University of Zagreb
Repozitorij Filozofskog fakulteta u Zagrebu' at University of ZagrebNot a member yet
8043 research outputs found
Sort by
Analiza udžbenika portugalskog jezika na razini A1/A2 prema ZEROJ-u
Full text linkTema ovog rada je analiza udžbenika portugalskog jezika kao stranog jezika. Udžbenik je najčešće korišteni materijal u učionici. Kako bi se razumjele prednosti i nedostaci između
različitih portugalskih udžbenika napravljena je kvalitativna analiza udžbenika: Português sem fronteiras 1, Português a toda a rapidez, Na onda do Português 1 e Português XXI. Svaki je udžbenik analiziran u pet kategorija: grafički prikaz, struktura knjige, zadaci, gramatika, vokabular i kultura. Iz analize proizlazi da svaki analizirani udžbenik ima svoje prednosti i nedostatke te može biti koristan u nekim aspektima učenja portugalskog jezika.O tema desta tese é analisar os livros didáticos na sala de aula da língua portuguesa como língua estrangeira. O livro didático é o material mais usado na sala de aula. A fim de compreender as vantagens e desvantagens entre os diferentes livros do ensino do português usados na Croácia foi feita uma análise qualitativa. Os livros analisados são:Português sem fronteiras 1, Português a toda a rapidez, Na onda do Português 1 e Português XXI. Cada livro foi analisado em cinco categorias: presentação gráfica, organização do livro, atividades, gramática, vocabulário e cultura. Da análise resulta que cada livro analisado tem algumas vantagens e desvantagens e pode ser útil em alguns aspetos de aprendizagem da língua portuguesa
Psychometric evaluation of a questionnaire on subjective well-being at work
Full text linkSubjektivna dobrobit povezana je s brojnim pozitivnim ishodima u raznolikim područjima života, uključujući rad. Stoga je vrlo je važan predmet proučavanja organizacijske psihologije. Naše je istraživanje provedeno na uzorku od 327 zaposlenika međunarodne organizacije čije je primarno područje djelatnosti razvoj visoko tehnoloških rješenja u prometu. S obzirom da tvrtka prolazi kroz razdoblje
restrukturiranja i brojnih drugih promjena, uprava je odlučila usmjeriti fokus na
subjektivnu dobrobit njihovih zaposlenika. Stoga je uprava organizacije odlučila
zaposliti konzultantsku tvrtku koja je izradila upitnik te pomogla pri prikupljanju i analizi rezultata. Ispitivanje je provedeno putem online samoprocjene. Djelatnici ljudskih resursa poslali su pozivnicu zajedno sa poveznicom na upitnik zaposlenicima u njihovim lokalnim radnim jedinicama. Skale korištene u instrumentu temeljene su na modelu PERMA koji polazi iz pristupa pozitivne psihologije. Prema PERMA modelu subjektivna dobrobit je predstavljena s pet faktora: pozitivne emocije, radna angažiranost, odnosi, smislenost posla i postignuće. Svrha ispitivanja bila je izmjeriti opću subjektivnu dobrobit zaposlenika na razini organizacije te usporediti razinu dobrobiti s obzirom na zemlje, radne jedinice zaposlenika te s obzirom na njihov rod. Cilj je našeg istraživanja bio istražiti faktorsku strukturu korištenog instrumenta te evaluirati njegove psihometrijske karakteristike. Rezultati eksploratorne faktorske analize uglavnom su potvrdili pretpostavljenu faktorsku strukturu. Izdvojen je dodatan faktor kojeg smo nazvali pozitivan stav kolega prema zaposleniku. Provedena faktorska analiza sugerira postojanje generalnog faktora u pozadini upitnika te je faktorskom analizom objašnjeno 59.02 % varijance. Nadalje, istražili smo povezanost šest navedenih faktora sa četiri radna ishoda: trajanje bolovanja, radna uspješnost, metapercepcija radne uspješnosti i zadovoljstvo poslom. Nismo potvrdili postavljene hipoteze, no dokazali smo da su viši nivoi pozitivnih emocija, radne angažiranosti i pozitivnog stava od strane kolega povezani s višom razinom radne uspješnosti.
