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L'article grammatical en français
Full text linkOva knjiga za cilj ima pomoći kroatofonim studentima francuskog jezika da prodube znanje uporabe gramatičkog člana u francuskome. Knjiga jednako tako može biti korisna svim kroatofonim studentima koji su postigli srednji stupanj poznavanja francuskog jezika. Prvi dio knjige donosi teorijsku sintezu uporabe gramatičkog člana u francuskome, s posebnim osvrtom na izostanak člana, kao i pitanje određenog, neodređenog i partitivnog člana. Dodatak prvom dijelu nudi vježbe usmjerene na teškoće s kojima se kroatofoni govornici suočavaju pri učenju francuskoga. Rješenja zadataka predstavljaju sredstvo za samoučenje te omogućuju studentima praćenje vlastitog napretka. Pojedini aspekti uporabe člana studentima predstavljaju više teškoća od drugih, što ovisi o materinjem jeziku i ostalim jezicima koje poznaju. Ovaj se priručnik usredotočuje na one točke uporabe člana koje su kroatofonim studentima najteže usvojive. Riječ je o teškoćama s kojima se studenti susreću i nakon dugogodišnjeg učenja jezika, a što je posljedica interferencije između hrvatskog i francuskog. Knjiga je rezultat kontinuiranog praćenja najčešćih i najozbiljnijih pogrešaka koje su uočavane u pismenim zadaćama i usmenim izlaganjima kroatofonih studenata tijekom desetljeća nastave na Odsjeku za romanistiku Filozofskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. Drugi dio knjige nudi niz vježbi koje odgovaraju srednjem i naprednom stupnju znanja francuskog jezika
Application of the Verbotonal Method in Teaching Polish Language
Full text linkU ovom radu govori se o učenju stranog jezika kao sveprisutnije ljudske potrebe te su prikazane neke od metoda poučavanja stranog jezika. Kroz povijest su se metode mijenjale, ali tendencija je da sve više stavljaju naglasak na komunikacijsku kompetenciju. Metoda kojoj je cilj upravo govoreni jezik je SGAV metoda koja se temelji na principima verbotonalnog sistema. Ona primjenjuje u svojoj metodologiji fonetsku korekciju izgovora po verbotonalnoj metodi. U ovom radu prikazana je primjena verbotonalne metode u poučavanju poljskog jezika kroz kratki tečaj poljskog jezika na početnom stupnju učenja. Prvo je napravljena usporedba materinskog jezika, u ovom slučaju hrvatskog jezika i stranog jezika, odnosno poljskog jezika. Osmišljene su lekcije koje se mogu obrađivati i pripreme sata za nastavnika.The aim of this thesis is to present some of the methods of foreign language teaching, due to the fact that foreign language learning is a contemporary necessity. Throughout the history those methods have changed where nowadays significant emphasis is being placed on communicative competence. The method which has as the aim spoken language is SGAV method, which is based on the principles of the Verbotonal system. In its methodology and according to the Verbotonal method, it applies phonetic speech correction. This thesis discusses application of Verbotonal method in Polish elementary language teaching, in
correspondence course. The initial attempt is to investigate the relationship between mother tongue and foreign language, in this case- Croatian and Polish. Presented materials, lessons and teacher lesson plans, can be used in the classroom
The role of distractor strength in visual working memory
Full text linkU posljednjih desetak godina, spoznaje o funkcioniranju vidnog radnog pamćenja (VRP) iz temelja su promijenjene pojavom modela resursa VRP-a. Pretpostavka ove skupine modela jest kako je VRP ograničen skup resursa koji se kontinuirano dijeli između svih podražaja koji se pamte, bez pretpostavke o postojanju limita u broju podražaja na koje se resursi mogu podijeliti. Porastom broja podražaja koji se pamti smanjuje se količina resursa pridana svakom podražaju, a samim time i reprezentacijska snaga svakog podražaja. Ova pretpostavka potvrđena je nalazima kako preciznost dosjećanja kontinuirano pada s porastom broja podražaja koji se pamti. Premda modeli resursa imaju jasne pretpostavke o ulozi količine resursa kojom je neki podražaj kodiran u preciznosti dosjećanja, otpornost snažnijih