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Minimum Capital Requirements and Entrepreneurial Activity in Limited Liability Companies: An Empirical Analysis
No full textAsgari sermaye gereksinimleri, 2000’li yılların başından beri Avrupa’da tartışılmaktadır. Bir yandan düşen alım gücü karşısında alacaklıları yeterince korumadığı ileri sürülen müessese, diğer yandan girişimciliği olumsuz etkilediği ve sermayenin yurt dışına kaçışına sebep olduğu gerekçesiyle eleştirilmektedir. AB içerisinde sermayenin İngiltere başta olmak üzere, asgari sermaye gereksinimleri bulunmayan ülkelere kaçışına engel olmak amacıyla, limited şirketlerde asgari sermaye gereksinimleri alanında bir dizi reform gerçekleştirilmiş, pek çok hukuk sisteminde eşikler önemli ölçüde yumuşatılmış yahut tümüyle kaldırılmıştır. Söz konusu eğilimde şüphesiz, düşük sermayeyle hayata geçirilebilen yenilikçi iş modellerinin gelişmesi de etkili olmuştur. Türk hukuk literatüründe de asgari sermaye gereksinimlerinin artırılması gerektiğini savunan görüşlerin yanı sıra eşiklerin yükseltilmesinin girişimcilik üzerinde olumsuz etkileri olabileceğine yönelik çekinceler de bulunmaktadır. Asgari sermaye gereksinimleri konusunda yasa koyucu pasif bir yaklaşım sergilemiş; nihayet 2018 yılında 7099 sayılı Kanunla limited şirketlerde nakit sermaye taahhütlerinin dörtte birinin nakden ödenmesi koşulu kaldırılmış, 2023 yılında 7887 sayılı Cumhurbaşkanı Kararıyla asgari sermaye gereksinimleri beş kat artırılmıştır. Çalışmada asgari sermaye gereksinimlerini doğrudan veya dolaylı etkileyebilecek yasal düzenlemelerin, girişimcilik üzerindeki etkileri araştırılmaktadır. Bu amaçla 2010 yılından 2024 yılı sonuna kadar Türkiye’de kurulmuş anonim ve limited şirketler ile bunların kuruluş sermayeleri analiz edilmiş ve yasal düzlemdeki değişikliklerin etkileri tartışılmıştır
Effect of Vestibular Rehabilitation on Kinetic and Kinematic Parameters of Gait in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis: A Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Study
No full textBackground: Multiple sclerosis (MS) patients frequently experience gait disturbances, which can be exacerbated in those with vestibular involvement. Various exercise approaches are available to address gait difficulties in this patient population, and the use of vestibular rehabilitation, in particular, has increased recently. However, the effects of this specific exercise approach on gait in MS patients remain unclear. Considering that gait comprises temporospatial, kinetic, and kinematic components, it is evident that existing research in this area is fairly limited. Therefore, our study aimed to evaluate the effect of a vestibular rehabilitation program compared to a conventional exercise program on kinetic and kinematic parameters of gait in patients with MS. Methods: MS patients aged 25-60 years with an EDSS score between 3.5 and 6.5 were included in the study. Participants were randomly assigned to either the vestibular rehabilitation group or the conventional exercise group. All participants underwent primary evaluation with Three-dimensional gait analysis and secondary assessments using the 2-Minute Walk Test, 10-Meter Walk Test, 5-Times Sit to Stand Test, and Visual Acuity Test. Results: The study was completed with 22 participants [age: 45.18 +/- 10.22, EDSS: 4.00 (3.50 - 5.00)]. Pelvic tilt range of motion, knee varus/valgus, ankle maximum external rotation, mean ankle rotation angles and the peak knee extension moment in the 30-60 % cycle of gait showed statistically greater improvement in the vestibular rehabilitation group compared to the conventional exercise group in post-treatment. After exercise trainings, there was no significant difference in temporospatial data between the two groups. Discussion: It was concluded that supporting the rehabilitation programs of MS patients with VR exercises contributed to the improvement of various kinetic and kinematic parameters of gait.Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK
Examining the Forced Migration of Turkestanians: Reasons and Stories
