NUPI Research Online (Norwegian Institute of International Affairs)
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Becoming allies: Finland and Norway after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine
No full textThis article analyses Finland and Norway’s evolving narratives about one another as neighbours, partners, and allies against the backdrop of political and scholarly discourses about the broader Nordic security community. Drawing on International Relations (IR) theories on regional security complexes and security community formation, we find that a swift reframing of the Finnish-Norwegian relationship was possible after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022 because it was formulated against the backdrop of the already established narrative about the well-functioning and trustful Nordic security community. The intense interaction dynamics between Finland and Norway in recent years have brought the Nordic security community to an unprecedented level of integration, and an all-time high sense of ‘we-ness’ now characterises Finnish-Norwegian relations.Becoming allies: Finland and Norway after Russia’s invasion of UkrainepublishedVersio
Stepping into the just transition journey: The energy transition in petrostates
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The failure to decarbonize the global energy education system: Carbon lock-in and stranded skill sets
Full text linkThe energy transition involves the transformation of professions and labour markets, which in turn depend on the availability of a workforce with the right education and competence. This study assesses how quickly global higher education is transitioning from fossil fuels to renewable energy in terms of educational content. The article is based on a review of 18,400 universities and the creation of a dataset of 6,142 universities that provide energy-specific education in 196 countries. The study compares the prevalence of educational programmes oriented towards fossil fuels and renewable energy. The findings show that the rapid adoption of renewable energy worldwide is not matched by changes in higher education, since universities continue to prioritise coal and petroleum studies. In 2019, 546 universities had faculties and/or degrees dedicated to fossil fuels whereas only 247 universities had faculties and/or degrees in renewable energy. As many as 68% of the world’s energy-focused educational degrees were oriented towards fossil fuels, and only 32% focused on renewable energy. This means that universities are failing to meet the growing demand for a clean energy workforce. At the current rate of change, energy-focused university degrees would be 100% dedicated to renewable energy only by the year 2107. Since a career may last 30-40 years, this creates a risk of long-term carbon lock-in and stranded skill sets through (mis)education. The results also indicate that developing countries lag behind developed ones in this area, even though the need for professionals trained in renewable energy is greater in developing countries. Along with lack of capital, underdeveloped regulatory frameworks for renewable energy, and entrenched fossil-fuel business interests, the mismatch between energy education and the needs of the renewable energy industry may hold back the energy transition in many developing countries.The failure to decarbonize the global energy education system: Carbon lock-in and stranded skill setspublishedVersio
Constraints, Dilemmas and Challenges for EU Foreign Policy in Venezuela
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Reforming the International Financial Architecture: Chinese Perspectives and Broader Developing Country Interests
Full text linkThe international financial architecture has long been ripe for reform, and several reform tracks are currently evolving with the potential to tackle some of the most debated issues. China, which among the top shareholders in all the architecture’s key institutions, is the world’s second-largest economy and the largest official bilateral creditor, plays a critical role in reform discussions. In this report, we discuss central reform issues and consider the Chinese perspectives and their relevance to broader developing country interests. The report concludes that China is actively involved and supports reform initiatives but is wary of changes that move around the bigger issue of country representation and voting.Reforming the International Financial Architecture: Chinese Perspectives and Broader Developing Country InterestspublishedVersio
Russiskspråklige i Estland: En minoritet uten agens
Full text linkDenne artikkelen utforsker forholdene til den Russiskspråklige minoriteten i Estland og ser utviklingen av disse forholdene som et produkt av et samspill mellom den nasjonaliserende staten, den russiskspråklige minoriteten, minoritetens «hjemland» og det internasjonale samfunnet; et rammeverk som har blitt kalt et kvadratisk samspill («quadratic nexus») av David J. Smith, og som er en videreføring av teoriene til Rogers Brubaker. Denne artikkelen fremlegger en oppdatert empirisk analyse av påvirkningen til den kvadratiske dynamikken på estiske minoritetsforhold, da Russlands fullskalainvasjon av Ukrainia i 2022 har forskjøvet maktbalansen mellom aktørene i Smiths samspill. Resultatet av denne omveltningen er at forholdene til den russiskspråklige minoriteten i all hovedsak er bestemt av den nasjonaliserende staten, under innflytelse av russisk aggresjon. Den russiske føderasjonen har gjort beskyttelsen av minoritetsrettigheter i Estland stadig vanskeligere ved å presse den estiske politiske eliten til å innta en stadig mer konservativ holdning i nasjonalitetspolitikk som en respons til den oppfattede trusselen fra deres nabo i øst, i tillegg til å forsterke det internasjonale samfunnets likegyldighet til minoritetsrettigheter i Estland. Dette, kombinert med de sosioøkonomiske forholdene til den russiskspråklige minoriteten har ledet til at den står igjen nærmest maktesløs.Russiskspråklige i Estland: En minoritet uten agenspublishedVersio
Public–Private Development Cooperation: Interface and Conflicting Logics in the Formation of a Strategic Partnership
Full text linkPublic–private development partnership constitutes the core of a deepening normative agenda that places private actors as active development agents and as means through which other development objectives are pursued in partnership with publicly funded aid actors. This normative agenda may challenge international development. This article goes beyond the official policy level to explore the formation of public– private development cooperation in practice, not just on paper. It zooms into the partnership between a Norwegian NGO and a multinational company and their joint project to renovate an old vocational college in Ethiopia to serve the private actor’s need for qualified workers. The article shows how a publicly funded development project becomes a proxy for private interests, but argues that the diversion of public aid is not due to bad intentions or conflicting interests. Rather, it is the result of interface situations created by the public–private partnership agenda and its intentional merger of actors with distinct institutional logics, accountabilities and rationales. The article demonstrates how actors put together as part of the public–private partnership agenda end up undermining the agenda itself because of the interface situations created in the nexus of public and private actors.Public–Private Development Cooperation: Interface and Conflicting Logics in the Formation of a Strategic PartnershippublishedVersio