Pozitivan stav kolega pozitivno je povezan s metapercepcijom zaposlenika o procjeni
njihove radne uspješnosti od strane nadređenih. Više razine pozitivnih emocija,
smislenosti posla, postignuća i pozitivnog stava povezane su sa višim razinama zadovoljstva poslom. Osim samih rezultata, navedeni su čimbenici koji su potencijalno narušili konstruktnu valjanost. Naposlijetku, predložena je verzija upitnika s kvalitetnijim psihometrijskim svojstvima.Subjective well-being (SWB) is a concept associated with numerous positive outcomes in various domains of life, including work. Hence, it is an important subject of study in organizational psychology. The current study was conducted on a sample of 327 employees working for an international company whose field of work is development of high-tech solutions in traffic. It was a web-based questionnaire emailed by Human Resource professionals to the employees working in their local business units. The questionnaire was constructed as a self-report based on the PERMA framework, originating from positive psychology. PERMA posits that SWB is represented by five components: positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning and achievement. The goal of the survey was to measure the overall SWB at the organizational level and to compare the SWB of different business units, countries and genders. The goal of our study was to explore the factor structure of the instrument and to evaluate its psychometric characteristics. The results of exploratory factor analysis have shown that the proposed factor structure was confirmed with an additional factor named positive regard appearing. The factor analysis suggested the existence of a general factor in the background of the scale. Factor analysis explained 59.02 % of variance
Frinihova Ekloga kao komentar leksičkih promjena u grčkom jeziku
No full textU ovome se radu na temelju literature i korpusa proučavaju i opisuju uputstva za leksik iz djela
Ῥηµάτων καὶ ὀνοµάτων Ἀττικῶν (Eclogae nominum et verborum Atticorum) gramatičara i aticista
Friniha. Proučavamo djelo u kontekstu vremena i stanja u državi te objašnjavamo pokret atticism
kao odgovor na stanje jezika.
Uspoređujemo leksik grčkog i novogrčkog jezika. Zaključuje se da jezik ima tendenciju sačuvati
baš one oblike koje gramatičar ne preferira ili oba oblika, a i na par mjesta se čuvaju oblici koje
gramatičar preferira.In this paper, the literature and the corpus study and describe the instructions for the lexicon from
the works of Ῥηµάτων καὶ ὀνοµάτων Ἀττικῶν (Eclogae nomum et verborum Atticorum)
grammarian and atticist Phrynicus. We study the work in the context of time and state in the state
and explain the movement atticism in response to the state of language.
We compare the readings of Greek and Modern Greek languages. It is concluded that language
tends to preserve forms the grammar does not prefer or both forms, and few of them are the ones
that the grammar prefers
Study and Test Modality Congruency as a Determinant of False Memories
Full text linkLažna sjećanja propusti su epizodičkog pamćenja i određuju se kao sjećanja na događaje koji se nikada nisu dogodili ili iskrivljena sjećanja na događaje koji su se dogodili.
