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Physical and ecstatic love in Croatian medieval passion plays on the example of the character of Virgin Mary
Get PDFMože li i, ako da, kako, postojati samoodrična i samopožrtvovna ljubav prema drugome
koja pojedinca istodobno ispunjava i usavršava? Tako je francuski isusovac Pierre Rousselot
sročio "problem ljubavi u srednjem vijeku" u svojoj istoimenoj studiji iz 1908. On je marljivo
proučavajući oglede srednjovjekovnih crkvenih mislioca o ljubavi razradio dva oprečna koncepta
ljubavi, koje je nazvao fizičkim i ekstatičkim. Ova prva, fizička ili grko-tomistička ljubav, čiji su
zagovornici bili, između ostalih, Aristotel, sv. Augustin i Toma Akvinski, temelji se na sklonosti
prirodnih bića da traže vlastitu dobrobit i pronalaze je u ljubavi prema drugima i prema Bogu, te
uz to podrazumijeva sklad i jedinstvo ljubitelja i ljubljenoga. Nasuprot tome, ekstatička ili
bezinteresna ljubav odlikuje se dvojnošću ljubitelja i ljubljenog, nasilnošću ljubavi,
iracionalnošću i samovoljnošću. Promišljanja o njoj mogu se primjerice naći u spisima Grgura
Velikoga, Aelreda iz Rievaulxa i Abelarda.
U svojoj sam disertaciji analizirao hrvatska srednjovjekovna pasionska prikazanja (15-ak
djela s ukupno oko 15 000 stihova) u kontekstu spomenutih koncepata ljubavi i time potvrdio
svoju polaznu hipotezu koja je predmnijevala da se u navedenim djelima nalaze odjeci fizičkog i
ekstatičkog koncepta ljubavi. Ciljevi su mi bili pronaći i dokazati njihovo postojanje u
pasionskim prikazanjima te ih na osnovi tih koncepata podvrgnuti tematsko-motivskoj analizi,
osobito lik Djevice Marije. Pritom sam ustanovio kako lik Isusa Krista u dotičnim djelima
iskazuje sve bitne odlike koncepta fizičke ljubavi, dočim bolom shrvani Bogorodičin lik
ispoljava kvintesencijalne značajke ekstatičkoga koncepta ljubavi. Štoviše, artikulirani iskazi
spomenutih koncepata protežu se kroz gotovo sva djela hrvatskog pasionskog žanra i prožimaju
ih prelazeći ujedno i na druge likove, poput Ivana i Marije Magdalene. Njihov sukob ne samo da
pridonosi razvoju dramatske napetosti, već kroz izmjenične replike glavnih protagonista tvori
njeno ishodište. Bez toga saznanja hrvatska se srednjovjekovna pasionska prikazanja ne bi moglo
pojmiti u njihovoj čuvstvenoj, duhovnoj i spoznajnoj sveobuhvatnosti.In the first chapter after the "Introduction", titled "Researching Emotions in a
Historical Context", I initially address the definition and etymology of the concept of emotion,
as well as the various paradigms for the mental-emotional dynamics which have shifted with the
passage of time. Afterwards I delve deeper into the distinction between feelings and emotions,
the arguable connection between language and emotions, methodological tools and scientific
terms, the question of appropriate sources, and ultimately the advantages and disadvantages of
word lists. I subsequently outline some doubts and prejudices about emotions, whereby I point
out a controversy as to whether emotions are timeless (a stand taken by universalists) or they
undergo changes throughout history (viewpoint of social constructivists). Namely, during the
course of over a hundred years, the study of emotions in a wide range of disciplines has been
significantly determined by the continuous discussion which had emerged between the
supporters of socially constructed, culturally contingent, relativistic and historical conceptions of
emotions on one side, and the essentialist, culturally universal and transhistorical conceptions on
the other. In that sense, the entire (hi)story of the history of emotions could be written in terms of
nature vs. nurture dichotomy. Having described the main features of the emotional turn, I
proceed with tracing the historical development of the study of emotions from theology to
neuroscience. I conclude the chapter by reaffirming the claim made by Susan Matt and Peter
Stearns who stated that emotions not only have their own history but have in turn shaped history.
I commence the following chapter, under the title "Emotions and Religion – Medieval
Notions of Love", by describing the general connection between emotions and religion, then out
of all religions I focus on Christianity, and thereby among all "Christian" emotions, I expound
upon the concept of love in Middle Ages, starting with the Bible, then patristics, scholastics,
mysticism (also including female mysticism) onwards to romantic love. I thereafter move on to
the modern age and place special emphasis on the most prominent theoreticians of love, such as
Anders Nygren and C. S. Lewis (seraphic love), in order to eventually turn to the French Jesuit
Pierre Rousselot and elaborate the main features of his concepts of physical and ecstatic love,
described in his ground-breaking study from 1908 titled "The Problem of Love in the Middle
Ages: A Historical Contribution", as well as their staunchest advocates. The concept of physical or Greco-Thomist love, whose proponents were, among others, Aristotle, Augustine and Thomas
Aquinas, does not signify the corporeality but naturalness of such love. It is based on the
propensity of natural beings to seek their own well-being and find it in love of others and of God,
also implying harmony and unity of the lover and the beloved. In contrast, ecstatic or
disinterested love is characterized by the duality of the lover and the beloved, the violence of
love, its irrationality, and self-sufficiency. Reflections on it can be found, for example, in the
writings of Gregory the Great, Aelred of Rievaulx and Abelard. Summing up, by placing
Rousselot within the framework of philosophical and theological theorising on love, I clearly
show how my research fits with the existing trends of approaching medieval sources so as to
decode traces and expressions pertaining to emotions.