No full textTurkestanians migrated from West Turkestan - Soviet Central Asia - to Afghanistan, especially in the late 1920s and early 1930s. This article focuses on the definition of this migration and the reasons for the migration from Turkestan to Afghanistan. It examines the causes of this migration presented as religious and cultural reasons on the one hand and social and economic reasons on the other. The interviews with migrants and their families have shown that they had mainly migrated to preserve their religion and culture. This article is based on the findings from a research project conducted between 2018 and 2020, which included short questionnaires, in-depth interviews and ethnographic research held mainly in Istanbul, Turkey. Seventy-one in-depth interviews were conducted with Turkestanians living mostly in Turkey, Saudi Arabia, the USA and Kazakhstan. Recent studies on Turkestanian migration have emphasized the era's political history and political trends, and the views and activities of the Turkestanian elites and leaders towards the liberation of Turkestan. Nevertheless, the central claim of this article is to reveal the views of ordinary migrant people and their families through oral history. It examines the claims about how this migration is remembered and viewed by the Turkestanian diaspora. Therefore, the unrecorded and hidden stories could come to light, and the reasons for this migration could be better understood. This article will contribute to the scholarly investigation of Turkestanian migration in the late 1920s and early 1930s and the region's historiography.Istanbul Kultur University Scientific Research Project Coordination Uni
Structural and Luminescent Properties of a Cr3+/sm3+ Doped Gdalo3 Orthorhombic Perovskite for Solid-State Lighting Applications
No full textThe Cr3+ and Sm3+ doped GdAlO3 perovskite with formula Gd0.995Sm0.005Al0.995Cr0.005O3, was synthesized via a solid-state reaction method, and its structure, morphology, and photoluminescence properties were thoroughly investigated. The compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pbnm space group, with Cr3+ transition-metal ions substituting Al3+ in the octahedral symmetry site, and Sm3+ lanthanide (rare-earth) ions occupying the tetrahedral site. The material's morphology and chemical composition homogeneity were evaluated through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis. Photoluminescence excitation (PLE) and emission spectra (PL) were used to shed light on the electronic structure of the Cr3+ cations, through crystal field analysis in the Oh symmetry site. Theoretical studies enabled the precise assignment of the Cr3+ 3d-3d transitions. The intra-configurational 4f-4f transitions of Sm3+ resulted in a variety of excitation bands appearing in the high-wavelength range of the PLE spectrum. The photoluminescence studies supported the occurrence of energy transfer in the doped GdAlO3 perovskite between Gd3+, Sm3+ and Cr3+ ions. The obtained results suggest the high potential of the synthesized material for solid state lighting applications
Analyzing the Impacts of Mucilage in the Sea of Marmara: A System Dynamics Approach Integrating Sustainability Perspectives
No full textThe Sea of Marmara has experienced a critical mucilage explosion during the years 2020 and 2021. The existing studies emphasize the inevitability of serious negative economic consequences of the issue on sectors such as fisheries, tourism and maritime transport. Various policies are suggested on the solution of the problem; however, to the best of our knowledge, there is no study to determine the socio-economic effects of such policies in terms of sustainability through a mathematical method. In this study, a simulation model based on system dynamics to analyze the effects of the mucilage explosion seen in the Sea of Marmara on fisheries, tourism and maritime transport is proposed. The proposed model enables the decision makers to examine the complex relationships between factors leading to mucilage, the level of the explosion, and fisheries, tourism and maritime transportation sectors. The simulation results display critical levels of mucilage if no precautions are taken. The model also allows examining policies aimed at preventing mucilage risk and eliminating the negative impacts on the above-mentioned three sectors considering environmental sustainability. Out of the four different policies, it is displayed that policies focusing on decreasing total nitrogen and total phosphorus loads in the sea seem to be the most appropriate ones for the sustainable solution of the mucilage problem. Apart from enabling the decision-makers to explore the impacts of different policies on handling the issue, with this study, the system dynamics approach has been applied for the very first time on the mucilage problem in the literature.Istanbul Kultur University Technolog
Boosting CRM Chatbot Solutions with Flash Attention and Probabilistic Inference
No full textPart of the book series: Communications in Computer and Information Science ((CCIS,volume 2303)).
