e-Journal Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan / National Institute of Health Research and Development
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Beauveria bassiana sebagai Alternatif Hayati dalam Pengendalian Nyamuk
No full textMosquitoes are insects that can transmit the diseases. Biological materials that are entomopathogenic, such as Beauveria bassiana can be used to control mosquitoes. This review aimed to identify how the characteristics, safety, and study conducted on B. basiana in the area of controlling vector-borne diseases. Methode of this review was done by collecting journals and research reports about the fungus B. bassiana. B. bassiana is a microscopic fungus that parasitic on the host, with a body shaped fine threads (hyphae) that form colonies called mycelia. It killed the host system in which the spores penetrate the cuticle mechanically or chemically that released enzymes or toxins. Furthermore it released beauverin toxins that make the tissue damage of insect body, that cause death within a few days. In general compounds in B. bassiana has no risk to humans, and do not harmful to the environment. Many studies showed that B. bassiana is an attractant for mosquitoes despite having pathogenic properties. This fungus is proven effective in killing genus Culex, Aedes, Anopheles in the laboratory research
Review Artikel : Respon Antibodi terhadap Protein Permukaan Merozoit Plasmodium Falciparum dalam Penentuan Transmisi Malaria
No full textMalaria is one of the issues most important public health around the world. Malaria is the leading cause of death and disease in developing countries, children and pregnant women are the group most vulnerable to infection. Transmission measurements made as the evaluation of malaria control programs. Some epidemiological models ofmalaria that has been develope is useful in describing the transmission of malaria is based on several factors.In this review described briefly regarding the transmission of malaria, measurement methods, especially measurement serologically transmission, serological markers used, as well as anti-malarial antibody response that appears on these serological markers.There are three main methods of measuring the transmission of malaria, namely Entomological Inoculation Rates (EIR),Vectorial Capacity (VC) and Case Basic Reproduction Rate (Ro). malaria transmission measurement can also be done by using serological markers. Serological marker that has been proven can be used to estimate the malaria transmission for long periods or being in the endemic areas is the MSP-1, MSP-2, and AMA-1.Antibody responses may reflect the occurrence of malaria transmission due to higher antibody responses correlated positively with exposure to Plasmodium infection. Serological parameters has advantages over other measurement methods to determine the endemicity, because the antibody response can persist for several months to severalyears after infection
LARVASIDA HAYATI YANG DIGUNAKAN DALAM UPAYA PENGENDALIAN VEKTOR PENYAKIT DEMAM BERDARAH DI INDONESIA
No full textABSTRAK Saat ini larvasida yang paling banyak digunakan untuk mengendalikan larva Aedes sp adalah temephos 1% (Abate). Penggunaan insektisida dalam waktu lama untuk sasaran yang sama memberikan tekanan seleksi yang mendorong berkembangnya populasi Aedes aegypti menjadi lebih cepat resisten. Salah satu usaha untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut adalah dengan cara mencari insektisida hayati yang lebih selektif dan aman. Insektisida hayati diartikan sebagai suatu insektisida yang bahan dasarnya berasal dari tumbuhan yang mengandung bahan kimia (bioaktif) yang toksik terhadap serangga namun mudah terurai (biodegradable) di alam sehingga tidak mencemari lingkungan dan relatif aman bagi manusia, selain itu insektisida hayati juga bersifat selektif. Penelitian tentang larvasida hayati sudah banyak dilakukan di Indonesia tetapi belum diaplikasikan di masyarakat. Tujuan penulisan artikel ini adalah untuk mengkaji keragaman hayati tanaman di Indonesia yang telah diuji sebagai larvasida Aedes aegypti sebagai gambaran hasil penelitian dan saran serta tindak lanjut bagi pelaksana program pengendalian vektor. Ada 13 tanaman yang telah diteliti sebagai larvasida Aedes aegypti. Tanaman-tanaman tersebut mengandung minyak atsiri, saponin dan flavonoid yang efektif sebagai larvasida. Perlu ada penelitian lanjutan untuk pembuatan formulasi yang baik sehingga bisa digunakan di masyarakat sebagai larvasida. ABSTRACT Currently the most widely used larvacide to control Aedes is1% temephos (Abate). The use of insecticide in a long time for the same target selection can accelerate the development of resistance of Aedes aegypti. One attempt to solve the problem is by looking for more selective and safer biological materials. Vegetables insecticides is an alternative method to control Aedes aegypti population that is worth in developed, because the insecticide compound from plants are easily biodegradable in the environment, leave no residu in the air water and soil as well as, and it’s also have a higher level of security when compared to inorganic toxins. Research on larvacida from natural materials has been done in Indonesia but have not been implemented. The aim of this paper is to assess the biodiversity of plants in Indonesia that has been tested as Aedes aegypti. There are 13 plants that have been studied as Aedes aegypti larvicides. These plants contain essential oils, saponins and flavonoids are effective as larvicides. There needs to be further research to manufacture formulations that can be used both in the community as larvicide
ANALISIS GENDER DAN UMUR PADA ANAK SEKOLAH DASAR NEGERI KAMPUNG BARU, KEC. KUSAN HILIR, KAB. TANAH BUMBU TERHADAP INFEKSI CACING DAN ATOPI GENDER AND AGE ANALYSIS OF CHILDREN OF SDN KAMPUNG BARU, KUSAN HILIR SUB DISTRICT, TANAH BUMBU DISTRICT TO HELMINTH
No full textABSTRAK Penyakit infeksi cacing merupakan penyakit terabaikan yang masih tinggi di Indonesia.Sanitasi dan kurangnya perilaku sehat menjadi penentu utama penyakit ini.Atopi yang dinyatakan berkaitan dengan infeksi cacing ini juga cukup tinggi di Indonesia.Atopi atau alergi dikaitan dengan kejadian akut dan kronis infeksi cacing.Gender dan umur diduga berkaitan pula dengan hubungan infeksi cacing dan atopi. Penelitian ini ingin mengetahui keterkaitan gender dan kelompok umur anak sekolah terhadap infeksi cacing dan atopi sebagai bahan pertimbangan kebijakan program pengendalian infeksi cacing pada anak usia sekolah dan mengetahui efek infeksi cacing itu sendiri terhadap timbulnya suatu atopi. Kegiatan penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Maret-April 2011 dengan desain penelitian potong lintang.Sampel pada penelitian ini adalah murid kelas 3-5 Sekolah Dasar Negeri Kampung Baru, Kec. Kusan Hilir, Kab. Tanah Bumbu. Setiap anak dibagikan pot tinja untuk mendapatkan tinjanya dan diambil darahnya.Tinja diperiksa keberadaan telur cacing dan darah diambil serumnya untuk diperiksa dengan prosedur ELISA untuk menentukan status atopi.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa anak laki-laki lebih rentan terhadap infeksi cacing dan atopi, demikian pula anak dengan umur lebih muda, lebih rentan terinfeksi cacing dan menderita atopi dibandingkan dengan anak yang berusia lebih tua.Kedua penyakit berkaitan dengan faktor sanitasi dan perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat.Direkomendasikan untuk meningkatkan program pengobatan infeksi cacing secara menyeluruh setiap enam bulan, meningkatkan sosialisasi perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat, memperbanyak fasilitas cucitangan ditempat-tempat umum, memperbaiki sanitasi lingkungan agar lebih sehat, dan lebih sering melakukan surveilans infeksi cacing pada anak sekolah. ABSTRACT Helminth infection still remain neglected disease which high prevalence in Indonesia. Lacks of sanitation and health behavior are main factors to this disease. Atopy stated correlating with helminth infection which either high prevalence in Indonesia. Atopy or allergy related with helminth infection acute and chronic. Gender and age suggested relating with correlation between helminth infection and atopy.The aim of the study is determined correlation gender