepat untuk meningkatkan cakupan imunisasi dan mencegah terjadinya TN pada bayi di Kabupaten Bangkalan. Saran: Pengelola Program imunisasi harus lebih aktif mensosialisasikan imunisasi TT melalui pelayanan ANC kepada ibu hamil dan DPT pada bayi untuk mencegah kasus tetanus.ABSTRACT Background: Infants in their golden period are particularly vulnerable to infectious diseases, such as neonatal tetanus. Bangkalan District Government supports policy on Elimination Maternal Neonatal Tetanus (EMNT) to save infants from neonatal tetanus infection. The study aims to identify profiles of tetanus cases among infants for support the policy on EMNT in Bangkalan District, East Java Province year 2012–2014. Methods: The study used secondary data on Tetanus Toxoid immmunization and tetanus neonatorum from Bangkalan District Health Office. In Depth interview on the policy on EMNT for the Programmer of immunization. Result: Every year there were tetanus neonatorum cases in Bangkalan District that caused deats because their mothers were not immunized by TT during pregnancies, deliveries assisted by traditional birth attendants, unhygienic cord care such as unsterile scissors and using traditional herbs for curing. To prevent tetanus neonatorum, Bangkalan District issued policy on EMNT as in the operational strategies that must conducted by all related staffs. Implementation of the EMNT policy is not as expected because there were still TN cases are each year, TT coverage tended lower as 61.7% in 2012 to 59.18% in 2014. In accordance, DPT for infants were from 92.8% to 88.0% during the same. Conclusion: Bangkalan District are prone to tetanus, including tetanus neonatorum, due to declining coverages of TT immunization among pregnant women and DPT immunization among infants each year. The policy of tetanus neonatorum elimination was appropriate to increase immunization coverage and prevents TN among infants in Bangkalan. Suggestion: Programmer immunization should be more active to disseminate TT immunization through the ANC among pregnant women and DPT for infants to prevent tetanus cases.
Kajian Implementasi Pembinaan Pangan Jajanan Anak Sekolah (PJAS) untuk Meningkatkan Keamanan Pangan: Peran Dinas Pendidikan dan Dinas Kesehatan Kota
No full textStreet foods are expected to contribute energy and other useful nutrients for growing school children.The objective of this study was to assess the implementation of street food in Bekasi, particularly roleof education and health authority. The assesment was based on qualitative method, using round tablediscussion and supported by secondary data. The results showed problems of school children streetfoods seller in terms of personal higiene, how to manage, manner of presentation, storage, quality of food and habits of the child was still not good. Policies related to the management and supervision in schools has been carried out from the center (National Food and Drug Board, Ministry of Health)and the local government, but the implementation was not well coordinated about, who was the most responsible in supervision of the street food at school. The national and West Java Province authorities suggested that the monitoring control of street food in elementary school should be handed over to by the local government district/city.Keywords: management, street foods, children, school AbstrakKonsumsi makanan jajanan anak diharapkan dapat memberikan kontribusi energi dan zat gizi lain yang berguna untuk pertumbuhan anak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana peran dinas pendidikan dan dinas kesehatan dalam pembinaan pangan jajanan anak sekolah di Bekasi. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif, yaitu round table discussion dengan nara sumber dari Direktorat Surveillans dan PKP Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan Jakarta (Badan POM Jakarta), Direktorat Penyehatan Lingkungan, Direktorat Bina Kesehatan Anak Ditjen GIKIA. Sebagai pendukung hasil kajian, digunakan data sekunder berupa laporan hasil penelitian yang dilakukan terkait dengan makanan jajanan sekolah. Untuk mengetahui pengelolaan makanan jajanan di sekolah dilakukan dengan melakukan kunjungan salah satu sekolah dasar di Kota Bekasi, Dinas Pendidikan Dasar, Dinas Kesehatan. Hasil kajian menunjukkan masalah makanan jajanan anak sekolah ditinjau dari higiene perorangan penjual, cara pengelolaan, cara penyajian, cara penyimpanan, kualitas makanan dan kebiasaan anak jajanan masih kurang baik. Kebijakan yang terkait dengan pengelolaan di sekolah sudah dilakukan dari pusat (Badan POM, Kementerian Kesehatan) dan pemda setempat, namun dalam pelaksanaannya belum terkoordinir dengan baik mengenai instansi mana yang bertanggung jawab dalam pengendalian makanan jajanan di sekolah. Pelaksana program di pusat dan Provinsi Jawa Barat menyarankan agar pengendalian pengelolaan makanan di sekolah dasar diserahkan ke pemerintah daerah kabupaten/kota.Kata Kunci: pengelolaan, jajan, anak, sekola