Najčešći način istraživanja lažnih sjećanja je DRM (Deese-Roediger-McDermott) paradigma, koja uključuje učenje lista semantički povezanih riječi i ispitivanje
pamćenja nakon toga. U DRM paradigmi, lažna sjećanja određena su kao broj pogrešno reproduciranih ili prepoznatih riječi koje su asocijativno povezane s riječima na listama,
ali se same ne nalaze na listama. Ovim istraživanjem željelo se ispitati kako sukladnost modaliteta u kojem se materijal zadaje i modaliteta u kojemu se pamćenje ispituje utječe
na učestalost pojave lažnih i točnih sjećanja u DRM paradigmi. U istraživanju je korišten zavisni eksperimentalni nacrt (2x2) s dvije nezavisne varijable: modalitetom zadavanja materijala za učenje (vidno/slušno) i modalitetom ispitivanja pamćenja(vidno/slušno). Pamćenje je ispitivano metodom prepoznavanja. Koristeći norme
slobodnih asocijacija na hrvatskom jeziku, konstruirano je 12 lista riječi za učenje s po 15 riječi te odgovarajuće liste za prepoznavanje. Provedene su dvije dvosmjerne analize varijance: jedna s brojem lažnih prepoznavanja kao zavisnom varijablom, a druga s brojem točnih prepoznavanja. Rezultati su pokazali da se ni broj lažnih niti broj točnih
sjećanja ne razlikuju ovisno o tome je li modalitet ispitivanja sukladan modalitetu zadavanja ili nije. Jedini utjecaj modaliteta nađen je za točna sjećanja: njihova
učestalost veća je kada se pamćenje ispituje vidno, nego kada se ispituje slušno.False memories are errors in episodic memory and can be defined as memories of events that have never happened or distorted memories of events that have taken place.
The most common way of investigating false memories is by using the DRM (Deese- Roediger-McDermott) paradigm, which involves learning lists of semantically related
words. In the DRM paradigm, false memores are defined as the number of incorrect recognitions or recalls of words that are associatively connected to the words on the
lists, but are not a part of them. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of congruency of study and test modality on false and true memories rate in the DRM
paradigm. A within-subjects experimental design (2x2) was used, with study modality and test modality as independent variables with two levels: visual and auditory.
Recognition method was used for memory testing. For the study, twelve 15-words lists with corresponding lists for recognition were constructed using the free association
norms in the Croatian language. Two two-way ANOVAs were conducted: one with false recognitions as the dependent variable, and the other with correct recognitions as
the dependent variable. The results showed that the congruency of study and test modality did not affect either the false recognition rate or the correct recognition rate.
The effect of modality was found only for correct recognitions: their rate was higher for visual testing than for auditory testing
Zur Distribution deutscher Entlehnungen in kroatischen Gespanschaften
Full text linkDiese Diplomarbeit behandelt das Thema der deutschen Entlehnungen in der kroatischen
Sprache von heute. Obwohl Kroatien schon seit über zwei Jahrzehnten ein souveräner und
unabhängiger Staat ist, kann man noch heute konkreten Beispielen des Einflusses benachbarter
Kulturen bzw. Sprachen auf die Spur kommen. Kroatien befand sich während seiner
Geschichte in diversen politisch-geografischen Konstellationen, die die Kultur und Sprache
des Landes prägten. Aus geografischen, aber auch aus politischen Gründen erfolgte der
Einfluss jedoch nicht überall im Lande mit der gleichen Intensität. Deshalb versucht diese
Arbeit herauszufinden, ob und wie intensiv die deutsche Sprache die jeweiligen Regionen
Kroatiens beeinflusste. Dabei wird von der Hypothese ausgegangen, dass die Varietäten im
Norden Kroatiens die meisten deutschen Entlehnungen besitzen und dass die dort geborenen
Probanden die meisten Entlehnungen kennen und sogar aktiv benutzen. Außer der Herkunft,
wollte als Zweites nachgeprüft werden, ob das Alter Einfluss auf die Sprachkenntnisse hat. Als
Drittes wurde davon ausgegangen, dass das Geschlecht oder besser gesagt die stereotypen
Geschlechterrollen potenziell die Sprachkenntnisse beeinflussen können. Alle Hypothesen
wurden mithilfe einer Google-Umfrage zur Prüfung gestellt.
