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Clinical relevance of combined treatment with exercise in patients with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial
Full text linkLow back pain is a widespread public health concern owing to its high prevalence rates according
to the Global Burden of Diseases. This study aimed to investigate the effect of exercise alone or in
combination with manual therapy and kinesiotherapy on pain sensitivity, disability, kinesiophobia,
self‑efficacy, and catastrophizing in patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP). A total of 55
participants were enrolled and randomly allocated to one of three groups: (1) exercise alone group (ET;
n = 19), (2) exercise + manual therapy group (ETManual therapy; n = 18), and (3) exercise + kinesio tape
group (ETkinesiotape; n = 18). The interventions consisted of core stabilization exercises (ET group),
prior spinal manipulation with core exercises (ETManual therapy group), and combined application
of kinesiotape plus core stabilization exercises (ETkinesiotape group). The primary outcome was
disability. The secondary outcomes were pain sensitization, kinesiophobia, catastrophizing, and
self‑efficacy. Assessments were performed at baseline and at weeks 3, 6, and 12. All therapies
applied achieved significant improvements over time after 12 weeks in all parameters analyzed.
ETmanualtherapy showed the greatest changes in all variables, with significant differences from the
rest of the interventions in Oswestry (ODI) (3 and 6 weeks, respectively). A clinically significant cutoff
point was achieved for the ETmanualtherapy group in the ODI parameter (−54.71%, −63.16% and
−87.70% at 3, 6, and 12 weeks, respectively). Manual therapy prior to the core exercise technique was
the most effective approach to improve health‑related functionality compared with exercise alone or
exercise combined with kinesiotape in patients with CLBP.Medicin
Non-invasive prehabilitation to foster widespread fMRI cortical reorganization before brain tumor surgery: lessons from a case series
Full text linkConceptualization, A.P.L. and J.M.T.; method-
ology, L.B., A.R.V., E.B.O., D.L., C.G., E.M.M., N.B., K.A.P., A.P.L.
and J.M.T.; software, L.B., R.P.A., J.C.P., C.L., M.C.T. and K.A.P.;
formal analysis, L.B., E.A.B.O, J.C.P. C.L., and K.A.P.; data cura-
tion, L.B., J.C.P. and K.A.P.; writing—original draft preparation, L.B.
and K.A.P.; writing—review and editing, L.B., A.R.V., E.B.O., D.L.,
J.M.F., J.C.P., C.L., M.C.T., R.P.A., C.G., E.M.M., N.B., G.V., F.M.R.,
C.T., L.M., M.D.S., D.B.F., A.P.L. and J.M.T.; visualization, L.B.,
J.C.P. and K.A.P.; supervision, J.M.T.; project administration, K.A.P.
and J.M.T.; funding acquisition, A.P.L. and J.M.T. All authors have
read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.The objective of this prospective, single-centre case series was to investigate feasibility, clinical outcomes, and
neural correlates of non-invasive Neuromodulation-Induced Cortical Prehabilitation (NICP) before brain tumor surgery.
Previous studies have shown that gross total resection is paramount to increase life expectancy but is counterbalanced by the
need of preserving critical functional areas. NICP aims at expanding functional margins for extensive tumor resection with-
out functional sequelae. Invasive NICP (intracranial neuromodulation) was effective but characterized by elevated costs and
high rate of adverse events. Non-invasive NICP (transcranial neuromodulation) may represent a more feasible alternative.
Nonetheless, up to this point, non-invasive NICP has been examined in only two case reports, yielding inconclusive findings.This research was principally funded by Joan Ribas Araqui-
stain Foundation. K.A.-P. was financially supported by a Juan de la
Cierva research grant (FJC2021-047380-I) of the Spanish Ministry of
Science and Innovation. D.B-F was supported by an Institut Català de
Recerca i Estudis Avançats, ICREA Academia 2019 award from the
Catalan government. This work was partially developed at the Centre
Esther Koplowitz, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, CERCA Programme/Gener-
alitat de Catalunya and thanks to the Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Core Facility IDIBAPS team and the 3T Equipment (project IBPS15-
EE-3688 cofounded by MCIU and by ERDF).Medicin
Educational inclusion and satisfaction of families of students with intellectual disabilities: a bibliometric study
Full text linkST-Y: Investigation, Resources, Conceptualization, Data curation,
Visualization, Writing – original draft. DN-M: Investigation, Formal
analysis, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review &
editing. MTG-D: Funding acquisition, Investigation, Supervision,
Writing – review & editing, Methodology, Validation, Resources.