Penggunaan Garam Beriodium Tingkat Rumah Tangga di Kecamatan Sibolga Utara, Kota Sibolga
No full textThe use of iodized salt in the household is highly recommended because of the iodine function that is essensial for the human body. This survey aims to test the iodine content qualitatively and study the use of iodized salt at the household level in North Sibolga sub-district, Sibolga city.The analytical survey with cross sectional design was conducted in 19 integrated service posts (POSYANDU) located in the working area of Pintu Angin Public Health Centre (PUSKESMAS Pintu Angin) in November 2016. The respondents in this survey were representatives of household member who came to POSYANDU and brought the salt commonly consumed by family. A total of 237 respondents were interviewed. Respondents were interviewed using structured questionnaire. Rapid test of iodine content in salt using reagent kit (PT Kimia Farma) was done to test he iodine qualitatively. Survey results show that all of households of respondents use salt in packs that have labeled “iodized salt” or similar statements. However, from iodine rapid test results found 2.5% of households whose iodine content in ithe salt has been lost. The quality of iodine content in salt at the household is significantly influenced only by salt storage (open or closed).AbstrakPenggunaan garam beriodium di rumah tangga sangat dianjurkan karena fungsi iodium yang sangat penting bagi tubuh manusia. Survei ini bertujuan untuk menguji kandungan iodium secara kualitatif serta mempelajari penggunaan garam beriodium di tingkat rumah tangga di Kecamatan Sibolga Utara, Kota Sibolga. Survei analitik dengan desain cross sectional ini dilakukan di 19 Pos Pelayanan Terpadu (Posyandu) yang berada di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Pintu Angin pada bulan November 2016. Responden dalam survei ini adalah perwakilan anggota keluarga rumah tangga yang datang ke Posyandu serta membawa garam yang biasa dikonsumsi oleh keluarga. Total rumah tangga yang menjadi responden sebanyak 237. Responden diwawancarai menggunakan kuesioner secara terstruktur. Tes cepat kandungan iodium dalam garam menggunakan pereaksi kit (PT. Kimia Farma) dilakukan untuk menguji kandungan iodium secara kualitatif. Hasil survei menunjukkan bahwa seluruh rumah tangga responden menggunakan garam dalam kemasan yang telah mencantumkan label “Garam Beriodium” atau pernyataan sejenisnya. Namun, dari hasil tes cepat iodium ditemukan 2,5% rumah tangga yang kandungan iodium dalam garamnya telah hilang. Kualitas kandungan iodium dalam garam di tingkat rumah tangga secara signifikan hanya dipengaruhi oleh cara penyimpanan garam (terbuka atau tertutup)
Association between hemoconcentration and longer hospitalization day of dengue patients
No full textLatar Belakang: Identifikasi dini kondisi klinis serta penanganan yang tepat terhadap pasien dengue merupakan hal penting untuk mencegah perkembangan penyakit menjadi lebih berat. Hal ini akan berdampak positif bagi perawatan pasien yang menjadi lebih singkat dan dengan sendirinya biaya semakin rendah. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi lama perawatan pasien dengue di RSPI Prof. Dr. Sulianti Saroso. Metode: Studi potong lintang secara random sampling yang dilakukan terhadap catatan medis pasien dengue yang dirawat inap di RSPI Prof. Dr. Sulianti Saroso periode Januari 2014 s/d Desember 2015. Analisis dilakukan secara multivariat dengan regresi Cox. Hasil: Pada 153 sampel catatan medis pasien dengue yang dianalisis, hasil menunjukkan terdapat 41,2% pasien yang dirawat lebih dari 5 hari. Kondisi hemokonsentrasi memiliki pengaruh signifikan dan berisiko 1,8 kali lebih besar untuk lama perawatan pasien lebih dari 5 hari di rumah sakit [aRR=1.75; P=0.003]. Kesimpulan: Kondisi hemokonsentrasi pada pasien dengue memiliki risiko lebih besar untuk lama waktu perawatan. Kata kunci: Dengue, hemokonsentrasi, lama perawatanBackgrounds: Early identification of clinical conditions and proper treatment to dengue patients is essential to prevent the development of more severe condition. This can lead to shorter length of stay and lower cost of patient care in hospitals. The objective of this study was to determine the factors that affect length of stay of dengue patients in RSPI Prof. Dr. Sulianti Saroso. Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted by random sampling on the medical records of dengue patients hospitalized in RSPI Prof. Dr. Sulianti Saroso period January 2014-December 2015. Multivariate analyzes were performed with Cox regression. Results: There were 153 samples of dengue patient’s medical record for analysis, 41.2% of them were hospitalized over 5 days. Hemoconcentration were significant and had higher risk by 1,8 times to length of stay more than 5 days [aRR = 1.75; P = 0.003]. Conclusion: Hemoconcentration in dengue patients had higher risk to length of stay. Keywords: Dengue, hemoconcentration, length of stay
The impact of vitamin A fortified vegetable oil on vitamin A status of children under five years of age: A cohort study
No full textLatar belakang: Defisiensi vitamin A sub-klinis dan anemia merupakan masalah gizi utama di Indonesia. Meski pemerintah telah melaksanakan program distribusi kapsul vitamin A, masih ada sepertiga anak yang tidak mendapatkan distribusi vitamin A. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur efektivitas fortifikasi vitamin A pada minyak goreng tidak bermerek di antara kohort anak-anak keluarga miskin berusia 6-59 bulan di dua kabupaten di Indonesia sebelum mendapat fortifikasi vitamin A dalam minyak goreng. Metode: Jumlah sampel sebanyak 126 anak. Darah vena diambil oleh phlebotomist terlatih. Serum retinol dan hemoglobin diukur pada awal sebelum fortifikasi minyak goreng dan 12 bulan setelah intervensi. Tidak ada intervensi dari tim peneliti mengenai distribusi dan pembelian minyak goreng, karena minyak goreng didistribusikan dan dijual melalui mekanisme pasar yang ada. Enumerator terlatih mengumpulkan variabel sosio-demografi. Mereka juga mengumpulkan recall makanan 24 jam dan kuesioner frekuensi makanan untuk mengukur asupan nutrisi pada awal dan akhir penelitian. Hasil: Serum retinol meningkat secara signifikan sebesar 5,07, 6,82, 6,01 μg / dL pada anak usia 6-11, 12-23, dan 24-59 bulan. Hemoglobin meningkat sebesar 0,13 (p> 0,05), 0,56 (p <0,05), 0,81 g / dL (p <0,05) pada anak usia 6-11, 12-35, 36-59 bulan. Kesimpulan: Fortifikasi vitamin A dalam minyak goreng secara bermakna meningkatkan serum retinol pada balita di semua kelompok umur dan hemoglobin hanya pada kelompok usia 12 bulan ke atas. Kata kunci: defisiensi vitamin A, fortifikasi vitamin A, minyak goreng Abstract Introduction: Sub-clinical vitamin A deficiency (VAD) and anemia remain major nutritional problem in Indonesia. Although the government has implemented distribution of vitamin A capsules (VAC), there are one third of children missed VAC distribution. This study aimed to measure the effectiveness of vitamin A fortification in unbranded cooking oil among cohort of 6-59-month-old children of poor families in 2 districts in Indonesia prior mandatory vitamin A fortification in cooking oil. Methods: Total number of samples were 126 children. Venous blood was drawn by trained phlebotomist. Serum retinol and hemoglobin were measured by HPLC and hemoque respectively at baseline just before cooking oil fortification and 12 months after at endline. There was not any intervention from the study team on distribution and purchase of fortified cooking oil by the families, because cooking oil was distributed and sold through exsisting market mechanism. Enumerators collected socio-demographic variables. They also collected 24-hr dietary recall and food frequency questionnaires to measure nutrient intakes at base- and endline. Results: Serum retinol significantly increased by 5.07, 6.82, 6.01 µg/dL in 6-11, 12-23, and 24-59 month-old children respectively. Hemoglobin increased by 0.13 (p>0.05) , 0.56 (p<0.05), 0.81 g/dL (p<0.05) in 6-11, 12-35, 36-59 month-old children respectively. Conclusion: Vitamin A fortification in cooking oil significantly improved serum retinol in underfive children in all age groups and hemoglobin only in older age groups. Keywords: vitamin A deficiency, anemia, vitamin A fortification, cooking oil