After that, I set off with the scientific study of the importance of Jesus Christ and the
Virgin Mary through a prism of emotions most commonly associated with them, hence the
chapter's is title: "Christ's Passio and Mary's Compassio". In view of passio, I pay attention to
the theological and art-historical accounts of Christ's torment, death and resurrection, and to the
theodicean questions and answers. I describe in detail the Eucharistic celebration and the Easter
mystery of transubstantiation, expanding upon the symbolism of blood and bread. In addition, I
follow the development of the representation of the cross in art, especially liturgical, as the most
eminent symbol of passion, giving importance to the shift in Christ's appearance in the 13th
century, when his humanity was brought to the fore. At that time the typical Romanesque
representation of the Son of God as a priest, the celebrant of death, the so-called Christus victor
style, had been redirected to a more naturalistic depiction of the suffering Christ, who was from
then on shown dead on the cross, known as the Christus patiens style, resembling Isaiah's "Man
of Sorrows". The entire crucifix symbolizes the Franciscan meditation on the passion, rendering
Christ's passio present in current time and place with the aim to move the viewer to compassio,
that is – affective gratitude for all that Christ had undertook on our behalf, and to the spiritual
sharing of the passio together with Mary. This represents a great step in "humanising" art and
devotion. The first part of this chapter ends by contemplation upon salvation and second coming.
When it comes to compassio, in the process of exploring the connection between Marian
devotion and the development of the emotion of compassion in the Middle Ages, I mention, inter
alia, that the Church Fathers under the influence of ancient philosophy believed that the Virgin under the cross stoically withstood the suffering of her firstborn, while the full flourishing of
Marian compassion was only reached in the 12th and 13th centuries with Anselm of Canterbury,
Bernard of Clairvaux and Francis of Assisi. I investigate liturgical practices of Marian worship,
such as Our Lady of Sorrow, also closely examining prayers, meditations and other passion
narratives. It is interesting to note that Peter Dronke established that Marian laments (planctus
Mariae) drew upon traditional pre-Christian women's mourning, which by inconsolable grief
represents resistance to male social authority and Christian eschatology. I also linked the growth
of Marian devotion to the inception and rise of courtly love. Concerning passion narratives, such
as Ogier's "Quis dabit", I refer to Thomas Bestul who has convincingly demonstrated that Mary's
weeping at the foot of the cross had the potential to break the traditional gender roles and the
prevailing discourse of misogyny. When her character not only wants to perish with Christ but
moreover struggles to acquire her son's body after his demise, her behaviour suggests that female
emotionality may be a paradoxical source of power and thus may have had an emancipatory
effect on the female audience, while at the same time deeply disturbing the male audience by
disrupting the hierarchy of patriarchal family relationships. Such an interpretation is
complemented by Sarah McNamer who, through the study of medieval affective meditations,
had shown that compassion is not only an emotion but also a potential foundation of an ethical
system. The Virgin represents maternal care as a model of compassion which contains a set of
ethical demands (as opposed to loyalty to God, the Father): that she has a duty to preserve her
son's life, that the crucifiers have a duty to spare his life, and that finally he has a duty to live.
My "Analysis of Croatian Medieval Passion Poetry and Plays in the Context of
Physical and Ecstatic Love" comes next, where after a brief introduction into this genre I
subject the respective literary works to a thorough thematic-motivic analysis. It encompasses all
four developmental stages of Croatian medieval passion plays: lyrical-narrative poems (with the
addition of prominent Easter poems, such as Raduj se, vsaki verni – Rejoice, Every Faithful):1
Pisan ot muki Hrstovi – The Poem of Christ's Torment, Cantilena pro sabatho (Jegda čusmo
željne glasi) – Chant for Holy Saturday (Whence We Harkened Sorrowful Voices) and Ja,
Marija, glasom zovu (I Mary, Call Forth); dialogical laments: Prigovaranje blažene Dive Marije
i Križa Isusova – The Reproach of the Blessed Virgin Mary to Jesus's Cross, Splitski ulomak – Split Fragment, along with Picićeva pjesmarica – Picić Chant Book and Rukopis Vrbničkog
plača – Manuscript of the Vrbnik Lament; dramatised laments: Zbornik duhovnoga štiva –
Spiritual Reading Miscellany, Klimantovićev zbornik I. and II. – Klimantović Miscellany I and
II, Osorsko-hvarska pjesmarica – Osor-Hvar Chant Book, Muka Isukrstova iz Klimantovićeva
zbornika II. – The Passion of Jesus Christ from Klimantović Miscellany II, Muka Spasitelja
našega iz Tkonskog zbornika – The Passion of Our Saviour from Tkon Miscellany; passion
plays: Muka Spasitelja našega iz 1556. – The Passion of Our Saviour from 1556, Mišterij vele
lip i slavan od Isusa – The Mighty Beautiful and Glorious Mistery of Jesus and Uskrsnutje
Isusovo – The Resurrection of Jesus.
The diligently conducted analysis of Croatian passion plays has ascertained the
undeniable presence of all relevant characteristics of physical (Greco-Thomist) and ecstatic
(disinterested) concepts of love as described by Pierre Rousselot. By applying them to the
reading of the texts in question, as living tissue cut open with a scalpel, subcutaneous, visceral
motions of dual significance flicker before of our eyes. From the capillary secretive circulation in
certain lyrical-narrative poems, their presence gradually gains momentum, intensity and
frequency, all the way to the tremendous pulsation which echoes through dramatised laments and
passion plays. From this discerning insight we can observe how physical and ecstatic love pair
up but also parry each other by means of dialogues between Christ and the Virgin Mary.
Following the same already established pattern articulated statements of the mentioned concepts
of love extend through almost all the works of the Croatian passion genre and permeate them.
Furthermore, it can be noticed that they have recruited other characters, such as John and Mary
Magdalene, for their, conditionally speaking, rivalry.
In the chapter entitled "The Scenic-Performative Features of Passion Plays" I define
the development of medieval drama and theatre with special reference to the questionable
existence of religious drama in the East. Then I elaborate on the emergence and interrelationship
of liturgical dramas and church plays. Afterwards, I turn my attention to Croatian passion plays
and their place and origins within the classical genre division of medieval drama into mysteries,
miracles and moralities. I proceed by examining their originality in relation to foreign influences.
In the text on poetics, verse and thematic framework, following Nikica Kolumbić, the doyen of
Croatian studies, I describe two fields of realisation (direct addressing the viewers – the faithful, on the one hand, and dramatising or stage adaptation of religious texts on the other) from which
the poetics of Croatian medieval drama will spring forth, from style and composition to the
conception of characters. The same scholar, like Nikola Batušić, argued that skilful and
prominent Croatian Renaissance poets Marko Marulić and Petar Hektorović were among the
authors of Croatian medieval passion plays. Furthermore, I scrutinise the disputed existence of
dramatic tension and the psycho-emotional profiling of the protagonists within the mentioned
works, then the notion of time or timelessness of the represented events, as well as the feeling of
close connectedness of actors and viewers (emotional communities). I continue by presenting
information on late medieval actors (both European and domestic), viewers and topics such as
reception, duration of plays, number of viewers and the city's visage during performances,
whereby I draw on Gustave Cohen's research. Those considerations are followed by highlighting
the features of the medieval theatre: mansion and platea, while I thereafter bring the chapter to
an end by commenting on mise-en-scène, scenography, costumes, masks, music and stage
effects.
From the title of the last chapter before the "Conclusion": "The Notion of Passionism
Manifested in the Paschal Mystery, Liturgy and Popular Piety, the Trident Council, and
Church Plays" it is clear where my focus lies. I thus primarily turn my attention to the
timeframe of medieval passion plays' traditional performances – the bringing about of Lent as a
form of pre-Easter preparation and its actions (fasting, almsgiving, and praying), then on the
rituals of the Holy Week, whereby I conclude this subchapter by commenting on the days of the
Easter Triduum. Besides, I underline a matter worthwhile to pursue: "passionism" as a
convergence of liturgy and popular piety. I further discuss the differing principles of the two, but
also the alignment of extra-liturgical pious practices with liturgy, with special reference to the
development of folk passion devotions in specific parts of Croatia. As an example of official,
liturgical devotion, I consider the Via Crucis, while as a form of public piety, I expand on the
"Following the Cross" procession on the island of Hvar during the Holy Week, citing Bernardin
Škunca's works on this subject. I round off this part of the text by examining literature as a form
of paraliturgy on the example of Croatian medieval literary production. I therewith describe the
significance of the city of Zadar and lay fraternities for the development of our domestic passion
plays. After that I interpret the impact of the Council of Trent’s (1545–1563) provisions on their
performance, in an effort to discover how the inclusion of the scenes of (excessive) torture and (again excessive) laughter in the passion plays had come to cause aversion among certain layers
of society. Finally, I devote myself to the recording of the inevitable course of events: church
bans and clashes of sacral and profane take on plays, professionalisation of acting and the loss of
social cohesion, changes in aesthetic taste in the second half of the 16th century, namely the
beginnings of Croatian Renaissance comedy (Marin Držić), and the passion plays' gradual
descent from the stage.