Zum Auftakt der Arbeit werden erstmals die theoretischen Grundlagen und die Grundbegriffe
der Sprachkontaktforschung dargelegt. Dieses wird von einer kurzen Darbietung der
wichtigsten Ereignisse in der Geschichte der deutsch-kroatischen Beziehungen gefolgt. Am
Ende werden der eigentliche Umfrageteil sowie die durch die Umfrage erhaltenen Ergebnisse
erläutert und analysiert, um die Hypothesen entweder zu bekräftigen oder zu widerlegen
Slobodna volja, vrijeme, pripovjedač i ljubav u Nabokovljevoj 'Loliti'
Full text linkRoman Vladimira Nabokova "Lolita" je od svog objavljivanja 1955. godine plijenio pažnju čitatelja, kritičara i teoretičara podjednako, potaknuvši mnoge znanstvene radove svojom tematikom i bogatstvom motiva za analizu. Ovaj rad će se pozabaviti četirima segmentima toga romana: problematikom slobodne volje i privatnosti, vremena u romanu, pripovjedačem te naposljetku i kontroverzno obrađenim motivom ljubavi. Analiza će se oslanjati na teorijske radove slične tematike u pokušaju prikazivanja kako navedeni elementi figuriraju unutar jednog od najpoznatijih i svakako najkontroverznijih Nabokovljevih romana
The role of social capital in job searching of young unemployed persons
Full text linkMrežni socijalni kapital na individualnoj razini definiran je percepcijom veličine i karakteristika socijalne mreže koju pojedinac smatra dostupnom i korisnom u procesu traženja posla i u središtu je interesa rada. Veličina mreže je definirana kao ukupan broj ljudi s kojima je pojedinac povezan, a snaga veze kao bliskost društvenog odnosa između pojedinca i druge osobe u mreži. Bliski prijatelji i rođaci su primjer snažnih veza, dok rijetko kontaktirani poznanici predstavljaju slabe veze koje su socijalno, emocionalno i često fizički udaljene. Status aktera se operacionalizira kao obrazovni, radni i ekonomski status onih koji čine mrežu pojedinca. O ulozi socijalnih mreža u traženju posla mladih visokoobrazovanih osoba se malo zna stoga je cilj ovog istraživanja ispitati njihovu ulogu u zapošljavanju, kao i promjene u karakteristikama socijalnih mreža ovisno o ishodu zapošljavanja. Istraživanje je provedeno na prigodnom uzorku diplomanata različitih javnih fakulteta u Bosni i Hercegovini tijekom tri vremenske točke (N1 = 743; N2 = 501 i N3 = 303) s razmakom od pola godine između svake točke. U sve tri točke mjerenja prikupljali su se podaci o karakteristikama socijalnih mreža i radnom statusu diplomanata temeljeni na njihovim samoprocjenama. Podaci o intenzitetu traženja posla prikupljani su u drugoj i trećoj točki. Rezultati potvrđuju značajnu ulogu mrežnog socijalnog kapitala mjerenog u drugoj točki na zapošljavanje u trećoj točki. Značajnim prediktorima zapošljavanja u trećoj vremenskoj točki pokazali su se snaga veze i status veze aktera. Glede sociodemografskih prediktora socijalnih mreža na koje se mogu osloniti diplomanti prilikom traženja prvog zaposlenja utvrđeno je da socioekonomski status pojedinca i zaposlenost oca predviđaju procjenu vlastite veličine mreže i statusa aktera. Nije utvrđeno da mrežni socijalni kapital moderira odnos između intenziteta traženja posla i zapošljavanja. Značajne razlike u veličini mreže, snazi veze i statusu veze aktera diplomanata koji su se u tijeku istraživanja zaposlili i onih koji su ostali nezaposleni s vremenom su sve veće. Intenzitet traženja posla nezaposlenih diplomanata ne mijenja se značajno tijekom trajanja nezaposlenosti. Prednost istraživanja očituje se u praćenju tražitelja posla komparabilnog psihološkog kapitala od izlaska na tržište rada do zapošljavanja s osvrtom na rasvjetljavanje uloge mrežnog socijalnog kapitala.Introduction. Authors from different areas defined social capital in different ways, but they all have one thing in common. It is basically an asset in social networks that subject has. These social relations separate social from other types of capital (eg. economic, cultural, educational) because its availability depends on relation and not on the characteristics of the actors themselves who own this capital. There are also different dimensions of social capital like structural and cognitive social capital. Structural covers processes, rules and procedures that relate to group or organizational co-operation through social networks. It is described through the configuration of the network to which we belong and the size and scope of the resources available within the same. There is small number of research that were focused on network characteristics and employment outcomes of young people. Some of network characteristics are