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Kesepaduan Nada, Diksi dan Emosi Penyair
No full textNADA merujuk pada sikap atau pandangan penulis terhadap subjek, penutur atau audiens, yang disampaikan melalui penggunaan bahasa. Ia sering digambarkan sebagai ‘suasana’ dalam puisi dan boleh merangkumi nada yang serius, formal dan santai. Laurence Perrine (2018) dalam Perrine’s Literature: Structure, Sound and Sense mendefinisikan nada sebagai ‘sikap penulis atau pembicara terhadap subjek, audiens, atau dirinya sendiri’, dan menekankan bahawa nada ialah pewarnaan emosi atau makna emosional dalam sesebuah karya sastera. Pandangan ini turut diperkuat oleh Edgar V. Roberts (1983) dalam Writing Themes About Literature, yang menyatakan bahawa nada merujuk pada makna di sebalik cara penyair mengungkapkan sikapnya. Dalam konteks ini, nada bukan sekadar apa-apa yang disampaikan, tetapi penyampaian sesuatu itu melalui pemilihan kata, struktur ayat, gaya bahasa dan teknik puitis yang lain. Dalam mengenal pasti nada sesebuah puisi, pembaca perlu memberi perhatian yang teliti terhadap unsur-unsur seperti diksi, imejan, sintaksis, bahasa kiasan, serta rima yang digunakan oleh penyair. Imejan merujuk pada gambaran atau bayangan pancaindera yang dibina melalui kata-kata, seperti visual, bunyi atau sentuhan. Sintaksis pula merujuk pada susunan ayat dan struktur bahasa. Ayat yang pendek dan padat biasanya mampu menggambarkan ketegangan atau tekanan. Manakala ayat yang panjang dan beralun, melahirkan suasana tenang atau melankolik. Jelas bahawa setiap diksi yang dipilih oleh penyair mempunyai peranan khusus dalam menyampaikan emosi, suasana dan sudut pandangnya kepada khalayak, sekali gus memperkaya makna serta membentuk pengalaman estetika yang mendalam kepada khalayak pembaca. Selain itu, nada dalam puisi juga bertujuan untuk menyampaikan emosi penyair. Melalui nada, khalayak pembaca dapat merasai emosi sebenar penyair sama ada sedih, marah, gembira, romantis, sinis atau pasrah. Di sisi yang lain, nada turut berupaya membentuk persepsi serta cara pembaca melihat dan memahami puisi. Dengan kata lain, penilaian pembaca terhadap sesebuah puisi banyak bergantung pada nada yang terbentuk melalui diksi yang dipilih. Justeru, untuk membina kesepaduan nada dan emosi dalam puisi, ketepatan pemilihan diksi oleh penyair amatlah penting. Hal ini dikatakan sedemikian kerana ketidaksesuaian nada boleh mengheret sesebuah puisi ke lembah kata yang klise, polos dan prosaik. Penyair terkenal Amerika, Robert Frost, pernah menyatakan bahawa, ‘Poetry is when an emotion has found its thought and the thought has found words’. Kata-kata ini menekankan betapa pentingnya pemilihan kata dan nada dalam menyampaikan perasaan yang ikhlas dan mendalam. Nada bukan hanya menyentuh makna kata, tetapi menyentuh jiwa pembaca sehingga menjadikan puisi itu lebih daripada sekadar susunan ayat, malah sebuah pengalaman emosi. Dalam hal ini jelas bahawa nada dalam diksi bukan sekadar soal gaya bahasa, tetapi merupakan elemen penting yang menentukan suasana, emosi dan mesej dalam sesebuah puisi. Penyair yang mahir akan memilih kata-kata yang bukan hanya tepat dari segi maknanya, tetapi juga dari segi suara dan rasa
Education and Training Revolution : A Review on AR, VR, and IoT Integration in Educational Perspective
No full textAugmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and the Internet of Things (IoT) have changed the way learning. AR, VR, and IoT are a few of the most important in training and education. AR and VR give students a variety of interactive experiences that can help them understand and retain complex concepts. These technologies allow students to experiment with real life scenarios, visualize ideas, and do virtual research. IoT combines physical and digital platforms to create a smart learning environment that enables real time data collection, analysis, and feedback. Interdependence not only facilitates adaptive assessments and effective classroom management but also facilitates