e-Journal Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan / National Institute of Health Research and Development
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Nyamuk, Lebih dari Sekedar Menggigit
No full textDitengarai peningkatan rata-rata curah hujan bulanan di Indonesia diakibatkan olehpemanasan global. Panel Antar-Pemerintah untuk Perubahan Cuaca (IntergovernmentalPanel on Climate Change/IPCC) dalam laporannya menyebutkan bahwa berdasarkan dataIPCC antara tahun 1970 hingga 2000, di Indonesia telah terjadi kenaikan suhu rata-ratatahunan antara 0,2 - 1 derajat Celcius dan hal itu merupakan salah satu akibat pemanasanglobal. Menurut IPCC, perubahan suhu rata-rata itu dapat mengakibatkan antara lainpenurunan produksi pangan sehingga bisa meningkatkan risiko bencana kelaparan,peningkatan kerusakan pesisir akibat banjir dan badai, peningkatan kasus gizi buruk dandiare, dan perubahan pola distribusi hewan dan serangga sebagai vektor penyakit
Spot Survei Entomologi Pada Kejadian Luar Biasa Malaria di Puskesmas Belinyu Kabupaten Bangka
No full textPada minggu ke 19 sampai minggu ke 23 tahun 2011 di Desa Bintet (Pesaren) dan Desa Bukit Ketok (Batu Atap) Kecamatan Belinyu Kabupaten Bangka telah terjadi peningkatan kasus malaria yang berindikasi Kejadian Luar Biasa dengan angka kasus klinis mencapai 130 orang dan positif sebanyak 23 orang. Attack Rate mencapai 17,7% dan Case Fatality Rate = 0,0%. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif analitik dengan pendekatan studi ekologi. Kegiatan survei meliputi penangkapan nyamuk dewasa dan jentik. Hasil: sampai minggu ke 29 masih ditemukan kasus positif malaria. Dari hasil penangkapan nyamuk dewasa hanya didapat satu jenis, yaitu Anopheles sundaicus. Jumlah nyamuk An. sundaicus terbanyak diperoleh pada jam 01.00-02.00 WIB kepadatan nyamuk dewasa di lokasi KLB malaria adalah 2,71 gigitan per-jam. Aktivitas mengigit nyamuk An sundaicus di Desa Pesaren lebih senang menggigit di luar rumah. Saran: intervensi yang paling efektif untuk mencegah/menghindari gigitan nyamuk adalah pemakaian kelamb
Karakteristik dan Perilaku Masyarakat terhadap Kejadian Demam Berdarah Dengue Di Kota Palembang Tahun 2009
No full textAbstract Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is still a public health problem in Indonesia. Palembang is one of DHF endemic areas in South Sumatera. Factors affecting the increase of cases of DHF include a lack of community participation in eradicating DHF. This is related to the characteristic, patten life and community behavior. This research were obtained information about the characteristics and behavior of society against DHF in Bukit Baru and Lorok Pakjo village of Ilir Barat I district of Palembang. Data interview conducted by using a questionnaire from may to november 2009. The research design is cross-sectional. Respondents who interviewed as many as 73 in Bukit Baru village and as many as 252 in Lorok Pakjo village.The characteristics of the respondents in the two neighborhoods tend to be the same i.e. more female respondents, aged 20-45 years old, junior high school graduated and not working. The first act of respondents fromLorok Pakjo village against family members who suffer from symptoms of DHF is better than respondent from Bukit Baru village. Respondents who take no action to prevent the bites while active in the house in the morning and afternoon, more on Lorok Pakjo village than Bukit Baru village. Mostly respondents in two villages had to use abate by sprinkled abate to water. Keywords: Characteristic, Attitude, DBD, Aedes aegypti Abstrak Penyakit DBD (demam berdarah dengue) masih menjadi masalah kesehatan di Indonesia. Palembang adalah salah satu wilayah endemis DBD di Prov. Sumatera Selatan. Faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap peningkatan kasus DBD diantaranya adalah kurangnya partisipasi masyarakat dalam penanggulangan DBD. Hal ini terkait dengan karakteristik, pola hidup dan perilaku masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan informasi mengenai karakteristik dan perilaku masyarakat terhadap demam berdarah dengue di Kelurahan Bukit Baru dan Lorok Pakjo Kecamatan Ilir Barat I Palembang. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara menggunakan kuesioner mulai bulan April sampai November tahun 2009. Desain penelitian adalah potong lintang. Responden yang diwawancara sebanyak 73 orang di Kelurahan Bukit Baru dan sebanyak 252 orang di Kelurahan Lorok Pakjo. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa arakteristik responden di dua wilayah tersebut hampir sama, yakni lebih banyak responden perempuan, usia 20-45 tahun, pendidikan tertinggi yang terbanyak adalah SMA dan sebagian besar tidak bekerja. Tindakan pertama yang dilakukan responden di Kelurahan Lorok Pakjo ketika ada anggota keluarga yang menderita gejala demam berdarah dengue lebih baik dari pada responden di Kelurahan Bukit Baru. Responden yang tidak melakukan tindakan apa-apa untuk mencegah gigitan nyamuk ketika berada di dalam rumah baik di pagi maupun di sore hari, lebih banyak jumlahnya di Kelurahan Lorok Pakjo. Sebagian besar responden di dua kelurahan menggunakan abate dengan cara ditaburkan langsung ke air. Kata kunci : Karakteristik, Perilaku, DBD, Aedes aegypt