network size, strength of ties and status of actors in the network. The size of the network is defined as the total number of people with whom the individual is connected, and the strength of the relationship as the closeness of the social relationship between the individual and the other person in the network. Close friends and relatives are an example of strong relationships, while seldom contacted acquaintances represent weak relationships that are socially, emotionally and often physically distant. Status of actors is defined as the educational, employment and economic status of those who make the personal network of individuals. There are a lot of difficulties that young people experience in the transition between education and work. One of them is job searching and getting employment. In today’s job market, university graduates are becoming numerous and vulnerable group without appropriate job after their studies. Framework of the present study is based on Hobfoll's conservation of resources theory (COR). The basic tenet of COR theory is that people have an innate as well as a learned drive to create, foster, conserve, and protect the quality and quantity of their resources. Many things could be conceived as resources, but COR theory relates to those resources that are key to survival and well-being (e.g., shelter, attachment to significant others, self-esteem), or that are linked to the process of creating and maintaining key resources (e.g., money, credit). Work is an important life domain that acts to provide resources directly related to our primary resources. According to the COR theory, social capital is assumed to be a valued and important resource. Latent deprivation theory (Jahoda, 1982, 1997) proposes that employment is important because it provides certain unique benefits. The aim of the research is to examine a relationship between social network characteristics and job search success of university-graduated young people in Bosnia and Herzegovina and further, to examine changes in social network characteristics due to employment status.
Methodology: Graduates from different public faculties in Bosnia and Herzegovina participated in a 3 - wave longitudinal study with N = 743 at T1 to N = 303 at T3. Combining the samples of T1, T2 and T3, the longitudinal sample comprised of N = 303 graduates who participated in all three waves of the data collection (78 % females, 55 % unemployed) with average age 24 years (M = 24.50; SD = 3.37). They were surveyed immediately after receiving diploma and followed up six months and one year after graduating. Data collection lasted from May 2015 to October 2016. Various socio-demographic characteristics of the graduates as well as self-reported personal network characteristics – composition and structure, were in focus. We assessed social network characteristics as a size of network, strenght of tie and tie status. Respondents had to indicate their agreement on a 5-point Social network characteristics scale to 10 statements like ,,I know a lot of people who might help me find a job“ (size of network α=0.79), ,,Most people who might help me find a job are people I know very well, such as family or friends“ (strenght of tie α=0.81) and ,,Most people who might help me find a job have received a good education“ (tie status α=0.76). Job search intensity and employment status were measured in the follow up by the general question about the frequency of job search ,,How often do you actively search for a job“ and six questions related to the frequency of specific search methods. Employment status was dichotomous measure; either unemployed or employed at every wave of the study. Dataset were collected online. In every wave, three participiants who were choosen randomly got a financial reward for participation. To check whether there was systematic drop out of respondents between the waves, a t-test was conducted. All participiants were compared on the variables meausred in first wave. Those who participated in second wave had a shorter study length, lower scores on size and strengths of network compared to those who didn't participated. The magnitude of the effects of these differences, expressed by Cohen's d were low (0.15-0.17). Given that the observed differences were low we can conclude that they didn't affect the systematic drop out of respodents. Respondents who participated in the third wave of the survey and those who had droped out did not differ significantly on any variable measured at the second wave of the survey.
Results and discussion.