VG-D: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Software,
Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft.This bibliometric study scrutinizes the corpus of scientific output within the
Web of Science pertaining to familial satisfaction among parents raising children
with intellectual disabilities, focusing specifically on the milieu of educational
inclusion. The analysis discerns a discernible ascension in scholarly interest in
this domain, encapsulating 77 papers emanating from 75 journals, incorporating
an aggregate of 3,497 cited references. Our investigation delineated 354
researchers across 39 nations, underscoring the transnational purview of this
scholarly endeavor. The United States emerged as the pre-eminent contributor,
with Canada and the United Kingdom following suit. Collaboration on an
international scale was notably led by the US, with the UK and Australia trailing
in tandem. Prominent institutions were identified for their scholarly output; the
University of Kansas led with four papers, followed closely by Monash University,
University of California Los Angeles, and University of California Riverside, each
contributing three papers. Of particular note, the University of Kansas accrued
250 global citations (TGCS). A total of 75 journals were encompassed in this
study. The Journal of Intellectual Disability Research emerged as the vanguard
with four published papers, closely trailed by Child Care Health and Development
and Exceptional Children. Notably, the latter boasted the highest impact factor
(JCR = 4.09; Q1). In summation, this review proffers a meticulous and expansive
overview of extant scholarship concerning the experiences of families rearing
children with disabilities within the inclusive education framework.The author(s) declare that financial support was received for the
research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. The authors are
grateful for the financial support of the Emerging Project of the
Conselleria de Educación, Universidades y Empleo with file number
CIGE/2022/11 in the Valencian Community.Educació
The influence of contact with nature on physical activity practice and health status together with the effect of virtual nature on cognitive performance and mental health in university students
Full text linkBackground: The present work investigates the intricate relationships between
individuals' interaction with the natural environment, physical activity levels, and overall
well-being, particularly focusing on university students. Drawing on a diverse range of
literature, the investigation recognizes the multifaceted nature of such interactions, spanning
socio-cultural engagement, lifestyle choices, and the impact on mental and physical health.
The literature review establishes the foundation by highlighting the positive effects of
exposure to natural spaces on mental and physical health, emphasizing the importance of
early exposure in young life for long-term well-being. The concept of green exercise is
introduced, demonstrating the potential benefits of combining physical activity with nature.
Alarming sedentary lifestyles and obesity rates prompt an exploration into the negative
consequences, indicating the necessity for promoting healthy habits and human-nature
interaction.
Purpose: The main research question centers on examining the strength of the
relationship between health, physical activity, and interaction with the natural environment in
university students. The investigation seeks to fill a gap in existing literature by analyzing and
quantifying the impact of exposure to natural settings on physical activity levels and overall
health alongside the effect of virtual nature on cognitive performance and mental health in
university students.
Methods: This research is divided into several experiments. First, there are a couple
of observational studies, one of which was conducted on a national level and the second one
on an international level, carried out through a questionnaire. Secondly, an experimental study
focusing on virtual reality was also conducted.
The observational study justifies its existence by acknowledging the proven positive
correlation between health, physical activity and nature exposure while aiming to quantify the
impact and the relationship between these elements. Specific tests are used to analyze
different aspects, including sustainability measures, establishing unique correlations among
variables not previously explored in the same context. The focus on university students adds a
novel dimension, considering a demographic prone to stress and depression.
The experimental study extends the exploration into the realm of Virtual Reality and
Virtual Nature, recognizing the lack of information on the impact of interactive and
non-interactive VR environments on cognitive performance and well-being. This segment aims to bridge the gap by investigating the effects of interactive VR as a virtual counterpart to
physical activity, showcasing the international collaboration with the University of Zadar.
Results: The investigation provides insights into the multifaceted connections
between individuals, nature, physical activity, and well-being, offering implications for health
promotion and sustainability, particularly among university students. In the statistical
examination, the data reveal a robust correlation among all primary variables (CN, health, PA,
PA in nature, and characteristics of GSs). The sole variable that lacks correlation with all of
them is the number of sitting hours, showing no association with distance, the quantity of
GSs, and PA in nature. Additionally, in the context of path analysis, the fit indices for the
examined model were as follows: χ2= 35.51; df = 9; p=.000; CFI = 0.970; ILI = 0.941;
RMSEA = 0.065 (0.043, 0.088 90% CI); SRMR = 0.037. These results suggest a satisfactory
fit of the model to the data across all parameters, with the exception of the chi-square value.