Seni Menangkap Nyamuk
No full textSebagian besar manusia, terutama manusia yang hidup di wilayah tropis seperti kita lebih mengenal nyamuk dengan baik sebagai serangga perusuh kecil yang kerap mengganggu aktivitas kita sehari-hari. Mulai dari terbit matahari hingga terbenamnya yang mengantarkan kita kembali beristirahat, kita selalu bertemu dengan mereka. Nafsu membunuh kita akan muncul manakala kita merasa terganggu dengan ulah si betina yang menghisap darah kita dengan mengeluarkan salivanya dan meninggalkan bekas gatal di kulit. Terlebih setelah kita mengetahui bahwa gigitan nyamuk tidak hanya menimbulkan bekas gatal di kulit. Tetapi juga mentransfer berbagai jenis parasit penyebab penyakit berbahaya yang sebagian belum ditemukan obatnya, bersifat mewabah bahkan dapat menimbulkan kematian
Tingkat Pengetahuan, Sikap Dan Perilaku (PSP) Masyarakat Berdasarkan Riwayat Filariasis Di Desa Sokaraja Kulon, Kecamatan Sokaraja, Kabupaten Banyumas Tahun 2013
No full textAbstractUntil the beginning of 2013, there were 40 people suffering from chronic filariasis spread in 16 health centers in the district of Banyumas, Central Java. Until mid-2013, the availability of information on the social aspects that play a role in the transmission of filariasis in conjunction with parasites, vectors and humans in the district of Banyumas is still very limited. Research aims to illustrate the level of knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the people who live in areas with a history of transmission of filariasis. The research was carried out in April 2013 located in Sokaraja Kulon Village area of Sokaraja Community Health Center, Sokaraja Subdistrict, Banyumas Regency. The study was cross-sectional with a number of respondents interviewed as many as 67 people, and samples were taken for fingerprick blood samples as many as 500 people. Fingerprick blood samples results in the Village Sokaraja Kulon to 500 people showed negative results. However, from the results of interviews with 67 respondents note that there was one person of respondents who had history of chronic filarisis. Respondents with a history of filariasis was supportive, but his practices was less. Meanwhile, respondents without history of filariasis being not supportive, but his practices was good regarding the transmission of filariasis.Keywords: Filariasis, practices, BanyumasAbstrakSampai dengan awal tahun 2013 tercatat sebanyak 40 orang menderita filariasis kronis yang tersebar di 16 puskesmas di wilayah Kabupaten Banyumas, JawaTengah. Hingga pertengahan tahun 2013, ketersediaan informasi mengenai aspek sosial yang berperan dalam penularan filariasis dalam hubungannya dengan parasit, vektor dan manusia di wilayah Kabupaten Banyumas masih sangat terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan gambaran tingkat pengetahuan, sikap, dan perilaku masyarakat tentang penularan filariasis yang berada di daerah dengan riwayat filariasis. Lokasi penelitian berada di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Sokaraja I yaitu di Desa Sokaraja Kulon Kecamatan Sokaraja Kabupaten Banyumaspada bulan April 2013. Jenis penelitian ini adalah cross-sectional dengan jumlah responden diwawancarai sebanyak 67 orang dan sampel yang diambil untuk survei darah jari (SDJ) sebanyak 500 orang.Hasil sampel SDJ di Desa Sokaraja Kulon terhadap 500 orang menunjukkan hasil yang negative, sedangkan dari hasil wawancara terhadap 67 responden diketahui bahwa ada satu orang responden yang pernah mengalami filarisis kronis. Gambaran tingkat pengetahuan, sikap, dan perilaku, antara responden dan yang tidak pernah mengalami filariasis, yaitu meskipun tingkat pengetahuan sama-sama cukup namun dalam bersikap dan berperilaku terhadap penularan filariasis tidak sama. Responden dengan riwayat filariasis bersikap mendukung, namun perilakunya kurang. Sementara itu, responden tanpa riwayat filariasis bersikap tidak mendukung, namun perilakunya baik mengenai penularan filariasis.Kata Kunci: Filariasis, perilaku, Banyuma
Infeksi Ganda Leptospira dan Hantavirus pada Rattus norvegicus di Maumere Flores, Nusa Tenggara Timur
No full textABSTRAK Kasus leptospirosis dan infeksi Hantavirus dilaporkan mengalami peningkatan berkaitan dengan adanya pemanasan global. Rattus norvegicus merupakan reservoir dari dua penyakit tersebut. Adanya infeksi ganda Leptospira dan Hantavirus pada R. norvegicus merupakan faktor resiko terjadinya penularan Leptospira dan Hantavirus di populasi manusia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi infeksi ganda Leptospira dan Hantavirus pada R. norvegicus di Kota Maumere, Flores. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif dengan desain potong lintang. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Agustus sampai November 2014 di daerah perimeter dan buffer pelabuhan Maumere, Flores. Populasi penelitian adalah R. norvegicus di Kota Maumere, Flores. Subyek penelitian adalah R. norvegicus yang tertangkap. Deteksi Leptospira pada R. norvegicus dengan teknik PCR menggunakan primer spesifik untuk gen 16S rRNA dan deteksi Hantavirus pada R. norvegicus dengan teknik nested-PCR menggunakan primer spesifik untuk segmen L. Analisis data dilakukan secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan R. norvegicus yang tertangkap sejumlah 114 ekor. Prevalensi Leptospira pada R. norvegicus 4,3%, prevalensi Hantavirus 22,8% dan infeksi ganda Leptospira dan Hantavirus sebesar 1,8%. Penularan leptospirosis dan infeksi Hantavirus berpotensi terjadinya di Kota Maumere. Kata kunci: leptospirosis, Leptospira, Hantavirus, Maumere ABSTRACT Infection of Leptospirosis and Hantavirus are increased which related to global warming. Rattus norvegicus is reservoirs of both of diseases infections. Dual infection of Leptospira and Hantavirus in R. norvegicus become risk factor of Leptospira and Hantavirus infection in the human. The objective of this study is to figure out the prevalence of Dual infection in R. norvegicus. This study was descriptive research with cross-sectional design. The population of study was R. norvegicus in Maumere City, Flores. The rats (n=114) were trapped from perimeter and buffer area of Maumere Port, Flores in August to November 2014. Leptospira in R. norvegicus detected by PCR used specific primers for 16S rRNA gene and Hantavirus by nested – PCR used specific primers for the L segment. The data was analysed using descriptive analysis. The prevalence of Leptospira in R. norvegicus was 4.3%, hantavirus was 22,8% and dual infection of Leptospira and Hantavirus was 1.8%. The transmission dual infection of leptospirosis and Hantavirus are potentially occured in Maumere. Keywords: leptospirosis, Leptospira, Hantavirus, Maumer
EFIKASI SUPLEMENTASI ZAT GIZI PADA IBU HAMIL TERHADAP HASIL KEHAMILAN
No full textBackground. The prevalence of anemia in the world still reached 41.8% and 11.9% in Indonesia. This problem requires special attention because it may cause interference or constraint on fetal growth, both in body and brain cells. Anemia can also cause death of the fetus, abortion, congenital defects and low birth weight (LBW). This can lead to maternal morbidity and mortality and increased perinatal mortality. Activities of anemia prevention and control issues have been widely implemented in the form of 90 tablets iron supplementation during pregnancy and special program for pregnant women with anemia (Hb<11 g/dl) are given special treatment in the clinic or hospital. The impact of these programs has not been satisfactory, since there were still high prevalence of iron deficiency anemia causing abortion (10.2%), prematurity (4.3%), and growth retardation (7.8%). Some alternative were studied using either combination or multi-micronutrient supplementation. Method. This study was a systematic review approach, study using 11 studies on supplementation in pregnant women. The article were obtained through google schoolar scientific electronic publications. Meta-synthesis carried out to obtain a new concept or a theory and a deeper level of understanding regarding the topic. The criterias for the study were selected on study on supplementation of nutrients in for certain period of time on pregnant woman. Results. Results showed that multivitamin (MVM) and multi-micronutrient (MMN) supplementation are very effective in improving pregnancy outcomes compared to single one such as Fe supplementation or even compared to 2-3 suplement combination. For example Fe with folic acid or a combination of Fe with Vitamin C. Suggestion. It is recommended that supplementation should be given in early pregnancy, or even before pregnancy in order to store nutrients in the body to meet the increased needs during pregnancy
POLIMORFISME GEN IODOTIRONIN DEIODINASE TIPE 1 (D1) DAN KADAR HORMON TIROID PADA WANITA USIA SUBUR DI DAERAH ENDEMIK GAKI
No full textBackground. Type 1 iodothyronine deiodinase (D1) is selenodeiodinase whichplays a role in activation of thyroid hormones into T3 form and deactivation intoreverse T3 (rT3) form. D1 provides T3 hormone during euthyroid conditions. Singlenucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in D1 gene associated with thyroid hormonelevels in the body. Objective. This study aims to determine gene polymorphism ofD1-C/T and D1-A/G and analyze its effect on thyroid hormone (fT3 and fT4) levelsin reproductive age women in IDD (Iodine Deficiency Disorder) endemic areas.Method. Total of subjects were 131 women in Samigaluh Subdistrict, Kulon ProgoDistrict, Yogyakarta. Level of thyroid hormone and polymorphism of D1 were analyzedusing ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay) and PCR-RFLP (PolymeraseChain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) respectively. Result.The results showed that all subjects are euthyroid with average level of fT3 2.11± 0.43 pg/ml and fT4 1.24 ± 0.26 ng/dl (normal range of fT3 = 1.4 – 4.2 pg/ml;fT4 = 0.8 - 2 ng/dl). Polymorphisms found in D1-C/T gene with genotype frequencyof CC are 68.7%, CT are 27.5% and TT are 3.8%, with the frequency of allele Cand T are 82.4% and 17.6% respectively. Polymorphisms in D1-C/T did not affectfT3 and fT4 level (P >0.05). While D1-A/G gene did not reveal any polymorphisms,consist of homozygous AA (100%). The subject is in ideal population in accordancewith The Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Model, where allel and genotype frequenciesin population will remain constant from generation to generation.Conclusion.Polymorphisms in D1-C/T did not affect fT3 and fT4 level. Polymorphisms in D1-C/Tdid not found in D1-A/G gene. Genotipe of D1-A/G gene in all subject was homogen,which is AA homozigot.Keywords: D1-A/G, D1-C/T, fT3, fT4, polymorphis
PENGARUH EKSTRAK ETANOL CIPLUKAN TERHADAP PENURUNAN KADAR THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH) TIKUS JANTAN GALUR WISTAR INDUKSI PROPYLTHIOURACIL
No full textBackground. Physalis angulata L (ciplukan) studied as herbal medicine hasextensive influence in the body and show a positive effect on the function of thethyroid gland. Objective. This study examined the effect of ciplukan ethanol extract(CEE) to decrease Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) induced propylthiouracil(PTU) in rats. Method. This experimental randomized pre test post test controldesign used 49 male 3-6 months wistar rats with average body weight of 200±60grams. Group divided into seven: (+) control group with thyrax 0.009 mg/kgBW, (-)control group with no intervension, P1:CEE 0.1 g/kgBW, P2:0.2 g/kgBW, P3:0.4 g/kgBW, P4:0.8 g/kgBW, and P5:1.6 g/kgBW interventions for 6 weeks. Data analyzedby anova, paired samples T test, and ancova. Results. The (+) control group P1, P2,P3, P4, P5 groups decreased its TSH level in reference range. Ancova statisticaltest showed that TSH levels decreased after intervention was influenced by levels ofTSH and variations of treatment (p<0,05). The P1, P2, P3, P4, and P5 groups werenot significantly different than (+) control group (p>0,05). LSD Posthoc test showedthat decreased of TSH levels on P5, P4, and P3 groups were better than (+) controlgroup (p<005). Conclusion. The P5 (dose: CEE 1.6 g/kgBW), P4 (dose: CEE 0.8 g/kgBW), and P3 (dose: CEE 0.4 g/kgBW) groups were better for lowering TSH levelsof male wistar rats.Keywords: hypothyroid, IDD, ciplukan, thyroid, TSH, ciplukan extrac
Situasi Penyakit Malaria Di Kota Palu Tahun 2007 – 2011
No full textThis study was conducted in Palu Municipality which one of the malaria enclemic areas in central Sulawesi with endemicity from low to moderate. This descriptive study was using data from Palu Municipality Health Department that were analysed to gather information about malaria situation in Palu for the last 5 years (2007-2011). The results showed that malaria cases in Palu were fluctuated in the last 5 years. In 2007, 1080 malaria clinical cases were reported with 94 cases were confirmed positive for malaria. For 2008 and 2009, 900 malaria clinical cases (63 cases confirmed positive) and 1119 malaria clinical cases (92 cases confirmed malaria) were reported. In 2010, 1114 clinical cases were reported with 95 cases positive for falciparum, 22 cases positive for vivax, and 6 cases for mix malaria (falciparum and vivax). 695 malaria clinical cases were reported in 2011 with 6 cases positive for falciparum, 14 cases positif for vivax, and 1 case for mix malaria. Survey among malaria patients is needed in order to confirm the contact history. Therefore, malaria elimination program in Palu Municipality can be planned