personalized educational programs. Chapter presents case studies and empirical research that demonstrate the efficacy of AR, VR, and IoT across a broad spectrum of educational levels, including primary, secondary, and professional education, as well as training and professional programs. It also addresses affordability, accessibility, and the need for teacher training to incorporate new technologies into the curriculum. The chapter highlights the potential of AR, VR, and IoT in fostering inclusive, innovative, and dynamic learning environments, while also exploring future prospects through current trends and IoT
Captive breeding practices and insights on four indigenous Betta species of Sarawak
No full textSarawak, located on the island of Borneo, is home to several indigenous Betta species, many of which face threats from habitat degradation. Despite their ecological and ornamental significance, limited information exists on their captive breeding potential. This study investigated the reproductive behavior and larval development of four native Betta species (Betta brownorum, Betta ibanorum, Betta macrostoma, and Betta taeniata) under controlled conditions. A total of 46 wild specimens were collected from four locations across Sarawak and subjected to species-specific breeding trials in aquaria. B. brownorum, a bubble-nester, exhibited nest-building and egg deposition behavior, with hatching observed within 3–4 days. In contrast, the three mouthbrooding species exhibited paternal incubation, which lasted 3–4 weeks. Larval development was monitored over time, showing steady increases in total length and distinct developmental stages were documented. These findings confirm the feasibility of captive breeding in all four species and highlight differences in reproductive strategy and larval growth patterns. The outcomes provide valuable baseline data for conservation planning and the development of ex-situ breeding programs for Sarawak's threatened Betta species
Investigating the impact of environmental noise, humidity and surface treatment on mosque acoustic performance in Makassar, Indonesia
Get PDFMosques serve as significant social venues where acoustic quality is paramount for enhancing speech intelligibility during prayers, sermons, and recitations. In contrast to performing venues, mosque acoustics necessitate a precise balance between reverberation for spiritual ambience and clarity for effective speech. However, in mosque architecture, acoustic considerations tend to be overlooked in the initial phases of architectural development. This study seeks to examine the impact of environmental noise, relative humidity, and surface treatments on the acoustic performance of two mosques in Makassar, Indonesia, namely the Mosque A and the Mosque B. The measurement of background noise levels (BN), reverberation time (RT), speech transmission index (STI), and sound pressure level (SPL) distribution was conducted through field measurement. The influence of different relative humidity levels and several surface treatment designs on essential parameters was conducted through acoustic simulation using ODEON room acoustic software. The findings indicated that both mosques displayed elevated background noise levels, primarily resulting from mechanical ventilation systems and traffic on nearby main roads. In both instances, RT measures are beyond recognised acoustic standards, suggesting acoustic conditions that could jeopardise speech intelligibility and comfort. Simulation analyses indicated that relative humidity profoundly affected RT, especially in the higher frequency ranges,while showing little effect on the STI and SPL distribution. The simultaneous use of wall and ceiling absorptive materials yielded the most substantial enhancements in acoustic performance, highlighting the significance of an integrated materials approachin mosque design
Thin Layer Chromatography - Direct Bioautography and Identification of Compounds from the Semi-purified Fraction of Senna alata (Linn.)
No full textThe availability and affordability of medicinal plants, along with the fact that certain bacteria are resistant to synthetic drugs, have led to increased interest in natural products derived from plants for medical applications. Senna alata (Linn.), commonly known as “gelenggang” and “daun
kurap”, has demonstrated a wide range of antibacterial properties against infections caused by bacterial pathogens. This study aimed to isolate and identify the bioactive compounds present in the leaf, stem, and root of Cassia alata, and to evaluate their antimicrobial activities. Thin Layer
Chromatography-Direct Bioautography (TLC-DB) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
(GC-MS) techniques were utilized for compound separation and identification. In the TLC separation, four, seven, and five spots were observed on the TLC plates for the leaf, stem, and root extracts, respectively. The bacterium Mammaliicoccus sp. exhibited a strong inhibition zone
corresponding to one distinct spot on each TLC-DB plate: leaf (Rf = 0.47), stem (Rf = 0.40), and root (Rf = 0.42). In contrast, Enterococcus sp. showed a weaker inhibition at those same spots. GC-MS analysis of the active spots identified major bioactive compounds, including Phenol, 3,5-
bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-, Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3.beta.)-, carbonochloridate, Neophytadiene, Dodecane, 2,6,11-trimethyl-, 2-Pentadecanone, 6,10,14-trimethyl-, and Decane, 3,7-dimethyl-,.These findings suggest that Senna alata contains bioactive compounds with notable antimicrobial
properties, supporting its potential application in developing alternative treatments for infections caused by Mammaliicoccus sp. and Enterococcus sp. This study highlights the importance of further investigating pla
Threat of zoonotic malaria and strategy to overcome in Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo) bordering Malaysian Borneo
No full textIndonesia aims to eradicate malaria by 2030. Indonesia has the second highest disease burden in the WHO South-East Asia region, after India, accounting for 9% of all malaria cases in 2024. Malaria cases have dropped dramatically due to national strategic plans and programs, and the Indonesian Ministry of Health has certified several districts as malaria-free zones. Malaria cases in Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo), have declined during the last two decades. Nearly all regencies within these provinces have been declared as having low malaria endemic status (API5 per 1000 people). This reduced incidence, however, contrasts sharply with the zoonotic infection caused by the simian parasite Plasmodium knowlesi, which is prevalent in Malaysian Borneo. Only a few cases of P. knowlesi infection have been reported in South and Central Kalimantan Province since 2010. This difference between Kalimantan, Indonesia and Borneo, Malaysia appears contradictory given that both regions have a similar epidemiological risk of zoonotic malaria infection and share the same natural habitat. The references were tracked using various databases, such as Google Scholar, PubMed (MEDLINE) and other sources (Google engine and manual searching using a reference list). This review’s objective was to describe current malaria and zoonotic malaria, mosquito vector prevalence, and the available data from case reports along the Kalimantan border in Indonesia during the malaria elimination phase, compared with malaria distribution in the neighbouring country, Malaysian Borneo
At the Heart of the Home: EXPLORING THE CULTURAL ROLES OF INTERIOR PARTITIONS IN SARAWAK RIVER MALAY HOUSES OF THE BROOKE ERA
No full textThis research introduces the idea of Sarawak Malay interior
partitions as "hidden cultural artifacts" that reflect both
functional, sociocultural and aesthetic values. By focusing on these often-overlooked elements, the study reveals the
intricate role of partitions in daily life and cultural expression, positioning them as vital components of Sarawak’s
architectural identity
Cultivating Digital Pathways : A Systematic Review of e-Commerce Adoption in Asian Agriculture
No full textE-commerce has transformed the agricultural landscape, revolutionizing information exchange and driving adoption rates among farmers. In this study, a systematic literature review (SLR) synthesized insights from 87 studies spanning from 2000 to 2024, uncovering the factors, barriers, and challenges related to e-commerce adoption in Asian agriculture. The influencing factors revealed include technological, economic, social, cultural, policy, and market accessibility. Despite its potential, adoption remains hindered by infrastructure deficits, regulatory complexities, and limited digital literacy. This study contributes to the existing body of knowledge by offering a comprehensive roadmap for advancing agricultural e-commerce research and practice in transforming Asia’s agricultural sector
Pore Characterization and Mechanical Properties of Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces Porous Structures by Fused Deposition Modelling
Get PDFThis paper focuses on the design and characterization of porous structures inspired by Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces (TPMS) in the context of additive manufacturing. Uniform porous structures with porosities of 40% (P40), 50% (P50), and 60% (P60) are designed, along with a gradient porous structure with an average porosity of 50% (ZP50). Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) serves as the fabrication method for these TPMS-based structures. The printing accuracy, mechanical properties and energy absorption characteristics of the TPMS porous structures with different porosity are investigated. A comprehensive evaluation reveals that the actual porosity deviates from the designed values by less than 4%, affirming the reliability of the design approach. Notably, an increase in porosity correlates with an increase in ultimate yield strength, reaching a peak value of 8.644 MPa for P40. Additionally, ZP50 shows a 15.54% higher yield strength than P50 under similar porosity conditions. This advantage persists up to a strain level of 26%, where ZP50 also outperforms P50 in energy absorption characteristics. The findings enrich the understanding of the mechanical behaviour of small-scale curved porous structures created through additive manufacturing. The research offers valuable insights for engineering applications that require optimized porous structures, thereby contributing to advancements in the additive manufacturing field