Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca- Università del Piemonte Orientale
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The cerebrospinal fluid virome in people with HIV: links to neuroinflammation and cognition
Get PDFIntroduction: Despite durable viral suppression, neuroinflammation and neurocognitive complications remain common yet poorly understood in people with HIV (PWH). HIV alters human viromes, and virome perturbations have been linked to neurocognitive issues in people without HIV. Recently characterized, the brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) viromes represent a new avenue to understand brain and mental health in PWH. Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed 85 CSF samples (74 from PWH on suppressive antiretroviral therapy, and 11 from controls without HIV, CWH) through shotgun metagenomics for DNA and RNA viruses. Taxonomic composition (reads and contigs), diversity, and relative abundance (RA) of prokaryotic (PV), human eukaryotic (hEV), and non-human eukaryotic viruses (nhEV) were evaluated in relation to HIV status, markers of neuroinflammation/neurodegeneration, cognitive functions, and depressive symptoms. Sensitivity analyses and post-hoc cluster analysis on the RA of hEV, non-human viruses (NHV) and blood–brain barrier permeability were performed. Multivariable models assessed the relationship between cognition and clusters. Results: Of 46 read-positive CSF samples, 93.5% contained PV sequences, 47.8% hEV, and 45.6% nhEV. PWH displayed lower α diversity, although p > 0.05. At β diversity analysis, HIV status explained 3.4% of the variation in viral composition (p = 0.016). Contigs assembly yielded 13 samples positive for 8 hEV, 2 nhEV, and 6 PV. Higher RA of PV was correlated with higher CSF S100β (rho 0.36, p = 0.002) and β-Amyloid 1–42 fragment (βA-42, rho 0.27, p = 0.026), whereas higher RA of nhEV with poorer cognitive performance (rho 0.26, p = 0.022). Conversely, higher RA of hEV correlated with better cognition (rho −0.38, p = 0.003) and lower βA-42 (rho −0.30, p = 0.012). Sensitivity analyses restricted to only CSF samples with detectable reads confirmed these findings. Three CSF clusters were identified and showed differences in astrocytosis, βA-42, tau protein, and cognitive functions. Participants with hEV-enriched CSF showed better cognitive performance compared to those with virus-devoid and NHV-enriched CSF (all p < 0.05). Conclusion: This study provides the first comprehensive description of the CSF virome in PWH, revealing associations with neuroinflammation and cognition. These findings highlight the potential involvement of the CSF virome in brain health and inform about its composition, origin, and potential clinical implications in people with and without HIV
Enrico Fubini, Laurence Wuidar, I linguaggi dell’ineffabile. Musica e mistica: tradizioni ebraiche e cristiane a confronto, ETS, 2022, 208 pp., ISBN: 9788846762139
No full textPio Rajna. Gaston Paris. Paul Meyer. Joseph Bédier. Correspondance, éd. Patrizia Gasparini, Firenze, Edizioni del Galluzzo per la Fondazione Ezio Franceschini, 2024, «L’Europe des philologues. Correspondances / L’Europa dei filologi. Epistolari» 4, civ + 697 pp.
No full textPrognostic value of liver stiffness measurement vs. biochemical response in primary biliary cholangitis
Get PDFBackground/aim: Both liver stiffness measurement (LSM) and biochemical response have prognostic significance in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). However, the frequency and clinical relevance of discordant biochemical and LSM changes remain unclear. We aim to determine the performance of the most recent or current LSM (LSMc) in predicting first hepatic decompensation (HD) in the setting of discordant biochemical and LSM responses. Methods: In this international, multicenter study, we included patients with at least two reliable LSM performed at least six months apart. Patients with prior HD, liver transplantation (LT) or hepatocellular carcinoma were excluded. Biochemical response was based on the Paris-2 criteria. LSM response was defined as stable or any reduction in LSM. The primary outcome was the occurrence of the first HD. Secondary outcomes were LT and liver-related death. The influence of LSM on HD was estimated using Cox regression analysis. Results: A total of 1,793 PBC patients were analyzed. Over a median follow-up of 22 (IQR: 12-39) months, 3.3% developed HD. Up to 55% of PBC patients exhibited discordance between LSM and biochemical response. Among patients with LSM response, achieving Paris-2 criteria was associated with a lower risk of HD (HR 0.25, 95%CI: 0.06-0.97, p10 kPa strongly predicted HD (HR 14.5, 95% CI 6.9-30.6, p<0.001), irrespective of biochemical response and prior LSM trajectories. Conclusions: Discordance between LSM and biochemical response is frequent. Most recent or current LSM is the strongest predictor of first liver-related events in patients with PBC, irrespective of prior biochemical response or LSM trajectory. Impact and implications: Both liver stiffness measurement (LSM) and biochemical response have prognostic significance in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). However, the clinical relevance and how discordant biochemical and LSM changes should be best interpreted remain unclear. In this large international multicenter study, we demonstrated that once the current LSM (LSMc) is known, prior LSM trajectories and biochemical changes did not improve the prediction of liver-related events in patients with PBC
Popularity-based data placement in erasure-coded Edge Storage Systems
No full textThe explosive growth of smart devices and mobile users has led to an unprecedented demand for efficient data storage and processing. Edge computing has emerged as a promising solution to address these challenges by bringing computation and storage resources closer to data sources. Edge Storage Systems (ESSs) are a specific type of edge computing system designed to store and serve data efficiently at the network edge. While replication-based ESSs are a simple and effective approach, erasure-coded ESSs offer superior resilience, performance, and storage efficiency. However, effective data placement in erasure-coded ESSs is a complex problem, as it involves balancing factors such as data popularity, network latency, and resource utilization. In this paper, we propose a novel data placement approach for erasure-coded
ESSs that addresses these challenges. Our approach consists of (1) a data placement strategy that leverages a virtual-space-based placement technique and incorporates data popularity into the placement decision, and (2) a dynamic data retrieval strategy that retrieves data from nodes with less load (in terms of data requests to be served). We evaluate our approach through extensive simulations, considering various network topologies, user mobility patterns, and data access patterns. Our results demonstrate that our proposed approach suitably addresses the data placement challenges arising from using erasure-coded ESSs, while allowing to exploit their advantages with respect to replication-based ESSs in terms of both space efficiency and data availability
ESG Non-Financial Information for Early Warning and Preventive Restructuring: The Italian Case CAP.7 in : The Evolution or Revolution of European Insolvency Law.
No full textItalian legislature introduced a new legal framework to improve creditor satisfaction by facilitate
overcoming the crisis and consequently preserve viability. The new regulatory scheme in particular
introduces the duty for the delegated bodies to establish an organizational, administrative and
accounting structure appropriate to the nature and size of the company, which allows the detection of
indicators to be used as parameters for the activation of early warning systems. The construction of
indicators based exclusively on financial information and data deriving from accounting documents can
lead to misleading analyses, as these data do not consider extra-accounting situations that may occur in
the future as well as multiple risks to which the company is subjected. For this reason, it appears
necessary to combine financial indicators with other non-financial indicators
I diritti fondamentali
No full text"I diritti fondamentali" si inserisce, quale Volume VIII, all'interno del Trattato di Diritto costituzionale italiano diretto da Massimo Cavino e Luca Imarisio. L'opera ha un taglio monografico e si propone di fornire elementi di teoria generale, con un accento a nuovi spunti ricostruttivi della materia, oltre che una analisi completa dei diritti fondamentali sia nella loro prospettiva storica pre-costituzionale, sia all'interno della Costituzione italiana
Neutrophil Heterogeneity in Wound Healing
Get PDFNeutrophils are the most abundant type of immune cells and also the most underestimated cell defenders in the human body. In fact, their lifespan has also been extensively revised in recent years, going from a half-life of 8–10 h to a longer lifespan of up to 5.4 days in humans; it has been discovered that their mechanisms of defense are multiple and finely modulated, and it has been suggested that the heterogeneity of neutrophils occurs as well as in other immune cells. Neutrophils also play a critical role in the wound healing process, and their involvement is not limited to the initial stages of defense against pathogens, but extends to the inflammatory phase of tissue reconstruction. Neutrophil heterogeneity has recently been reported at the presence of distinct subtypes expressing different functional states, which contribute uniquely to the different phases of innate immunity and wound healing. This heterogeneity can be induced by the local microenvironment, by the presence of specific cytokines and by the type of injury. The different functional states of neutrophils enable a finely tuned response to injury and stress, which is essential for effective healing. Understanding the functional heterogeneity of neutrophils in wound healing can unveil potential pathological profiles and therapeutic targets. Moreover, the understanding of neutrophil heterogeneity dynamics could help in designing strategies to manage excessive inflammation or impaired healing processes. This review highlights the complexity of neutrophil heterogeneity and its critical roles throughout the phases of wound healing
Minimally invasive versus open liver resection for nonmetastatic hepatocellular carcinoma staged BCLC – B and – C: an Italian multicentric analysis
No full textBackground: Recent papers report significant survival gain after liver resection in BCLC-B and -C HCC patients. The results of minimally invasive liver surgery (MILS) in such patients have not been widely investigated so far. Methods: Data regarding patients undergoing MILS or open liver resection (OLR) for HCC staged BCLC -B and -C were extracted from the HERCOLES database. An inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) method was adopted to balance the confounders. The primary outcome was a composite endpoint including post-hepatectomy liver failure, severe postoperative complications and in-hospital mortality. Results: 627 patients were included (459 undergoing OLR and 168 receiving MILS). After IPTW, no difference was found in the composite endpoint between MILS and OLR (OR 0.86 [95%CI 0.46-1-60]; p = 0.62). MILS reduced the risk of receiving intra-operative transfusions (OR 0.28 [95%CI 0.13-0.58]; p < 0.001) and of developing postoperative ascites (OR 0.56 [95%CI 0,32-0,98]; p = 0.039), with reduced length of stay (OR 0.82 [95%CI 0.66-1.01]; p = 0.045). The survival analysis showed no differences between MILS and OLR for both OS (p = 0.13) and DFS (p = 0.491). Conclusion: MILS was shown to be safe and feasible for selected non-metastatic HCC patients staged BCLC B and C, reducing the risk of perioperative transfusions and postoperative ascites, and shortening the length of stay