reprezentacija na perceptivne distraktore gotovo je neistraženo pitanje. Intuitivno, mogućnost zadržavanja zapamćenih informacija uslijed distraktora ovisi o snazi reprezentacija tih informacija, pri čemu će snažnije reprezentacije u manjoj mjeri biti narušene distraktorima. Druga važna odrednica otpornosti reprezentacija VRP-a na perceptivne distraktore je snaga samih distraktora. U ovom istraživanju željeli smo sustavno ispitati ulogu ova dva čimbenika - snage distraktora i snage reprezentacija u VRP-u - na preciznost dosjećanja u zadatku kontinuirane procjene u VRP-u. U eksperimentu 1 snaga reprezentacije manipulirana je variranjem broja podražaja koji se pamtio i dostupnim vremenom kodiranja. U eksperimentu 2a nakon kodiranja podražaja jednom je podražaju dan prioritet za dosjećanje. U eksperimentu 2b tijekom faze zadržavanja pažnja je privremeno usmjerena na jedan od zapamćenih podražaja s ciljem osvježavanja njegove reprezentacije. U posljednjem, eksperimentu 3, distraktori su prikazivani tijekom različitih faza obrade podražaja (kodiranja, zadržavanja, dosjećanja) uz pretpostavku kako je snaga reprezentacije najslabija prije no što kodiranje završi. Snaga perceptivnih distraktora u svim eksperimentima manipulirana je kao vrijeme prikaza distraktora i to na tri razine (bez distraktora, slabi distraktor, snažni distraktor). Rezultati su pokazali kako snaga reprezentacije ima važnu ulogu u zaštiti reprezentacije od distraktora. Dosjećanje podražaja kojima je pridano više resursa uslijed pamćenja manjeg broja podražaja i dužeg vremena kodiranja (eksperiment 1), koji su označeni kao prioritetni za dosjećanje (eksperiment 2a), koji su osvježeni tijekom faze zadržavanja (eksperiment 2b), te kojima faza kodiranja nije ometena (eksperiment 3), bilo je preciznije i uslijed prikaza distraktora. Uloga snage distraktora je potvrđena, no bila je kompleksna i ovisila je o na cinu na koji su reprezentacije osvježene. Model mješovitih distribucija koji pretpostavlja kako se dosjećanje može opisati točnim dosjećanjima, pogreškama zamjene, intruzijama i pogađanjem, dobro je pristajao podacima. Najkonzistentnije promjene uočene su u vjerojatnosti točnog dosjećanja. Važno, intruzije su se pokazale sastavnom vrstom pogrešaka u svim eksperimentima.Introduction
Our environment is overloaded with visual information, with only a fraction of them necessary
for an ongoing task. What determines the success of performing everyday tasks in such an
environment? Visual working memory (VWM) is considered a vital component of most complex behaviours, but previous studies provided evidence of its susceptibility to irrelevant visual
information, i.e. distractors. When is VWM impervious to distractors? VWM is best described as a highly limited resource that is flexibly shared among items in a visual scene. As the
number of items increases, the amount of resources allocated to each item decreases, leading to
a decline in strength (i.e. quality) of memory representations, and consequently to less precise
recall of each item. This finding is consistent with a resource model of VWM and has been
highlighted as a hallmark observation in VWM studies. An alternative view is provided by the
influential "slot" model of VWM which claims that VWM is limited with a fixed maximum
number of items that can be held in memory at one time. Moreover, according to this model, an
item is either represented in its entirety in a memory slot or not stored at all. Strength of memory representation is therefore almost completely neglected in this type of model. However,
investigation of the role of representation strength, besides the well known set size effect, has
been limited even in studies motivated by the resource model. It is an intuitive prediction that
memorandum strength should influence task performance. For example, our ability to maintain
relevant information in the presence of distracting visual input should depend on the strength of
memoranda, with stronger representations suffering less from irrelevant visual input. Here we
thoroughly investigated the roles of strength of representations in VWM and distractor strength.
Method
To this end, we conducted four experiments (N = 64) in which we systematically manipulated
the strength of VWM representations and the strength of distractors. We employed a delayedestimation task with continuous report, wherein subjects memorized colour stimuli. We manipulated strength of representation by: manipulating set size and encoding time (experiment
1), prioritizing one item for recall (experiment 2a), refreshing a representation of a single item
during maintenance (experiment 2b), or interrupting memory phases before and after a stable
representation was formed (experiment 3). After showing a memory array but before recalling
one of the memorized items, irrelevant visual stimuli were shown. Simultaneously with memoranda strength, we manipulated distractor strength (no distractors, weak distractors, strong distractors).
Results
In all experiments we consistently found evidence that strength of memoranda serves a protective role against visual distractors. Regardless of the method used to manipulate memoranda strength, recall of stronger memoranda was less vulnerable to distractors. On the other hand, the effect of distractor strength showed a complex pattern which differed between experiments and depended on the manipulation of VWM representation strength. Next, we fit the data with a
mixture model which assumes that the recall error distribution is a mixture of target recall, swap
errors, intrusions, and guesses. This model captured the data well and showed better fit than the
alternative normal + uniform model. When analyzing parameters of this model the most consistent manipulation dependent changes were observed on the target recall parameter. Intrusions were observed in all experiments. Interestingly, they depended more on VWM representation strength than on distractor strength.
Conclusion
This study revealed that strength of memoranda in VWM serves a protective role against visual
distractors, making any addition of mechanisms of memoranda protection or distractor inhibition unnecessary. However, we showed that distractors, regardless of their strength, are able to penetrate VWM and lead to a decrease in recall precision. These findings are consistent with a resource conceptualisation of VWM where representational strength (i.e. the amount of allocated resources) plays a crucial role in ability to perform a task
Discursive construction of identity in narratives of migrant experience
Full text linkU ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji opisana je diskursna konstrukcija identiteta u narativima o
osobnom iskustvu migracije. Istraživanje se temelji na kvalitativnoj analizi intervjua
prikupljenih metodom polustrukturiranog sociolingvističkog intervjua s 10 ispitanica koje su
tijekom 2010-ih iselile iz Hrvatske. Teorijsko-metodološki okvir istraživanja temelji se na
narativnoj analizi, proizašloj iz interakcijskih sociolingvističkih pristupa i (kritičke) analize
diskursa te na poststrukturalističkom poimanju identiteta kao dinamičnog procesa koji na
različitim razinama jezične analize i složenosti izranja tijekom jezične interakcije.
Transkribirana građa analizirana je na dvjema razinama: najprije su u s obzirom na formalnofunkcionalne karakteristike izdvojeni, opisani i kategorizirani narativi kao analitičke jedinice,
a potom su u njima identificirana i opisana jezična sredstva kojima se na diskursnoj razini
ostvaruju strategije pozicioniranja. Pritom se diskursne strategije pozicioniranja promatraju s
obzirom na raslojenost narativnog konteksta na svijet narativa, koji obuhvaća sudionike,
mjesto, vrijeme i ostale okolnosti događaja o kojem je u narativu riječ; svijet naracije, koji se
odnosi na interakcijske okolnosti narativne produkcije; te svijet migracije, odnosno širi
društveni kontekst u koji je uronjeno tematizirano iskustvo i njegova naracija. Formalnofunkcionalna analiza pokazala je da se narativ kao diskursni žanr ne može pozitivistički i
konačno definirati, ali da se u korpusu mogu prepoznati tri tipa narativa: referencijski,
evaluacijski i hipotetički. Analiza diskursnih strategija pozicioniranja na trima razinama
narativnog konteksta pokazala je da je diskursna konstrukcija identiteta dinamičan i
kontekstualno uvjetovan proces te da se upotrebom jezičnih sredstava poput zamjeničkog
prebacivanja i konstruiranog dijaloga ostvaruju i međusobno izmjenjuju različite identitetske
pozicije u istom narativu. Na razini svijeta naracije dominiraju diskursne strategije
generalizacije, kolektivizacije, individualizaije i (de)agentivizacije, dok se na razini naracije
najistaknutijom pokazala strategija uključivanja sugovornice s ciljem dobivanja empatične
povratne informacije, odnosno distanciranja od eksplicitne evaluacije. Konačno, analiza
pozicioniranja u svijetu migracije izlučila je najučestalije teme prisutne u korpusu
(makroteme), čijom rekontekstualizacijom ispitanice ilustriraju širi društveni kontekst
migracije i konstruiraju svoj identitet kao migrantice.Introduction
This doctoral dissertation presents a qualitative study of linguistic devices employed in
discursive construction of identity in narratives of personal experiences told by ten young,
highly educated females who emigrated from Croatia in the 2010s. The study is in line with
existing copious research in discourse analysis and sociolinguistics that focuses on narrative
discourse and narrative interaction as quintessential acts of identity construction and
expression. The aim of the research is twofold. Firstly, it aims to describe the complexity of
the genre of narrative of personal experience from a linguistic point of view. Secondly, it seeks
to understand how various aspects of individuals’ identities are contested, constructed, and
performed in narrative discourse throughout the experience of migration, more specifically,
within the context of the intensified emigration from Croatia in the 2010s.
Methodology
In order to investigate how migrants construct identities in narratives of personal experiences,
semi-structured sociolinguistic interviews were conducted with young, highly educated
females who have emigrated from Croatia during the 2010s. Since this implied finding
geographically distant participants who are willing to openly talk about their experiences, a
practical solution was to contact friends and acquaintances of the researcher that fit the criteria.
Due to geographical distance between the researcher and research participants, eight interviews
were conducted and recorded via Skype, while two interviews were conducted in person.
Research participants’ names, as well as names of other people, specific locations,
organizations, and other personal information were changed in order to protect individuals’
privacy.
The semi-structured sociolinguistic interview was chosen since it is a convenient
method for collecting data for qualitative analysis because it does not strictly rely on a rigid
question-answer format, but rather consists of open questions that can be omitted, or new
questions can be asked, depending on how the interview develops. Adopting this interview
format meant creating a more spontaneous interactional situation where research participants
were able to reproduce narratives about their migration experiences, organize events in a
temporally and spatially cohesive manner, and evaluate event participants and circumstances
by attributing them with certain characteristics. Moreover, as De Fina (2003) and Relaño Pastor
(2014) demonstrate, sharing narratives about important personal experiences empowers
individual migrant voices, which are generally marginalized and reduced to the private sphere,
and this was an especially important aspect of this research. Thus, the format of a semistructured interview helped to reduce the effects of asymmetrical power relations that are
present in more traditional interview contexts (Kress & Fowler 1979, Bourdieu 1999), as well
as to shape a solidary and empowering atmosphere where participants’ accounts were given
relevance and legitimacy (Mishler 1986, Relaño Pastor 2014). Finally, following the interactive
nature of narrative discourse emphasized by poststructuralist approaches, collected interviews
were considered as interactive discursive practices in which both the interviewer (i.e. theresearcher) and the interviewee jointly co-construct narrative discourse, which is why the
presence and the role of the researcher was not omitted, but was included in the transcripts and the analysis. This was also a good place to reflect on the delicate role of the researcher in the
process of data collection, i.e. its co-construction and consequent interpretation.
Analysis
Once the interviews were conducted, the material was transcribed relying on well-established
transcription conventions in narrative analysis (e.g. De Fina & Georgakopoulou 2015). The
first step of the analysis was to divide the entirety of the transcribed material into narratives,
i.e. to define the main unit of analysis as closely as possible. Labov’s canonical approach to
narrative analysis relied on syntactic features, i.e. fixed structure and order of clauses, which
implies that a lot of spoken discourse appearing in a research interview would not satisfy the
formal criteria of narrative, and would therefore have to be thrown out of the analysis.
Moreover, due to the nature of spoken language, isolating narratives from the surrounding
discourse in a clear-cut manner is hardly possible since they are often embedded, overlapped,
unfinished, or lack a formally concise structure. Thus, in order to consider the interactive nature
and multi-layered context of the discursive genre, the structuralist approach and canonical
narrative structure described by Labov served only as a basis onto which more functional
criteria were added, such as interactional nature of spoken discourse, thematic homogeneity
and contextual features (cf. Ochs and Capps 2001).
The second level of analysis involved looking into linguistic devices used to position
the speaker and other social actors on different levels of narrative context, which results in
discursive strategies of positioning (Bamberg 1997). The notion of discursive strategy adopted
in this research implies “a more or less intentional plan or practice adopted to achieve a
particular social, political, psychological, or linguistic goal”, which can be “located at different
levels of linguistic organization and complexity” (Wodak and Meyer 2016: 33). More
specifically, discursive strategies of positioning are results that consistent usage of certain
linguistic devices across different levels of narrative context has in terms of how positions of
social actors are represented in narrative discourse. Given that narratives elicited from these
research interviews are seen as a discursive genre produced in a specific interactive context
between two participants who know each other and share the experience of migration, but also
have certain expectations from this particular interaction, the following three levels of narrative
context were taken into account:
- the story world, which includes (the order of) recounted events, participants (characters)
and the setting; - the storytelling world, which refers to the interactional aspects of narration and the fact
that narratives are jointly co-created actively by both interlocutors; the researcher and the
narrator;
- the world of migration, which refers to the broader social context, discursive practices,
ideologies, power relations, and other aspects of the migration trend in question. The first two
levels of narrative context are mutually intertwined and further embedded in the third. Analysis
of positioning was conducted for each level of narrative context and presented in separate
chapters. However, it was often impossible to separate them, given the deep interconnectedness
of the layers of narrative context.
Results
As a result of the first level of analysis, the corpus was divided into 493 narratives, organized
around three central narrative types, which were called referential, evaluative, and
hypothetical. Narratives that recount a specific event from the past, involving a mainly coherent
temporal sequence of events, i.e. at least one temporal juncture that for most of the time follows
the sequence of events in real life, were called referential narratives. Prototypical referential
narratives are highly tellable stories that function as individual episodes that can be easily
detached from the surrounding discourse without disrupting the rest of the text, thus resembling
the canonical Labovian model the most. They usually recount a dynamic event and involve
agentive participants. Referential narratives made up 38.3% of the corpus. Narratives that do
not recount a specific event from the past, but rather describe, evaluate or comment on certain
situations, states, facts, problems or actions taken by social actors were categorized as
evaluative narratives. Because of their emphasized evaluative function, these narratives often
follow referential narratives as a way to reflect on, explain, or justify actions taken by certain
social actors, but they also appear as individual narrative sequences. These types of narratives
appeared most frequently and comprised 55.4% of the corpus. The third and the least frequent
type of narratives in the corpus were hypothetical narratives. They talk about plans and
potential events that have not yet taken place, but might in the future. These narratives
constituted 6.3% of the corpus. It must be noted that this division is not rigorous, meaning that
some narratives are more prototypical, some have only a few distinctive features of the group,
whereas some have features of more than one group. Finally, narratives of personal experience
of migration elicited in spoken discourse were defined as more or less completed thematic
episodes of spoken discourse in which experiences, states, situations, or plans for the future
that play an important role in the overall biographies of migrants are described, evaluated and reflected on. The central intention of narratives (to recount past experiences, evaluate
situations, or speculate about the future) is closely related to the positions that narrators create
for themselves and other social actors in the process of narration, and can be expressed by using
different linguistic sources, depending on the interactive context, surrounding discourse, and
the dynamics of the narrative progression.
On the second level of analysis, a close reading of the narratives in the corpus revealed
pronominal shift and constructed dialogue as the most salient linguistic devices, used
consistently by all research participants, resulting in discursive strategies of generalization,
collectivization, (de)agentivization, and involvement. Pronominal shift was found to be the
most transparent linguistic device that narrators use dynamically in the course of temporal and
thematic progression of the same narrative in order to construct various and often opposing
positions for themselves and other social actors. The most common pronominal alternation in
the corpus was the switch from individual I- to generic you-perspective. For example, by using
generic you to talk about negative and unpleasant experiences in the story world, narrators
positioned themselves as distant from event participation, but also as evaluators of events and
problematic situations they encountered as immigrants who had to replace their familiar social,
cultural, and linguistic environments with new, unfamiliar contexts. In the storytelling world,
the shift from I to you had a more referential usage, resulting in the strategy of interlocutor
involvement, by which narrators positioned themselves as close to the researcher, seeking
approval and understanding of events in the story world. Furthermore, by using pronominal
shift and other linguistic devices (such as specific discursive markers that indicate
involvement) narrators emphasised or mitigated their evaluations by including the
researcher/interviewer, which resulted in jointly constructed moral stances.
Constructed dialogue (Tannen 2007) was found to be a powerful linguistic device that
results in constructing agentive or agentless social actors in the story world. Narrators often
used constructed dialogue to recontextualize someone else’s words in order to emphasize or
mitigate their social responsibility and explicit evaluation of actions or stances by certain social
actors. For example, instead of openly stating their moral stance, narrators often channeled
them through dialogues in which they and other actors participate as characters in the story
world. Simply put, by constructing characters that speak, narrators were able to express their
own opinions about them and their actions without being explicitly critical or responsible. A
consistent feature of the corpus is that the actors that are constructed as agentive, i.e. characters
who were given voice in the story world, are usually in some positions of power, such as
administrative workers, bosses, managers, or “authentic” locals, i.e. non-migrant that have symbolic power and/or access to language capital. On the other hand, in the majority of
dialogues that were recontextualized in these narratives, the narrators either speak very little or
do not speak at all. By constructing social agents in position of power (be it only symbolic),
and constructing themselves as agentless, narrators illustrated the way they see their position
in a social context of their migration destination.
The way narrators linguistically constructed social actors in the story world can be
directly related to the third level of narrative context, i.e. the world of migration, since it
illustrates the power relations and discursive practices in which experiences of immigrants are
embedded. The analysis of positioning in the world of migration illustrated that by
recontextualizing master narratives (Bamberg & Andrews 2004) about migration and by
drawing on certain macro-topics (Wagner & Wodak 2006) respondents revealed broader issues
of the migration experience that affect their identity performance. Some of these master
narratives and macro-topics included: identifying oneself as a migrant/foreigner, anticipated
unemployment as main motivation for migration, language identity and migrants’ access to
language capital, migration policies of certain countries, and ideologies and power relations
they are based on. By looking into how respondents position themselves with regard to those
macro-topics and master narratives, the analysis illustrated the most salient discursive practices
and power relations that result in one’s identity as a migrant. Conclusion
It must be mentioned here that this research and the methodology it adopts did not aim to reach
any essentialist or positivist claims about the linguistic phenomena observed, but rather to
illustrate certain tendencies that are present in spoken narrative discourse, which is in line with
poststructuralist approaches to describing language in its relation to identity and society.
By drawing empirically on a relatively large corpus of spoken narrative discourse, this
study demonstrated the dynamic process of identity construction embedded in the experience
of migration. From a linguistic point of view, it illustrated the interconnectedness of language,
migration, and identity, and the necessity of enriching traditional approaches to linguistic
analysis with new, discourse- and identity-oriented criteria. By relying on notions of multilayered narrative context and discursive strategies of positioning, this study offers an applicable
model for doing socially engaged narrative and discourse analysis. From the point of view of
migration, the study revealed various social aspects of the migration experience, which are
often overlooked by formal and quantitative approaches. More specifically, it illustrated what
motivates young, highly educated females to emigrate from Croatia, what some of the struggles they encounter on the way are, and which aspects of identity are important for them in their
new social, cultural, and linguistic environments. For research participants, sharing narratives
about important personal experiences was an opportunity to empower their individual voices
and give their experiences legitimacy. Finally, findings emerging from this study can have a
significant impact in facing the challenges of the migration trend in question and shaping
further migration policies and discourses about it.
Further research in the field can benefit from the proposed methodology, which can be
applied in analyses of other types of narrative and non-narrative, spoken or written discourse,
in order to investigate which features of narratives of personal experience of migration
recognized in this study can be found in other discursive genres
Carnival Customs of the Srijem Region in Vojvodina
Full text linkAutor u ovom radu piše o pokladnim običajima na području Srijema, u urbanim lokalitetima Petrovaradin, Srijemska Mitrovica i Ruma te u ruralnim naseljima Golubinci i Nikinci. Na temelju provedenog istraživanja, autor uspoređuje elemente običaja u spomenutim lokalitetima u pokladno vrijeme. Elementi koje proučava su: organizacija poklada, maskiranje i izrada maski, hrana, piće, maskirani ophodi i pjesme koje obilježavaju pokladno vrijeme u Srijemu. Na temelju iskaza kazivača i raspoloživih izvora i literature prikazuje pokladne proslave i ukazuje na važnost pokladnih običaja za srijemske Hrvate.In this paper, the author writes about the carnival customs in the region of Srijem, in the urban localities of Petrovaradin, Srijemska Mitrovica and Ruma, as well as the rural settlements of Golubinci and Nikinci. Based on the research that was conducted, the author compares elements of the carnival-time customs in the aforementioned localities. The elements he studies are: carnival organization, masquerade and mask-making, food, drink, ritual masked processions and songs that are characteristic of carnival time in the Srijem Region. Based on the information gathered from informants, accessible sources and literature, the paper describes carnival festivities and demonstrates the importance of carnival customs to the Srijem Croats
Furneral customs of Croats in Srijem
Full text linkU ovom radu autorica prikazuje posmrtne običaje Hrvata u Petrovaradinu, Sotu, Golubincima, Srijemskoj Mitrovici, Hrtkovcima i Rumi. Svrha istraživanja bila je utvrditi na koji se način posmrtni običaji i obredi, kao tradicijski oblici simboličkog ponašanja, manifestiraju unutar istraživane kulture, koje sve dimenzije obuhvaćaju i u kojoj mjeri se i dalje prakticiraju. Rad je podijeljen na sljedeće tematske cjeline: pripreme za smrt (priprema odjeće i pribora za ukop, bolesničko pomazanje i praštanje), predznaci smrti, običaji nakon smrti (postupci u trenutku smrti, oglašavanje i objavljivanje smrti, uređivanje i odijevanje pokojnika, izrada lijesova, prilozi u lijes, bdijenje, opraštanje od pokojnika), sprovod (pogrebna povorka, obredi uz pokop, grobni prilozi, grobovi marginalnih skupina, nadgrobni spomenici), običaji nakon sprovoda (daća, misa za pokojnika i posjećivanje groba nakon sprovoda, žalovanje, Svisveti) i vjerovanja vezana uz dušu pokojnika.In this paper, the author describes funeral customs of Croats in Petrovaradin, Sot, Golubinci, Srijemska Mitrovica, Hrtkovci and Ruma. The purpose of research is to determine the ways in which funeral customs and rituals, as traditional forms of symbolic behavior, manifest themselves within the explored culture, what dimensions they encompass and to what extent they continue to be practiced. The text is divided into the following thematic units: preparation for death (preparation of clothes and accessories for burial, anointing of the sick and forgiveness), omens of death, customs after death (actions at the time of death, the announcement and notification of death, dressing the deceased and getting the deceased ready for the funeral, coffin-making, grave goods placed inside coffins, vigil, final farewell), funeral (funeral procession, burial customs, grave goods, graves of marginal social groups, tombstones), customs after the funeral (Daća, Mass for the deceased, visiting the grave after the funeral, mourning, All Saints' Day) and beliefs related to the deceased's soul
Analyzing ‘Interactive Narrative’ in Mobile Interactive Story Games
Full text linkThe aim of this thesis is to analyze interaction patterns in four mobile interactive story games. Seeing as the mobile gaming industry is currently at its highest point, it is not surprising to find that mobile gaming has become a rather popular form of entertainment. The games which are analyzed in this paper are Episode: Choose Your Story by Episode Interactive, Choices: Stories You Play by Pixelberry Studios, Chapters: Interactive Stories by CrazyMaple Studio, and My Story: Choose Your Own Path by Nanobit. The data was collected between April and July in 2019, and the main focus of the research was to thoroughly explore the first chapters of the stories which are immediately available to new players upon installing the games, and consequentially explain the elements and the structure of interactive narrative in these apps.
All data was analyzed, and a representative amount of textual and visual samples is provided in the paper. Narrative devices typically found in this genre are mentioned, defined, and followed by examples. Interactive game elements are described in detail. Furthermore, the economic aspect and the viability of the freemium model are also discussed
Problematika otuđenja u radovima Rousseaua i Marxa
Full text linkOvaj rad će pokušati objasniti koncept otuđenja u radovima J.J. Rousseaua kao i u radovima K. Marxa, s naglaskom na antropološku motivaciju oba filozofa. Otuđenje kao koncept se ne može opisati u potpunosti , ali je prisutno u polju filozofije još od vremena J.J. Rousseaua. Prvenstveno, otuđenje se pojavljuje u političkom smislu, otuđenjem čovjekovih prirodnih prava stvaranjem društva. No, otuđenje se ne svodi samo na političku sferu, ono se pojavljuje i u ekonomskom kao i društvenom smislu. Čovjek se više ne promatra kakav jest po sebi, već kako on izgleda drugima u društvu. Ekonomsko otuđenje kao teorija pojavljuje se u radovima K. Marxa u formi otuđenog rada. Čovjek se otuđuje kroz rad, od predmeta proizvodnje, samog rada, zatim sebe i drugih ljudi. Kao posljedica ekonomskog otuđenja kroz rad, čovjek postaje poput robe kapitalističkom društvu.This paper will try to explain the concept of alienation in the works of J.J. Rousseau as well as the works of K. Marx, with emphasis on the anthropological motivation of the two philosophers. Alienation or estrangement as a concept can not be fully explained in specific terms, yet it has been present in the field of philosophy since the time of J.J. Rousseau. First and foremost, it has been present in a political sense, through the estrangement of man's natural rights through the creation of society. But it can not be reduced to its political meaning. Alienation also appears in an economic and social sense. Man no longer views himself as he is, but as well as how he appears to others in society. Economic alienation is a theory present in the works of K. Marx, in the form of alienated labour. Man alienates himself through labour, from the product of his work, from the act of production. from himself and from others. As a consequence of economic alienation, man himself becomes a commodity in a capitalist society
Übersetzung aus dem Kroatischen ins Deutsche; Übersetzung aus dem Deutschen ins Kroatische
Full text linkPresent Perfect u udžbenicima za engleski jezik: kontrastivna analiza engleskih i hrvatskih udžbenika
Full text linkUnderstanding the category of present perfect can be quite difficult for the Croatian EFL students due to its very complex nature. Therefore, the role of textbooks is to enable students to get a better insight into the layers of meaning of present perfect. However, it seems that many textbooks fail at this task as the authors themselves disagree about different interpretations of present perfect. Of course, this disagreement is not that much surprising as its origins can be found in the differences between the traditional grammars and those more contemporary ones. Hence, establishing a unique and a more simplified meaning that would cover all the similarities and differences within the category is considered to be quite challenging.
Following the analysis of present perfect as provided by Žic Fuchs (2009) in her book Kognitivna lingvistika i jezične strukture: engleski present perfect, the main goal of this paper is to investigate the ways in which present perfect has been represented in 36 English and Croatian textbooks, and furthermore, to analyze them according to the author’s definition of present perfect as a complex network of four conventionalized meanings.
The first part of the paper is dedicated to the theoretical explanations of present perfect. The following chapters will demonstrate how tense and aspect have been defined and their role in the understanding of present perfect.
The second part of the paper involves a research study. The main goal is to analyze the textbooks and to determine the advantages and disadvantages of the representations of present perfect by contrasting them with the author’s theory.
The research study will be followed by a conclusion in which all the results of the analysis will be presented