Likewise, it gives the importance of new technologies such as virtual nature as a
complement to the mental well-being of university students. The primary findings indicate
superior data for participants in the VN groups as opposed to the control group concerning
well-being (stress control=3.36 / happiness=55.80 compared to NVRNI stress=2.29 /
happiness=70.33 and NRVI stress=2.14 / happiness=71.91). However, no statistically
significant differences were observed between the VN groups. When examining stress,
happiness, and tenseness, notable main effects were observed at the time of assessment, along
with a significant interaction effect with the VN groups. Within the cognitive domain, the VR
groups accounted for 3.6% of the variance in "tmta" and 4.4% in "tmtb" while contributing
1.7% for "dst" although no discernible group effects were evident in cognitive tests for VN.
Conclusions: This comprehensive dissertation contributes new knowledge by
exploring the nuanced connections between nature exposure, physical activity, health status
and academic performance in university students.
This research highlights the complex interplay between environmental, physical
activity, health, and academic factors, emphasizing the need for multidisciplinary approaches.
The findings suggest that contact with nature positively influences the well-being and
physical activity of university students, highlighting the role of green spaces. The study has
practical implications for public health interventions, urban planning and wellness strategies
emphasizing the importance of conducting further research to quantify the impact of
nature-based interventions on this population. The work aligns with the growing body of
literature in nature-based citizen science, emphasizing the need for meaningful connections
between the natural environment, health, and urbanization to improve social well-being. Furthermore, the inclusion of sustainability measures and the exploration of Virtual
Nature add unique dimensions to the research, providing a holistic understanding of the
subject matter. This study supports the idea that nature's stress reduction may involve
conditioning. A stronger nature connection is linked to enhanced well-being, aligning with
the biophilia hypothesis. Virtual nature is found to reduce stress and boost mood for
university students. While cognitive performance showed no significant differences, tailoring
virtual nature interventions based on individual nature connections could enhance their
impact, providing practical implications for well-being among students.Antecedentes: El presente trabajo investiga las intrincadas relaciones entre la
interacción de los individuos con el entorno natural, los niveles de actividad física y el
bienestar general, centrándose particularmente en los estudiantes universitarios. Basándose en
una amplia gama de literatura, la investigación reconoce la naturaleza multifacética de tales
interacciones, que abarcan el compromiso sociocultural, las elecciones de estilo de vida y el
impacto en la salud física y mental.
La revisión de la literatura establece las bases al resaltar los efectos positivos de la
exposición a espacios naturales en la salud física y mental, enfatizando la importancia de la
exposición temprana en la vida joven para el bienestar a largo plazo. Se introduce el concepto
de ejercicio verde, demostrando los beneficios potenciales de combinar la actividad física con
la naturaleza. Los alarmantes estilos de vida sedentarios y las tasas de obesidad impulsan una
exploración de las consecuencias negativas, lo que indica la necesidad de promover hábitos
saludables y la interacción entre el ser humano y la naturaleza.
Propósito: La principal pregunta de investigación se centra en examinar la fuerza de
la relación entre la salud, la actividad física y la interacción con el entorno natural en
estudiantes universitarios. La investigación busca llenar un vacío en la literatura existente
analizando y cuantificando el impacto de la exposición a entornos naturales en los niveles de
actividad física y la salud general junto con el efecto de la naturaleza virtual en el rendimiento
cognitivo y la salud mental en estudiantes universitarios.
Métodos: Esta investigación se divide en varios experimentos. En primer lugar, hay
un par de estudios observacionales, uno de los cuales se realizó a nivel nacional y el segundo
a nivel internacional, realizados a través de un cuestionario. En segundo lugar, también se
llevó a cabo un estudio experimental centrado en la realidad virtual.
El estudio observacional justifica su existencia reconociendo la correlación positiva
probada entre la salud, la actividad física y la exposición a la naturaleza, al tiempo que
pretende cuantificar el impacto y la relación entre estos elementos. Se utilizan pruebas
específicas para analizar diferentes aspectos, incluidas las medidas de sostenibilidad,
estableciendo correlaciones únicas entre variables no exploradas previamente en el mismo
contexto. El enfoque en los estudiantes universitarios añade una dimensión novedosa,
considerando un grupo demográfico propenso al estrés y la depresión.
El estudio experimental amplía la exploración al ámbito de la Realidad Virtual y la
Naturaleza Virtual, reconociendo la falta de información sobre el impacto de los entornos de realidad virtual interactivos y no interactivos en el rendimiento cognitivo y el bienestar. Este
segmento tiene como objetivo cerrar la brecha investigando los efectos de la realidad virtual
interactiva como contraparte virtual de la actividad física, mostrando la colaboración
internacional con la Universidad de Zadar.
Resultados: La investigación proporciona información sobre las conexiones
multifacéticas entre los individuos, la naturaleza, la actividad física y el bienestar, ofreciendo
implicaciones para la promoción de la salud y la sostenibilidad, particularmente entre los
estudiantes universitarios. En el examen estadístico, los datos revelan una correlación sólida
entre todas las variables primarias (CN, salud, AF, naturaleza de la AF y características de los
EVs). La única variable que carece de correlación con todas ellas es el número de horas
sentado, no mostrando asociación con la distancia, la cantidad de EVs y la naturaleza de la
AF. Además, en el contexto del análisis de trayectoria, los índices de ajuste para el modelo
examinado fueron los siguientes: χ2= 35,51; gl = 9; p=.000; CFI = 0,970; ILI = 0,941;
RMSEA = 0,065 (0,043; 0,088 IC del 90 %); SRMR = 0,037. Estos resultados sugieren un
ajuste satisfactorio del modelo a los datos en todos los parámetros, con excepción del valor de
chi-cuadrado.
Asimismo, da la importancia de las nuevas tecnologías como la virtualidad como
complemento al bienestar mental de los estudiantes universitarios. Los hallazgos principales
indican datos superiores para los participantes en los grupos NV en comparación con el grupo
de control en cuanto a bienestar (control del estrés = 3,36 / felicidad = 55,80 en comparación
con estrés NVRNI = 2,29 / felicidad = 70,33 y estrés NRVI = 2,14 / felicidad = 71,91). ). Sin
embargo, no se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos de NV.
Al examinar el estrés, la felicidad y la tensión, se observaron efectos principales notables en
el momento de la evaluación, junto con un efecto de interacción significativo con los grupos
NV. Dentro del dominio cognitivo, los grupos de RV representaron el 3,6% de la varianza en
"tmta" y el 4,4% en "tmtb", mientras que contribuyeron con el 1,7% para "dst", aunque no se
evidenciaron efectos grupales discernibles en las pruebas cognitivas para NV.
Conclusiones: Esta disertación integral aporta nuevos conocimientos al explorar las
conexiones matizadas entre la exposición a la naturaleza, la actividad física, el estado de
salud y el rendimiento académico en estudiantes universitarios.
Esta investigación destaca la compleja interacción entre factores ambientales, de actividad
física, de salud y académicos, enfatizando la necesidad de enfoques multidisciplinarios. Los
hallazgos sugieren que el contacto con la naturaleza influye positivamente en el bienestar y la
actividad física de los estudiantes universitarios, destacando el papel de los espacios verdes. El estudio tiene implicaciones prácticas para las intervenciones de salud pública, la
planificación urbana y las estrategias de bienestar, enfatizando la importancia de realizar más
investigaciones para cuantificar el impacto de las intervenciones basadas en la naturaleza en
esta población. El trabajo se alinea con el creciente cuerpo de literatura sobre ciencia
ciudadana basada en la naturaleza, enfatizando la necesidad de conexiones significativas entre
el medio ambiente natural, la salud y la urbanización para mejorar el bienestar social.
Además, la inclusión de medidas de sostenibilidad y la exploración de la Naturaleza
Virtual añaden dimensiones únicas a la investigación, proporcionando una comprensión
holística del tema. Este estudio respalda la idea de que la reducción del estrés de la naturaleza
puede implicar condicionamiento. Una conexión más fuerte con la naturaleza está vinculada a
un mayor bienestar, lo que se alinea con la hipótesis de la biofilia. Se ha descubierto que la
naturaleza virtual reduce el estrés y mejora el estado de ánimo de los estudiantes
universitarios. Si bien el rendimiento cognitivo no mostró diferencias significativas, adaptar
las intervenciones virtuales en la naturaleza en función de las conexiones individuales con la
naturaleza podría mejorar su impacto, proporcionando implicaciones prácticas para el
bienestar de los estudiantesMedicinaCiencias de la Salu
Sensory Profile-2 in Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Analysis within the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Framework
Full text linkMarta Marcilla is supported by a predoctoral research grant from the Jaume I University (PREDOC/2021/08).
Catarina Grande and Vera Coelho were supported by national fund-
ing from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology
(UIDB/00050/2020). The authors alone are responsible for the content
and writing of this article.Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by impairments in many functional areas requiring long-term interventions to promote autonomy. This study aims to map The Sensory Profile™ 2 (SP-2), one of the most widely used
assessment tools in children with ASD, with the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health for
Children and Youth (ICF-CY), developed by the World Health Organization (WHO). This will allow the identification
of the functional dimensions covered by this instrument and the comparison with the ICF shortlist proposed for autism
(ICF Core Set [ICF-CS]). The deductive content analysis described in the ICF Linking Rules was followed, along with a
systematized process including statistical and reasoning techniques that could contribute to the improvement of ICF linking studies (Cohen’s Kappa and percentage of agreement). 218 codes were identified, 71% of them were codes related to
the body functions chapters, mainly linked to perceptual functions (b160), emotional functions (b152), and temperament
and personality functions (b126). Concerning activities and participation chapters (29%) the most frequently used codes
were: focusing attention (d160), carrying out daily routine (d230), and walking (d450). Even though the SP-2 items do
not assess most of the functional features regarded as essential in the ASD ICF-CS, SP-2 encompasses a majority of problems concerning body functions. This instrument may be considered as part of a multidimensional assessment approach,
to complement other sources that are more likely to assess activity and participation dimensions and guide a functional
intervention.Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC
agreement with Springer NaturePsicologí
Changes in the Serum Metabolome in an Inflammatory Model of Osteoarthritis in Rats
Full text linkConceptualization, C.I.S.A. and C.S.C.; methodology, C.I.S.A., C.S.C. and
A.G.d.C.; software, V.J.S.C.; validation, V.J.S.C. and N.I.B.; formal analysis, N.I.B.; investigation,
C.I.S.A., V.J.S.C. and A.G.d.C.; resources, N.I.B. and V.J.S.C.; data curation, N.I.B. and V.J.S.C.;
writing—original draft preparation, N.I.B.; writing—review and editing, C.I.S.A. and S.S.; supervi-
sion, S.S.; project administration, C.I.S.A. and S.S.; funding acquisition, C.I.S.A. and S.S. All authors
have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.Osteoarthritis (OA) is a pathology of great impact worldwide. Its physiopathology is not
completely known, and it is usually diagnosed by imaging techniques performed at advanced stages
of the disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate early serum metabolome changes and identify
the main metabolites involved in an inflammatory OA animal model. This study was performed on
thirty rats. OA was induced in all animals by intra-articular injection of monoiodoacetate into the
knee joint. Blood samples were taken from all animals and analyzed by mass spectrometry before OA
induction and 28, 56, and 84 days following induction. Histological evaluation confirmed OA in all
samples. The results of this study allow the identification of several changes in 18 metabolites over
time, including organic acids, benzenoids, heterocyclic compounds, and lipids after 28 days, organic
acids after 56 days, and lipid classes after 84 days. We conclude that OA induces serological changes
in the serum metabolome, which could serve as potential biomarkers. However, it was not possible
to establish a relationship between the identified metabolites and the time at which the samples were
taken. Therefore, these findings should be confirmed in future OA studies.This project was funded under a collaboration agreement between the Universidad Católica
de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Spain and Bioiberica S.A.U., Spain, with funding number PRJ-0379.Veterinari
Effect of Reduced Feedback Frequencies on Motor Learning in a Postural Control Task in Young Adults
Full text linkConceptualization, X.G.-M. and A.M.-A.; methodology, J.L.T.-H.; software,
X.G.-M.; validation, X.G.-M. and I.V.-S.; formal analysis, J.L.T.-H. and X.G.-M.; investigation, J.R.-M.
and I.V.-S.; resources, G.M.-T. and J.R.-M.; data curation, A.M.-A., G.M.-T. and J.R.-M.; writing—
original draft preparation, A.M.-A. and J.R.-M.; writing—review and editing, I.V.-S., J.L.T.-H. and
G.M.-T.; supervision, X.G.-M. and J.L.T.-H.; project administration, X.G.-M. All authors have read
and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.The effects of the use of reduced feedback frequencies on motor learning remain controversial in the scientific literature. At present, there is still controversy about the guidance hypothesis,
with some works supporting it and others contradicting it. To shed light on this topic, an experiment
was conducted with four groups, each with different feedback frequencies (0%, 33%, 67%, and 100%),
which were evaluated three times (pre-test, post-test, and retention) during a postural control task. In
addition, we tested whether there was a transfer in performance to another similar task involving
postural control. As a result, only the 67% feedback group showed an improvement in their task performance in the post-test and retention evaluations. Nevertheless, neither group showed differences
in motor transfer performance compared to another postural control task. In conclusion, the findings
of this paper corroborate the hypothesis of guidance and suggest that the use of a reduced frequency
of 67% is a better option for improving motor learning than options that offer feedback at a lower
frequency, at all trials or not at all.Psicologí
Effectiveness of tricalcium silicate-based cements: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Full text linkTricalcium silicate-based cements exhibit several beneficial properties for dental health and
biocompatibility, which can induce biomineralisation. The aim is to assess the sealing ability and intratubular penetration of tricalcium silicate-based sealers using warm and cold obturation techniques.Odontologí
Short versus long intramedullary nails for intertrochanteric hip fracture:Meta-analysis
Full text linkEl objetivo de este estudio consiste en comparar el clavo intramedular corto frente al clavo largo en las fracturas intertrocantéricas de cadera en términos de eficacia y seguridad.The aim of this study is to compare short versus long intramedullary nails for intertrochanteric hip fracturesin terms of efficacy and safety.Medicin
Effects of Manual Therapy on Parkinson’s Gait: A Systematic Review
Full text linkConceptualization, A.D., T.V., G.B., A.L., M.B., M.G.-E., L.F. and M.D.;
methodology, A.D., T.V., G.B., A.L., M.B., M.G.-E., L.F. and M.D.; software, A.D., T.V., G.B., A.L., M.B.,
M.G.-E., L.F. and M.D.; validation, A.D., T.V., G.B., A.L., M.B., M.G.-E., L.F. and M.D.; formal analysis,
A.D., T.V., G.B., A.L., M.B., M.G.-E., L.F. and M.D.; investigation, A.D., T.V., G.B., A.L., M.B., M.G.-E.,
L.F. and M.D.; resources, A.D., T.V., G.B., A.L., M.B., M.G.-E., L.F. and M.D.; data curation, A.D., T.V.,
G.B., A.L., M.B., M.G.-E., L.F. and M.D.; writing—original draft preparation, A.D., T.V., G.B., A.L., M.B., M.G.-E., L.F. and M.D.; writing—review and editing, A.D., T.V., G.B., A.L., M.B., M.G.-E., L.F.
and M.D.; visualization, A.D., T.V., G.B., A.L., M.B., M.G.-E., L.F. and M.D.; supervision, A.D.; project
administration, A.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.Manual therapy (MT) is commonly used in rehabilitation to deal with motor impairments
in Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, is MT an efficient method to improve gait in PD? To answer
the question, a systematic review of clinical controlled trials was conducted. Estimates of effect sizes
(reported as standard mean difference (SMD)) with their respective 95% confidence interval (95% CI)
were reported for each outcome when sufficient data were available. If data were lacking, p values
were reported. The PEDro scale was used for the quality assessment. Three studies were included in
the review. MT improved Dynamic Gait Index (SMD = 1.47; 95% CI: 0.62, 2.32; PEDro score: 5/10,
moderate level of evidence). MT also improved gait performances in terms of stride length, velocity
of arm movements, linear velocities of the shoulder and the hip (p < 0.05; PEDro score: 2/10, limited
level of evidence). There was no significant difference between groups after MT for any joint’s range
of motion during gait (p > 0.05; PEDro score: 6/10, moderate level of evidence). There is no strong
level of evidence supporting the beneficial effect of MT to improve gait in PD. Further randomized
controlled trials are needed to understand the impact of MT on gait in PD.Enfermerí