In my "Conclusion", I point out that Christ's passion and Mary's lament constitute the
fundamental subject matter of Croatian medieval lyrical-narrative poems, dialogical and
dramatised laments, and ultimately passion plays, comprising some 15,000 verses. In those texts
the Nazarene sacrifices himself for humanity, while his mother in turn yearns to sacrifice herself
for him or in his place. They, as main protagonists, engage in a dialogue in which she begs and
beseeches him, threatening to take her own life unless he preserves his earthly existence at the
expense of that in heavens, whereas the Saviour's seeks to comfort his distraught mother,
spiritually nourish her and affectionately explain to her that he receives the cross and bears the
ultimate sacrifice in order to grant the whole human race the redemption of sins and eternal life.
By utilising the concepts of physical and ecstatic love by Pierre Rousselot in the course of a
thematic-motivic analysis of the aforementioned works, it becomes apparent that this verbal
dissension is not merely accidental but forms a regular pattern consistently widespread
throughout the whole genre of Croatian medieval passion poetry and drama. In other words – it
lies at the very heart of it.
Namely, through the act of generous self-sacrifice of Jesus Christ on the cross for the
salvation of mankind a propensity of human beings to seek their own good, and find it in love of
others and of God, is reflected. In this view, to love the Lord means to "regain one's soul". This
notion is supplemented by the interpretation that all humans in a concordant and harmonious
way by their very nature love God, the common good of the entire universe, more than
themselves. Additionally, if we compare Christ's Passion with three important theories set out by
Thomas Aquinas (of the whole and the part, of the universal appetite of all things for God, and of
the coincidence of the spiritual good with the good in itself), we will come to realise that they are
in perfect correspondence. Hence, from the presently reviewed facts, it clearly follows that the
figure of the Lamb of God in Croatian medieval passion plays exhibits all the essential traits of the concept which Pierre Rousselot had named physical (or Greco-Thomist) love. Along with St.
Thomas, it was championed by Aristotle, Pseudo-Dionysius, Hugh of St. Victor and St. Bernard
in his early writings.
Contrary to this, the grief stricken character of Mary consequentially displays all four
quintessential features of Rousselot's ecstatic (disinterested) concept of love, namely: the duality
(disharmony) of the lover and the beloved, unlike their presupposed harmony and unity within
the physical concept of love (the Virgin offers her life neglecting her own well-being); the selfsufficiency
of love (taking no notice of the prophesies and by openly opposing the Divine Plan,
Our Lady finds her justification, reason, and end in a self-oppressing love directed towards thisworldly,
mortal Christ); its irrationality (advocating egalitarianism, she disregards the difference
between her own and the Saviour’s nature); and ultimately the violence of the Madonna’s love
which both physically and mentally hurts and humiliates her, while it additionally aggravates the
excruciating suffering of the crucified Anointed One. In sheer opposition to physical love, here
to love God means "to lose one's soul". Such love for others only includes the love of friendship
(amor amicitiae) and is free from the love of desire (amor concupiscentiae), or love for oneself,
whereas physical love, embodied in the image of Christ, signifies unity (not duality as in ecstatic
love) as well as continuity of the love of friendship and the love of desire. Among the proponents
of ecstatic love we find Richard of St. Victor, Albert the Great, William of St. Thierry, Aelred of
Rievaulx, Abelard, William of Auvergne, St. Bonaventure, Duns Scotus, and St. Bernard in his
later sermons.
Through this reinterpretation of Croatian passion plays my striving to decode the
discourse of love contained inside their verses has been modelled on Niklas Luhmann's research
("Love as Passion: The Codification of Intimacy"), as well as on plentiful other comprehensive
interdisciplinary studies which had come to pass over the course of the last 15-20 years within
the scope of a relatively new, thriving science – the history of emotions. In the light of the
pivotal position of love in Christian thought, I strongly feel that this type of interdisciplinary
examination provides us with an exquisite insight into the underlying framework of the passion
play genre, hence unravelling a hitherto undetected pattern of dramatic tension, as well as
enhancing our understanding of different religious-didactic expressions of love. What is more, I
hope to have successfully demonstrated within my dissertation how adept utilisation of notions such as emotion script and emotional community can bring us closer to unveiling the
significance, profoundness and authenticity of emotions performed on medieval stage and to
perceiving their potential impact on religious sensibilities.
Besides, is there a more sublime sacrifice than to succumb to love, to lay down one's life
prompted by it and consider that an act of selfl
Reflecting on the early foreign language exposure: multilinguals’ perceptions
No full textOvaj diplomski rad analizira opažanja i stavove šest odabranih osoba o ranom izlaganju stranim jezicima. Svi su ispitanici rođeni i odrasli u Istri, hrvatskoj regiji koja je područje raznolikog i složenog jezičnog sastava zahvaljujući svojoj jedinstvenoj povijesti usko povezanoj sa susjednom Italijom. Rad je podijeljen na dva dijela: teorijski i istraživački dio.
Rad počinje teorijskim pregledom pojmova relevantnih za temu, što uključuje pojmove višejezičnosti i usvajanja stranog jezika, nakon čega slijedi sažeti opis demografske i jezične strukture Istre. Drugi dio rada sastoji se od opisa istraživanja i ispitanika te rezultata i njihove interpretacije. Na kraju rada na temelju rezultata istraživanja izlažu se zaključci o tome kako se rana izloženost stranim jezicima odvijala u slučajevima ispitanika te kako je utjecala na njihova stajališta o učenju jezika. Rezultati pokazuju da sudionici nisu bili jednako izloženi stranim jezicima u ranoj dobi, što se očituje u različitim razinama njihovog znanja, ali da je ta izloženost pridonijela njihovom pozitivnom stavu prema ranom učenju jezika i prednostima takvog učenja.This diploma paper analyses the perceptions and attitudes of six individuals towards early foreign language exposure. The participants were all born and raised in the Croatian region of Istria, an area of a diverse and complex linguistic makeup owing to its unique history and geographical position with strong ties to neighboring Italy.
The paper starts with the theoretical overview of concepts relevant to the topic, including the notions of early foreign language acquisition and multilingualism, followed by a short outline of the demographic and linguistic context in which the study was conducted. The second part of the paper consists of the description of the study and its participants, followed by the results and discussion. The conclusion presents the main findings gained from the study with regards to how early foreign language exposure occurred in the participants’ cases, and how it may influence their views on language learning. The findings show that early foreign language exposure varied for each participant, causing them to have different levels of proficiency, but that this exposure helped them develop positive attitudes towards early language learning and recognize its benefits
Detection of faking on personality questionnaires with eye-tracking methodology
No full textCilj ovog rada je pridonijeti razumijevanju psiholoških procesa u osnovi lažiranja odgovora u upitnicima ličnosti i odgovoriti na pitanje je li lažiranje odgovora kognitivno zahtjevnije ili jednostavnije od iskrenog odgovaranja. Istraživanje je provedeno na studentima zagrebačkog sveučilišta. Koristeći metodu praćenja pokreta očiju, usporedili smo odgovore u situaciji iskrenog odgovaranja i u situaciji lažiranja odgovora. Prvo istraživanje koje je u ovom području koristilo ovu metodologiju je ono Van Hoofta i Born (2012) koji su pokazali da je lažiranje kognitivno jednostavniji zadatak od iskrenog odgovaranja, što se očitovalo u manjem broju fiksacija prilikom lažiranja. Za razliku od rada Van Hoofta i Born, u našem istraživanju koristili smo specifičnu uputu kojom smo nastojali inducirati realističnu selekcijsku situaciju i potaknuti složenije procese prilikom lažiranja. Sudionici su odgovarali na upitnik ličnosti (IPIP-20) i na skale socijalno poželjnog odgovaranja (M-SDR i E-SDR) jednom s uputom da odgovaraju iskreno, a drugi put da se prikažu kao idealan kandidat za medicinsku sestru/tehničara ili menadžera. Na dimenzijama ličnosti nije bilo razlike u broju fiksacija između iskrenog i lažnog odgovaranja, dok na su na Skali egoističkog socijalno poželjnog odgovaranja (E-SDR) sudionici imali manje fiksacija prilikom lažiranja odgovora. Na temelju ovih rezultata ne možemo donijeti jasne zaključke o zahtjevnosti lažiranja na upitniku ličnosti, no moguće je da je lažiranje na skalama socijalno poželjnog odgovaranja kognitivno jednostavnije od iskrenog odgovaranja.The aim of this study is to contribute to the understanding of psychological processes that underlie faking on personality questionnaires and to answer whether faking is more or less cognitively demanding than answering honestly. We compared the responses and eye-tracking data on a personality questionnaire (IPIP 20) and social desirability scales (E-SDR and M-SDR). The participants were students of the University of Zagreb. The first paper to use eye-tracking methodology in this field of study was written by Van Hooft and Born (2012). They found that faking is less cognitively demanding than answering honestly, as evidenced by fewer fixations in a fake good condition. In contrast to Van Hooft and Born, to induce a more realistic selection setting and more complex processes while faking, we used a more specific instruction. The participants completed a personality questionnaire and a social desirability scale under two conditions: first they were instructed to answer honestly and later they were told to present themselves as an ideal candidate for a nurse position or a managerial position. We found no differences in the number of fixations between the two conditions on the personality questionnaire. Meanwhile, on the E - SDR scale, the respondents had fewer fixations in the fake good condition. Based on these results, we cannot draw clear conclusions in regard to faking on personality questionnaires, however it seems that faking on SDR scales could be less cognitively demanding task than answering honestly
Relationship between attachment, regulatory focus and accommodation
Get PDFNeizbježno je da će se partneri u ljubavnim odnosima ponekad
ponašatinepoželjno. Način na koji osoba reagira na destruktivno ponašanje svog
partnera ili partnerice važan je indikator koji razlikuje sretan od nesretnog ljubavnog
odnosa. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati odnos dimenzija privrženosti, promotivno i
preventivno fokusiranog ponašanja u vezama te strategija prilagodbe na destruktivno
ponašanje partnera. U onlineistraživanju sudjelovalo je 973 osoba heteroseksualne
orijentacije u dobi od 18 do 49 godina, koje su u romantičnoj vezi, ali ne u braku. Na
njima je primijenjen Upitnik općih podataka, Upitnik strategija prilagodbe na
destruktivno ponašanje partnera, Modificirani inventar iskustava u bliskim vezama te
Upitnik regulacijskog fokusa. Istraživanjem je potvrđena hipoteza da su strategije
prilagodbe značajno povezane s dimenzijama privrženosti i regulacijskim fokusima.
Pokazalo se da su privrženost i regulacijski fokus značajni prediktori korištenih
strategija prilagodbe, a neki rezultati su neujednačeni s obzirom na rod sudionika.It is inevitable that partners in close relationships will eventually behave
badly. How the personreacts when his/her partner has engaged in a potentially
destructive act, is an important indicator of how succesful the relationship is. The aim of
this study was to explore the relationship between attachment, promotion- and
prevention-focused relationship behavior, and accommodation strategies. 973 people
aged between 18 and 49, who were involved in a heterosexual dating relationship,
participated in the study. The following instruments were used in the online survey:
Sociodemographic Questionnaire, Accommodation Scale, Modified version of
Brennan’s Experiences in Close Relationships Inventory, and Regulatory Focus in
Relationships Scale.There was a significant correlation between accommodation,
attachment and regulatory focus. Attachment and regulatory focus were significant
predictors of both constructive and destructive accommodation strategies, but some
results differed along gender lines
Lecture performance as a genre
Get PDFTematski fokus ovog rada posvećen je umjetničkom formatu izvedbenog predavanja koji je,
formirajući se na razmeđi između umjetničkog i akademskog, izvedbenog i teorijskog,
posljednjih godina postao uvriježenom praksom suvremene izvedbene scene. U radu
uspostavljam operativnu žanrovsku definiciju izvedbenog predavanja, oslanjajući se pritom
na retoričke žanrovske studije kao centralnu teorijsku okosnicu. Temeljem tako uspostavljene
definicije provodim reviziju radova kojima je u dosadašnjoj teorijskoj obradi i umjetničkoj
praksi pridana ta odrednica. Analizirajući skupinu unutar koje je žanr formiran (suvremena
europska nezavisna izvedbena scena), motive njegova pojavljivanja (afirmacija umjetničkih
istraživačkih i izlagačkih modusa te subverzija znanstvenih protokola izlaganja i istraživanja)
te generičku situaciju unutar koje stasa (umjetnička izvedba koja referira na format
akademskog predavanja), detektiram osnovne postulate njegova operiranja, prepoznajući
pritom fenomene obrazovnog obrata i pedagogizacije kao centralne aktere njegova nastanka.
Dotičući se problematike njegova imenovanja i kronologije, analiziram i odnos izvedbenog
predavanja prema formatu akademskog predavanja te zaključujem kako prvi cilja na
revidiranje potonjeg, odnosno na konceptualiziranje umjetničke izvedbe kao modusa
proizvodnje znanja. Na temelju tako ocrtanog okvira uspostavljam četiri osnove strategije
operiranja žanra – pregovaranje autoriteta, istine, racionalnosti i tijela koje razrađujem na
temelju konkretnih primjera iz prakse odnosno radova sljedećih autora: Roberta Morrisa,
Andyja Warhola, Mladena Stilinovića, Coco Fusco, Barbare Matijević i Giuseppea Chica,
Roberta Fillioua, Nane Petzet, Marka Gutića Mižimakova, Melanie Wilson, Ivane Müller,
Hito Steyerl, Xaviera Le Royja te Carolee Schneemann.The thematic focus of this thesis deals with the artistic format of lecture performance which
has, emerging at the border between the artistic and the academic, the performative and the
theoretical, in the last years become an established practice of contemporary perfoming arts
scene. Despite its wide presence, however, there are still no extensive studies of its origins,
factors that have made its occurrence possible, or the specificity of its contemporary
appearance. This kind of historical examination brings up insights based on which it is
possible to create more precise tools for further analysis of this genre, because without an
adequate historical contextualization, a comprehensive background cannot be created and the
genre cannot be closely examined.
In this work I establish an operative definition of lecture performance as a genre, relying on
the Rhetorical Genre Studies as the main theoretical axis. Based on that definition, I carry out
a revision of all the works which have so far been awarded that attribute, both in the
theoretical field and art practice. Analysing the group in which the genre was formed
(contemporary european independent performing arts scene), the motives of its emergence
(affirmation of artistic research and presentation modes and subversion of scientific research
and presentation modes) and the generic situation in which it is brought about (artistic
performance referring to the format of the academic lecture), I identify the basic principles of
its functioning, recognizing the phenomena of the educational turn and of pedagogization as
the central factors of its occurrence.
Dealing with the issue of its naming and chronology, in the thesis I also analyze the genre’s
relation towards the format of academic lecture and conclude that lecture performance aims at
revising the respective format and conceptualizing artistic peformance as a mode of
knowledge production. Based on this framework I establish four basic strategies in which the
genre of lecture performance functions – negotiating authority, truth, rationality and body
which I elaborate based on concrete examples from practice including works by the following
authors: Robert Morris, Andy Warhol, Mladen Stilinović, Coco Fusco, Barbara Matijević and
Giuseppe Chico, Robert Filliou, Nana Petzet, Marko Gutić Mižimakov, Melanie Wilson,
Ivana Müller, Hito Steyerl, Xavier Le Roy and Carolee Schneeman
Vjersko nakladništvo u Hrvatskoj iza 1990. godine: prikaz kretanja na temelju broja nakladnika i njihovih izdanja
No full textCilj je ovog diplomskog rada istražiti broj nakladnika vjerske literature koji danas djeluju u
Hrvatskoj. Ostvaren je korištenjem bibliografskih pomagala kao što su adresar Nakladnika
knjiga i nota u Hrvatskoj te katalog Nacionalne i sveučilišne knjižnice u Zagrebu.
Ustanovljeni su nakladnici koji su počeli objavljivati prije 1990. i opstali do 2018. godine. No
spomenuti su i oni koji su u međuvremenu prestali djelovati. Nadalje je ustanovljen broj
publikacija koji je svaki nakladnik objavio. Pokušalo se objasniti uzroke kretanja u vjerskom
nakladništvu na temelju dobivenih numeričkih podataka o broju nakladnika i broju izdanja.
Prikaz te vrste nakladništva temelji se ipak prvenstveno na opisu šest najvećih i najznačajnijih
nakladnika. Istraživanje je pokazalo da je Kršćanska sadašnjost najveći nakladnik vjerske
literature u Hrvatskoj, zatim slijede Verbum, Glas Koncila, Znaci vremena, Teovizija pa
Veritas.The aim of this graduation thesis has been to investigate the number of religion publishers
being active in Croatia today. Reference tools like „Book and music publishers in Croatia
directory 1997/98“ and the Catalogue of the National and University Library in Zagreb have been
used for this research. Religion publishing houses established before 1990 being still active have been
found out but also those that ceased their publishing activity. The number of publications published by
each publishers has been found out. On the basis of these data trends in religion publishing have been
considered. Yet the description of this kind of publishing has been primarily based on the activities of
the six biggest and most important religion publishers. The investigation has shown that Kršćanska
sadašnjost is the leading religion publisher in Croatia, followed by Verbum, Glas Koncila, Znaci
Vremena, Teovizija and Veritas
Slobodno vrijeme obitelji s djetetom s teškoćama u razvoju
Get PDFCilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati iskustvo slobodnog vremena obitelji s djetetom s teškoćama u razvoju iz roditeljske perspektive. Korištena je kvalitativna metodologija te su podaci prikupljeni intervjuiranjem devet majki djece s teškoćama u razvoju. Rezultati pokazuju kako majke djece s teškoćama u razvoju slobodno vrijeme obitelji ostvaruju kroz širok spektar aktivnosti te kako tijekom provođenja istih pridaju važnost interakciji. Pri provođenju slobodnog vremena obitelji majke se susreću s izazovima poput svakodnevnih obveza, stresa, umora te teškoćama u pronalaženju aktivnosti koje odgovaraju interesima i mogućnostima različitih članova obitelji. Pri ostvarivanju slobodnog vremena obitelji majke koriste strategije poput pomnog planiranja, nabavljanja materijala i pomagala te konzultiranja s drugim roditeljima i stručnjacima s ciljem osiguravanja uspješnijeg slobodnog vremena obitelji. Kao dobrobiti slobodnog vremena obitelji majke prepoznaju povezivanje članova obitelji, razvoj, odmor i zabavu djeteta s teškoćama u razvoju te zrelost i empatiju djeteta prosječna razvoja. Kod pitanja mogu li slobodno vrijeme obitelji doživjeti kao slobodno vrijeme, majke daju podvojene odgovore, a od dobrobiti slobodnog vremena obitelji za njih same najviše navode odmor
The rhetoric of Croatian and Italian political discourse: analysis and comparison based on speeches delivered by prime ministers from 2008 until 2014
No full textU demokratskim društvima politički govor temeljni je agens pri donošenju odluka. Zbog toga su govorničke vještine i retorika pojedinoga političara pod stalnim povećalom javnosti. Ovaj rad nastoji prikazati retorička obilježja hrvatskoga i talijanskoga političkog diskursa kako bi se uvidjelo postoje li razlike u retoričkoj i argumentacijskoj strategiji proizašle iz kulturne i zemljopisne pripadnosti govornika. Prvi dio rada predstavlja teorijsku pozadinu retorike i argumentacije političkoga diskursa, dok drugi dio obuhvaća metodologiju te analizu političkih govora. Analizirani su primjeri govora šestero političara koji su između 2008. i 2014. godine obnašali funkciju premijera u Hrvatskoj i Italiji. Pretpostavljeno je da će univerzalna retorička načela u političkom diskursu nadvladati geografske razlike te da će osnova govorničkoga umijeća biti jednaka u obje države. Rezultati analize upućuju na brojne sličnosti između hrvatskih i talijanskih političara, poglavito u argumentacijskim strategijama, ali se govornici međusobno razlikuju po učestalosti korištenja pojedine strategije kao i po odabiru strategije kojoj daju primat pri uvjeravanju. U analiziranim primjerima govornici veliku pozornost pridaju vlastitoj vjerodostojnosti i kredibilitetu. Stoga analiza potvrđuje važnost etosa kao temeljnoga sredstva uvjeravanja u političkom diskursu, a u kontekstu talijanskoga političkog diskursa relevantnu ulogu u uvjeravanju zauzima i patos. Učestala upotreba argumentacijskih pogrešaka te prisutnost retoričkih figura, napose metafore, izdvajaju se kao karakteristike zajedničke svim govornicima.In democratic societies, political discourse represents the main agent in decision-making. Therefore, oratory skills and the rhetoric of politicians are under constant public examination. The present thesis aims to determine rhetorical characteristics of Croatian and Italian political discourse in order to examine if there are differences in rhetorical and argumentative strategies deriving from cultural and geographic background of speakers. The first part of the thesis provides the theoretical background of rhetoric and argumentation in political discourse, while the second part presents the methodology and analysis. Speeches delivered by six politicians that served as prime ministers in Croatia and Italy from 2008 until 2014 were analyzed. Fundamental rhetorical principles in political discourse shall overcome the geographical differences and outlines of oratory skills shall be equal in both countries. Results of analysis point to numerous similarities between Croatian and Italian politicians, mostly in argumentative strategies, but speakers differ in frequency of use of a particular strategy, as well in strategy chosen as priority in persuasion. Analyzed speakers pay great attention to their credibility. Therefore, the analysis confirms a great importance of ethos as the main persuasion mode in political discourse. In the context of Italian political discourse, there is also a relevant importance of pathos. Frequent use of fallacies and rhetorical figures, remarkably metaphor, are characteristics noticed as common to all speakers
Knjižničke usluge za djecu
Get PDFU današnje se vrijeme knjižnice susreću s brojnim izazovima koje pred njih stavlja suvremeno doba. Narodne knjižnice su posebno usmjerene na djecu i mlade, a nova životna okruženja nastala pod utjecajem informacijsko-komunikacijske tehnologije utjecala su i na njihove navike i ponašanja. Djeca sve više vremena provode koristeći tehnologiju i internet, a kao korisnici knjižnica očekuju veću mogućnost izbora. Ovaj rad razmatra raznolikost usluga dječjih odjela narodnih knjižnica s naglaskom na internetske usluge. Rad uključuje istraživanje čija je svrha bila ustanoviti postojanje sadržaja i vrste sadržaja za djecu na internetskim stranicama knjižnica u Hrvatskoj te prikupljene podatke o sadržajima i uslugama za djecu usporediti s onima inozemnih knjižnica.At present, libraries face many challenges posed by modern times. Public libraries are particularly targeted at children and young people, whose habits and behaviour have been influenced by information and communication technologies. Children are spending more and more time using technology and the Internet, and as library users expect a greater variety of options. This paper examines what types of services are provided by the children's departments of public libraries, with an emphasis on Internet services. The research part of the paper looks into the types of children's content that is available on library websites in Croatia and compares the content and services provided by Croatian libraries to that offered by libraries in other countries
Odnos sigurnosti i zaštite podataka
Get PDFU današnjem vremenu gdje nam je privatnost pod konstantnom opasnošću, potreba da ju zaštitimo je sve veća, a načini napada postaju sve više raznovrsniji. U ranim danima Interneta svi smo bili upozoravani kako ne bismo smjeli osobne podatke ostavljati na Internetu, no s evolucijom društva i napretkom tehnologije, pogotovo Interneta i mobilnih telefona, ti podatci su veoma lako dostupni. Suvremeni život se veoma bazira na konstantom interakcijom sa svijetom, te radi toga različiti podatci su dostupni svima koji će uložiti trud da ih pronađu. Upravo iz tog razloga web-stranice, različite aplikacije i usluge su morale povećati mjere sigurnosti u sklopu svojih usluga. Razvojem enkripcije naša privatnost na Internetu je
višestruko povećana, a naši podatci sve više i više zaštićeni. No unatoč tome pristup tim podatcima je još uvijek veoma velika rasprava između samih pružatelja usluga i državnih ustanova koje žele imati posebna prava pristupu našim podatcima. Najkontroverzniji slučaj gdje su državne institucije zahtijevale posebna prava je spor između FBI-a ( eng. FederalBureauofInvestigation) i Apple-a