Intelligent Systems and Pattern Recognition.In an effort to deliver exceptional customer service, organizations are increasingly recognising the critical role that advanced language models (LLMs) play in the integration of CRM systems. This article explores the forefront of chatbot technology, with a particular focus on the essential function they play in contemporary consumer relationship management. The ability of chatbots to provide personalized and contextually pertinent responses to customer inquiries has been significantly enhanced by the rapid development of LLMs, specifically in the areas of sentiment, intent, and context comprehension. Organizations have the opportunity to enhance customer contentment and optimize operations by leveraging the capabilities of these advanced AI systems. In addition, offline capabilities guarantee continuous support, thereby enhancing customer confidence and loyalty in a time when connectivity fluctuations continue to be a challenge. The present study introduces an innovative offline chatbot system that aims to overcome the limitations of traditional cloud-based counterparts. By efficiently integrating data from various sources, such as project documentation and social media, this chatbot is capable of operating independently and delivering assistance to users, even in locations with sporadic internet connectivity. The experimental outcomes illustrate that our newly developed chatbot model outperforms established benchmarks, as evidenced by its 4.1-second inference time, 90.2-point BLEU score, and 9.7-point WER score. These metrics underscore the model's effectiveness, precision, and timeliness in handling user inquiries and producing responses of exceptional quality. The experiments we conduct are designed to validate the effectiveness of our model in improving customer service experiences within CRM systems through comprehensive performance testing
Artificial Intelligence and Cost Reduction Strategies for Healthcare Management: Opportunities and Limitations
No full textThis study employs a traditional literature review approach to examine the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in cost-reduction strategies in healthcare management. As healthcare systems face increasing financial pressures, AI has been widely explored for its potential to enhance operational efficiency and optimize resource utilization. By synthesizing recent academic literature and theoretical discussions, this review aims to provide a comprehensive evaluation of AI-driven cost reduction strategies and their broader implications for healthcare management. This study explores AI applications in automating administrative workflows, enhancing predictive analytics, and optimizing clinical decision-making. AI's contributions to supply chain management and early disease detection are also highlighted as significant factors in achieving operational cost savings. However, despite its transformative potential, AI adoption in healthcare presents notable challenges, including high initial investment costs, data security risks, ethical dilemmas, and regulatory constraints. These challenges necessitate a structured and strategic approach to ensure sustainable and effective AI implementation. Through an extensive review of the existing literature, this study critically analyzes both the opportunities and limitations associated with AI-driven healthcare cost reduction. The findings underscore the need for robust regulatory frameworks, ethical AI deployment, and continuous workforce adaptation to facilitate the successful integration of AI technologies into healthcare systems. By offering key strategic insights, this study contributes to the academic discourse on AI's cost-effectiveness in healthcare and provides a foundation for future research and policy development
12. KOBİ’ler ve Verimlilik Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı
No full textKOBİ'ler hakkında pek çok bilgiyi de içeren bu kaynak kitap, 6 Kasım 2024 tarihinde gerçekleştirilen 12. KOBİ’ler ve Verimlilik Kongresi’nde sunulan bildirilerden oluşmaktadır
Novel Tetradentate N2O2 Water-Soluble Schiff Base and Its Al(III) Complex: Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Correlations Between Structure and Stability Against Hydrolysis
No full textA novel water-soluble di-Schiff base, N,N'-bis(3-methoxy-5-sulfonatosalicylidene)-1,2-ethylenediamine disodium salt (MSS), was synthesized under both conventional heating and microwave-assisted conditions. Detailed characterization was conducted using various techniques including NMR, HRMS, UV_vis, SEM/EDX, DSC, ATRFTIR and Raman spectroscopies, accompanied by DFT calculations. The study discusses the enol-imine/ketoenamine tautomerism of MSS based on theoretical, solution and solid-state results, as well as the impact of intra- and intermolecular interactions on the balance between the tautomers. The enol-imine form was predicted as the most stable tautomer in gas phase. Nonetheless, the keto-enamine form was found to be the main tautomer in water, DMSO and in the solid state. To assess the stability of MSS and to study its complexation with Al(III) in aqueous and non-aqueous media, a combined spectroscopic and computational approach was used. The stability of MSS against hydrolysis was analyzed and compared with that of its non-substituted analogue. The differences found were interpreted based on the different tautomeric equilibria of the two Schiff bases and specific structural susceptibilities towards nucleophilic attack by water. The presented results impact on the development of more efficient strategies for the design of water-stable Schiff bases, highlighting the role of tautomerism in determining stability against hydrolysis. NMR data revealed the formation of a stable Al(III) complex with MSS and additional complexes with MSS degradation products in the pH range 4-7. The infrared and Raman results provided additional structural details and supported the aforesaid conclusions.Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT