e-Journal Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan / National Institute of Health Research and Development
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Lalat
No full textLalat merupakan satu di antara jenis serangga yang tergolong dalam Ordo Diptera, yang umumnya ukuran tubuhnya relatif kecil, sedang, sampai tergolong besar. Lalat hanya mempunyai sepasang sayap di bagian depan, dan sepasang halter yang berfungsi sebagai alat keseimbangan di bagian belakang. Lalat mempunyai mata majemuk dan sepasang antena yang sering sekali pendek, terdiri atas tiga ruas. Bagian mulutnya bisa untuk menusuk dan menghisap atau untuk menjilat dan menyerap. Mata lalat jantan lebih besar dan berdekatan satu sama lain, sedang yang betina tampak terpisah oleh suatu celah. Bentuk tubuh lalat betina biasanya juga lebih besar dibandingkan lalat jantan. Semua lalat mengalami metamorfosis sempurna dalam perkembangannya. Telurnya diletakkan dalam medium yang dapat menjadi tempat perindukan larva. Telur lalat kecil, kira-kira panjangnya 1 mm, bentuknya seperti pisang, dan berwarna putih kekuningan. Lalat betina biasanya bertelur dalam bentuk kelompok di dalam bahan organik yang sedang membusuk dan lembab, tergantung pada spesiesny
Efek Kapsul Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Buah Delima (Punica granatum L.) terhadap Penanda Pembentukan dan Kualitas Tulang pada Wanita Pascamenopause
No full textStudies of pomegranate peel (Punica granatum L.), which contain ellagic acid, suggest its ability to increase osteoblast, calcium, and phosphorus in ovariectomized rats. The effects of the pomegranate peel extracts on postmenopausal women was not known. This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of pomegranate peel ethanol extract capsules in the modulation of bone formation and bone quality markers in postmenopausal women. This study is a pilot study of 1st phase of clinical trial using parallel, randomized, double-blind, and placebo controlled design, with 30 subjects. Subjects were randomized to receive commercial capsules of pomegranate peel ethanol extract 2 × 1100 mg/ day or placebo, for 8 weeks. Levels of osteocalcin, calcium, and phosphorus were examined before and after treatment. This study showed that administration of the capsules in postmenopausal women tends to reduce blood osteocalcin level (4,129±5,66 ng/mL on placebo group versus 1,79±5,04 ng/mL on punica group, p=0,245), has not significant on blood calcium level (9,13±0,36 mg/dL placebo group versus 9,21±0,39 mg/dL punica group, p=0,379), has not significant on blood phosphorus level (3,93±0,38 mg/dL placebo group versus 4,12±0,41 mg/dL on punica group, p=0,138), does not affect the function of liver and kidney, and was well tolerated. In conclusion, the commercial capsules is safe, potentially reduce marker of bone formation serum level,and increase bone quality on postmenopausal women.
Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Keberadaan Jentik Aedes aegypti di Daerah Endemis Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) Jakarta Barat
No full textABSTRAK Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) di Provinsi DKI mengalami kenaikan tiap tahunnya, Jakarta Barat menyumbang 17,8% dari total penderita di DKI Jakarta periode 2012-2015. Penelitian dengan desain potong lintang yang dilakukan pada bulan Mei 2015 di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Kembangan, Grogol Petamburan dan Cengkareng untuk mencari hubungan antara tingkat pendidikan, penggunaan insektisida dan keberadaan kontainer dengan keberadaan jentik Aedes aegypti. Pengumpulan data melalui wawancara dan survei jentik pada 100 rumah per wilayah puskesmas sehingga total sampel 300 rumah tangga. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jenis formulasi insektisida yang banyak digunakan adalah semprot dan losion. Jenis kontainer yang mendominasi adalah ember, bak dan tempayan/gentong plastik. Analisa bivariat menggunakan Chi-square diperoleh hasil bahwa tingkat pendidikan (p-value 0,045), letak (p-value 0,00), jenis (p-value 0,00) dan jumlah kontainer (p-value 0,00) mempunyai hubungan yang bermakna dengan keberadaan jentik. Pemilihan penggunaan jenis formulasi (p-value 0,60) serta frekuensi penggunaan insektisida rumah tangga (p-value 0,30) di Jakarta Barat tidak berhubungan dengan keberadaan jentik Ae. aegypti. Kata kunci: DBD, insektisida, Aedes aegypti, Jakarta Barat ABSTRACT Dengue cases in the Capital City of Indonesia keep increasing year to year. West Jakarta accounted for 17.8% of total patients in Jakarta for the period 2012-2015. This is a cross-sectional design research, conducted in May 2015 in Kembangan, Grogol Petamburan and Cengkareng’s Health Centre, West Jakarta. This study aimed to analyse the relationship between the level of education, the use of anti-mosquito, and the presence of container in the community with the presence of Ae. aegypti larvae. Collection of data was conducted through interviews and surveys of larvae in 100 houses per health centres; the total samples were 300 households. The results showed that types of insecticide formulations widely used by respondents were spray and lotion. Most of the types of containers found in the survey area were buckets, tubs and jars/plastic barrel. Bivariate analysis using Chi-square showed that the educational level (p-value 0.045), layout (p-value 0.00), type (p-value 0.00) and the number of containers (p-value 0.00) have a significant relationship with the existence of larvae. There was no evidence of relation between the selection of formulation type (p-value 0,60) and the frequency of used household insecticide (p-value 0,30) in West Jakarta to the presence of Ae. aegypti larvae. Keywords: DHF, insecticides, Aedes aegypti, West Jakart
Aktivitas Larvasida Berbagai Pelarut pada Ekstrak Biji Kayu Besi Pantai (Pongamia pinnata) terhadap Mortalitas Larva Aedes spp.
No full textABSTRAK Upaya pengendalian Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) secara kimiawi dapat berbahaya bagi manusia dan lingkungannya, sehingga perlu insektisida hayati yang berasal dari tumbuhan seperti Pongamia pinnata. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas larvasida berbagai ekstrak biji P. pinnata terhadap kematian larva Aedes spp. Jenis penelitian adalah eksperimen dengan post test only with control group design. Bahan yang digunakan yaitu ekstrak biji P. pinnata dengan pelarut air, metanol dan kloroform. Ekstrak biji P. pinnata diuji terhadap larva instar III Ae. aegypti dan Ae. albopictus dengan konsentrasi masing-masing kelompok 100 ppm, 200 ppm, 300 ppm, 400 ppm dan 500 ppm, kemudian diamati selama 24 jam. Masing-masing uji dilakukan dengan 3 kali pengulangan pada hari yang sama. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kematian larva hanya ditemukan pada ekstrak biji P. pinnata dengan pelarut metanol dan kloroform. Nilai LC50 ekstrak P. pinnata dengan pelarut metanol adalah 141,88 ppm terhadap Ae. aegypti dan 108,19 ppm terhadap Ae. albopictus. Sedangkan nilai LC50 ekstrak P. pinnata dengan pelarut kloroform adalah 346,06 ppm terhadap Ae. aegypti dan 222,29 ppm terhadap Ae. albopictus. Hasil tersebut membuktikan bahwa ekstrak biji P. pinnata dengan pelarut air tidak efektif sebagai larvasida, sedangkan ekstrak dengan pelarut metanol dan kloroform mempunyai potensi sebagai larvasida. Kata kunci: Pongamia pinnata, Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus, larvasida ABSTRACT The use of chemical compound as a way to control DHF may cause harmful effect for humans and environment. It is necessary to develop biological insecticides derived from plants such as Pongamia pinnata. This study was designed to determine the larvicidal activity of P. pinnata seeds extract with various solvent on Aedes spp. This study was an experimental research with post test only control group design. Materials used in the research were P. pinnata seed extracts with water, methanol and chloroform solvents of concentration; 100 ppm, 200 ppm, 300 ppm, 400 ppm and 500 ppm. Larvicidal activity of P. pinnata seed extracts was tested against third instar larvae of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, 24 hours observation was carried out within each treatment. Every test was repeated for 3 times. The result showed that larvae mortality was found in the methanol extract with LC50 value of 141.88 ppm for Ae. aegypti and 108.19 for Ae. albopictus, and in the chloroform extract with LC50 value of 346.06 ppm for Ae. aegypti and 222.29 ppm for Ae. albopictus. The water extract of P. pinnata seed was not effective as a larvicidal, while methanol and chloroform of P. pinnata seed extracts act as potential natural insecticide. Keywords: Pongamia pinnata, Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus, larvicida
Preferensi Aedes aegypti Meletakkan Telur pada Berbagai Warna Ovitrap di Laboratorium
No full textABSTRACTDengue Haemograffic fever is a vector borne disease which caused outbreaks and death. There is no applied vaccine until now, so the effort of prevention and control is to terminate chain of infection mosquito breeding. Factors which influenced the female mosquitoe to lay their eggsare type of container, color, water, temperature, water source, humidity and environment condition. This study was conducted to determine the preferences of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes to lay aggs in various colors ovitrap in the laboratory of Balai Litbang P2B2 Donggala, January until March 2015. Three repetitions with plastic cup black, blue, white, yellow and pink have been performed with water and filter pappers. 30 mosquitoes blood saturation included in the containers with various colors. The result showed that most of female mosquito laid their eggs in plastic cup black (53,2%). ANOVA analysis showed that the diversity of colors ovitrap produce different the number of eggs Ae. aegypti in each type of countainer color. It is recommended to use black ovitrap for controling populations of Ae, aegypti in environment with regular monitoring.Demam Berdarah Dengue merupakan penyakit yang sering menimbulkan wabah dan dapat menyebabkan kematian. Sampai saat ini belum ditemukan vaksin sehingga pemberantasannya masih didasarkan pada pemutusan mata rantai penularan seperti pemberantasan sarang nyamuk. Beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi proses bertelur nyamuk antara lain adalah jenis wadah, warna wadah, air, suhu, sumber air, kelembaban dan kondisi lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui preferensi nyamuk Ae. aegypti untuk meletakkan telur pada berbagai warna ovitrap di Laboratorium Balai Litbang P2B2 Donggala bulan Januari sampai Maret 2015. Tiga kali pengulangan dengan mangkok plastik yang berwarna hitam, hijau, biru, putih, kuning dan merah muda. Nyamuk jenuh darah sebanyak 30 ekor dimasukkan kedalam kandang yang berisi mangkok plastik berbagai warna yang telah diberi air dan kertas saring untuk meletakkan telur. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa telur nyamuk paling banyak ditemukan pada mangkok berwarna hitam (53,2%). Analisis Anova menunjukkan bahwa keragaman warna menghasilkan jumlah telur Ae. aegypti tertangkap yang berbeda secara bermakna di masing-masing jenis warna kontainer, sehingga penggunaan ovitrap yang berwarna hitam disarankan untuk mengendalikan populasi nyamuk Ae. aegypti di lingkungan dengan pemantauan berkala
Aspek Perilaku Penting Anopheles vagus dan Potensinya sebagai Vektor Malaria di Sulawesi Tengah : Suatu Telaah Kepustakaan
No full textMalaria is caused by protozoa from the genus of Plasmodium which transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes. There are 90 species of Anopheles in Indonesia, included Anopheles vagus which is suspected as malaria vector. This article was a review of several studies related to An. vagus conducted in Central Sulawesi in which descriptively present the behavior of An. vagus and its potential as malaria vector in Central Sulawesi. The results showed that the habitats of An. vagus larvae were irrigations, the edge of rivers, swamps, ponds, and tire tracks. An. vagus was a dominant species in biting human compared to other Anopheles species. The Plasmodium sporozoite was also found in An. vagus, which show the possibility of An. vagus as vector of malaria. The vectorial capacity need to examine further in order to know the porosity and human blood index of An. vagus
Uji Larvasida Crude Protease Getah Widuri (Calotropis gigantea) Terhadap Larva Nyamuk Aedes aegypti
No full textThe using of chemical insecticide such as temephos and malathion can cause problems for the environment as well as resistance to mosquitoes. These insecticide residues will be accumulated and difficult to be degraded in the environment. Alternatively, plants that have potential active chemical compund as larvacides should be developed. This study aims to know the lethal concentration of the crude protease from widuri latex againts Aedes aegypti larvae. This was an experimental study which the sample size was determined by using the Frederer formula. The study used five different concentrations and five repetitions. There were two controls group, positive and negative control. Positive control used Bacillus thuringiensis and negative control used water. The results showed that the LC50 and LC90 of crude protease before storage were 352,34 ppm and 673,40 ppm, respectively while crude protease has been stored for one week were 778,32 ppm and 1399,33 ppm, respectively. Crude protease before storage is more effective than crude protease after stored in killing Ae. aegypti larvae. Penggunaan insektisida kimia seperti temephos dan malathion dapat menimbulkan masalah bagi lingkungan dan juga resistensi pada nyamuk. Residu insektisida ini akan terakumulasi dan sukar terdegradasi di lingkungan. Insektisida alternatif perlu dikembangkan menggunakan tanaman yang memiliki senyawa kimia aktif yang potensial sebagai larvasida. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan daya bunuhcrude protease getah widuri terhadap larva nyamuk Ae. aegypti. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan yaitu eksperimental murni, besar sampel ditentukan berdasarkan rumus federer diperoleh lima konsentrasi perlakuan dan lima pengulangan. Terdapat dua kelompok kontrol yaitu kontrol positif dan kontrol negatif. Kontrol positif menggunakan Bacillus thuringiensis dan kontrol negatif menggunakan air. Hasilpenelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada uji akhir untuk crude protease getah widuri sebelum dilakukan penyimpanan diperoleh nilai LC sebesar 352,34 ppm dan LC 50 90sebesar 673,40 ppm, sedangkan setelah dilakukan penyimpanan selama satu minggu diperoleh LC sebesar 778,32 ppm dan LC sebesar 1399,33 ppm. Daya bunuh crude protease getah widuri sebelum penyimpanan lebih efektif dibandingkan setelah dilakukan penyimpanan selama satu minggu