and age factor toward helminth infection and atopy as the consideration policy to control this diseases and study the effect of helminth infection to atopy. The cross sectional study held on March-April 2011. Sample wasstudent grade 3-5 at Sekolah Dasar Negeri Kampung Baru, Kec. Kusan Hilir, Kab. Tanah Bumbu. Each child given feces container and their blood drawn up to revealed serum. Feces examined to found worm eggs and serum examined by ELISA to determine the atopic status.The result showed that boys more prone to both helminth infection and atopy than the girls, also the younger children more susceptible to helminth infection and atopi than the older ones. Both diseases related to sanitation and health behavior. Enhanced entire helminth infection cure is advice each six month gradually,increase health behavior education, upgrade the public sanitation in order to give more cleanly and healthy public area, and more often carry out the surveillances progra
UJI TERHADAP CARA PENYEDIAAN AIR ISI ULANG PADA DEPO ISI ULANG DI KECAMATAN BATULICIN KABUPATEN TANAH BUMBU
No full textABSTRAK Pemanfaatan air minum isi ulang untuk memenuhi kebutuhan rumah tangga yang semakin meningkat, menyebabkan semakin banyaknya ditemui depo air minum isi ulang yang ada di Kecamatan Batulicin, Kabupaten Tanah Bumbu. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah melakukan evaluasi cara pengambilan air pada depo air minum isi ulang dengan dan tanpa desinfeksi alkohol pada lubang tempat keluarnya air isi ulang berdasarkan pemeriksaan bakteriologis air di Kecamatan Tanah Bumbu, Kabupaten Batulicin. Pengumpulan sampel dilakukan pada bulan Juni 2015. Sebanyak 5 sampel air dari depo air isi ulang yang berbeda berhasil diperoleh. Pengambilan sampel pada 3 depo di desa Gunung Tinggi dilakukan dengan menggunakan desinfeksi alkohol pada lubang keluarnya air, sedangkan pada 2 depo lainnya di desa Kersik Putih tidak menggunakan desinfeksi alkohol pada lubang keluarnya air. Pemeriksaan mikrobiologis air yang dilakukan meliputi MPN, TPC, media selektif, pewarnaan gram dan biokimia. Berdasarkan hasil pemeriksaan dan uji statistik dengan menggunakan Uji Mann-Whitney diketahui bahwa tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan dari dua cara pengambilan air minum isi ulang (P=0,39) dan Escherichia coli ditemukan pada sampel milik depo D dan E. ABSTRACT Increased utilization of refill drinking water to meet the household needs were adjacent with the number of refill drinking water depot in Batulicin, Tanah Bumbu District. The aim of this study was to evaluate the method of water discharge in the refill drinking water depot either with or without alcohol disinfection in the refill water discharging-hole by bacteriological examination. This research was observational study design. Sample collection was conducted in June 2015. Water samples from different water depot were successfully obtained. Sampling at three depots in Gunung Tinggi Village performed using alcohol to disinfect the water discharging-hole, on a contrary two depots in Kersik Putih Village was performed without alcohol disinfection. Microbiological examination conducted were MPN, TPC, Selective media, gram staining and biochemical test. Based on the microbiological examination and statistical analysis using the Mann-Whitney test, we found that there was no significant difference of bothrefill water discharging method (p=0.39) and Escherichia coli found in the sample belonged to depot D and E
Prevalence of IgG Antibodies and Cytomegalovirus DNA on blood donor at Blood Transfusion Unit of DKI Jakarta Province
No full textTo date, the seropositive prevalence of CMV in blood donor is still remaining unknown. Therefore, no screening test for CMV antibody and CMV DNA analysis on leukodepleted PRC that is routinely performed in Indonesia for the safety of the blood donor. The purpose of this study was to obtain information on the effectiveness of PRC leukodepleted techniques on CMV DNA detection, to obtain information on the prevalence of PRC with positive CMV IgG antibodies and to obtain information on the prevalence of positive CMV DNA in non-leukodepleted PRC and leukodepleted PRC at UTD PMI DKI Jakarta. Cross sectional design with total sample of 113 donor blood that has fulfilled the inclusion criteria was used as methodology. Indirect chemiluminescence immunoassay (ChLIA) method with Liason® XL 10050 Chemiluminescence Analyzer was used for IgG CMV antibody screening test and qPCR technique with UL54 CMV by Roche light cycler 480 II was used for CMV DNA analysis. The results showed that 111 samples (98.23%) were positive to IgG CMV and 2 samples (1.77%) was negative to CMV IgG. The prevalence of positive CMV DNA in PRC before leukodepleted was 1 sample (0.88%) and PRC after leukodepleted was 0 sample (0%). The conclusion of this study is leukodepleted PRC effective to reduce the spread of CMV infection through blood transfusions. Key words: Cytomegalovirus, PRC Leukodepleted, IgG CMV, qPCR UL54 CMV
Penggunaan Alat Pengukur Hemoglobin di Puskesmas, Polindes dan Pustu
No full textMenurut RIFASKES 2011, secara nasional, persentase Puskesmas yang mempunyai Hb Sahli adalah 46,3%, sisanya tidak mempunyai atau menggunakan alat pengukur hemoglobin lainnya. Persentase Puskesmas yang memiliki Hb Sahli dan digunakan pada pelayanan KIA adalah sebanyak 37,7% namun belum dapat dikonfirmasi dengan akurat berapa banyak penggunaan alat pengukur Hb POCT di fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan di Indonesia.Tujuan studi ini untuk mendapatkan gambaran kelayakan pemeriksaan hemoglobin menggunakan metode Hb Sahli, POCT hemoglobin atau metode lainnya yang sesuai di fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan di Puskesmas, Polindes dan Pustu.Desain studi ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif dengan konfirmasi data melalui wawancara dengan tenaga kesehatan bidan di lapangan, Pustu, Polindes dan Puskesmas terpilih di Kabupaten Bantul, Bogor, dan Kota Pangkalpinang. Studi ini juga melakukan studi literatur, baik dari buku, jurnal, artikel internet dan peraturan perundang-undangan yang terkait dengan penggunaan alat pemeriksa hemoglobin.Hasil studi ini menunjukkan bahwa di Puskesmas yang diwawancara, umumnya menyediakan alat pemeriksa Hb Hematology Analyzer (HA), Cyanmeth Spectrofotometer dan Hb Sahli. Meskipun metode HA gratis, tetapi hanya dilakukan pada kasus-kasus tertentu saja. Metode spektrofotometer digunakan di Puskesmas sepanjang bahan habis pakai untuk pemeriksaan masih tersedia. Umumnya Puskesmas menggunakan metode Sahli, dan kalaupun menggunakan metode lain, akan kembali menggunakan Sahli, karena metode lain tidak dapat digunakaan dengan berbagai alasan dan kendala di Puskesmas. Pada Puskesmas Pembantu dan Polindes umumnya pemeriksaan Hb dirujuk ke Puskesmas pusat/induk (kecamatan) dan tidak ada ‘laboratorium’ pembantu di Pustu/Polindes/Poskesdes.Kata kunci: alat pengukur hemoglobi
Should Off-Label Medicines Be Included in the Universal Health Coverage (UHC) Schemes? Why, When, and How?
No full textOff label medicine refers to any medicine that is used to treat any ailment beyond of its approved / licensed indication by National Regulatory Authorities, such us FDA in USA and BPOM in Indonesia. Off-label medicines are used because the available and approved drugs do not have the desired effect, then doctors try medicine that have not been licensed indications. Some other reasons in practice off-label medicines use and prescribing are that drugs in the same category have the same effect (although have not been approved by indication); the expansion to a lighter form than the licensed indication, or extension of use for certain related conditions. At the opposite, the disadvantage of the practice off-label medicine use is generally not included in any health insurance benefit package, also not covered by mandatory insurance scheme (JKN-BPJS). Patients should pay for the price of a drug that has not been assured or proven of its efficacy and safety. It needs strong evidence based on scientific research to ensure the safety and effectiveness of off-label medicines to be included in the list of medications (national formulary) to put it on National Health Insurance (BPJS) benefit package