According to multiple regression analyses, the socioeconomic status of an individual is predictor of his own social network: the average material income is a positive predictor of the size of the network, and the average material income and father's employment are a positive predictors of the status of the actors to whom the graduates can rely upon when seeking their first job. Studied socioeconomic characteristics of graduates explain between 2.8 % and 3.45 % of individual differences in the experience of social capital. The studied socioeconomic characteristics of the graduates were not related to the experience of the strenght of the tie. Logistic regressions revealed that socio-demographic characteristics of the graduates as well as their job search intensity were no significant predictors of employment status six months or one year after entering the labor market. However, personal social network variables were significant predictors: personal network composition, i.e., social status of acquaintances and strength of ties were significant predictors of job search success half year after entering the labor market. Contrary to our expectations, size of personal network, as an indicator of network structure, was no significant predictor of employment status in the period of one year after graduation. We also estimated a model where the mediator – social capital, i.e., network characteristics (network size, tie strength and tie status) are located at Time 2, as this allowed us to test for the relationship between job search intensity at Time 2 and employment outcomes in third wave. Social capital wasn't moderator between job search intensity and employment outcomes. According to the ANOVAS, changes in size of network, strenght of tie, tie status and job search intensity among unemployed and employed during the time are tested. As expected, employed graduates reported having larger social networks, with stronger ties and more important connections during the study. Job search intensity of unemployed didn't significantly differ during the time.
Conclusion. The research results have theoretical and practical implications which are reflected in the clarification of the role of social capital on the employment, especially of young highly educated people who are in the labor market which is characterised with high unemployment rate. As quality and quantity of social contacts relate to a successful job search, the process of gaining and losing social capital, as resource according to the COR theory, may be crucial for the understanding of differences in career success among people of comparable human capital characteristics. The study integrates the latent deprivation model with conservation of resources theory in explaining the individual meaning of unemployment. This is the first study that addresses influence and consequences of lacking of social capital in job searching at university graduates in context of Bosnia and Herzegovina and wider region with a longitudinal design
One’s own identity through others’ eyes – from auto-image of the Italian language culture and civilisation to hetero-image in the Croatian context
Full text linkOpći je cilj istraživanja bio preko tri razine imagološke analize utvrditi u kojem su opsegu nacionalni stereotipi prisutni među kulturalnim znakovima u udžbenicima talijanskoga kao stranoga jezika koji su se koristili i koriste se na lektorskoj nastavi Odsjeka za talijanistiku, koje su temeljne binarne opreke najčešće prisutne pri govoru o Drugome ili o sebi te koja vrsta diskursa – činjenično izvještavanje ili stereotipizacija – prevladava u iskazima o vlastitom i stranom u tekstovima u udžbeniku. Specifični ciljevi bili su usporedba autopredodžbe proizašle iz udžbenika s heteropredodžbom studenata, usporedba predodžbe stranog i vlastitoga prostora te dobivanje imagema. Još jedan od specifičnih ciljeva bio je utvrditi prisutnost književnika imenom i tekstom te omjer zastupljenosti književnica i književnika u njima. U istraživanju je anketiran 171 student talijanskoga jezika i književnosti svih godina studija, a analiza udžbenika obuhvatila je ukupno 17 udžbenika i pripadajućih radnih bilježnica koji su prema godini objavljivanja grupirani u tri skupine. Istraživanje je potvrdilo hipotezu da su među kulturalnim znakovima prisutni i stereotipi o Talijanima i Italiji, ali se na razini vokabulara pokazalo da pri predstavljanju “talijanstva” ili “talijanskosti” atributi nacionalne karakterizacije imaju manju učestalost od ostalih kulturalnih znakova. Također je vidljivo da se oni izabiru prema retoričkom potencijalu kojega imaju tj. prema sposobnosti djelovanja na publiku. Rezultati istraživanja gramatike i retorike govora o sebi u analiziranim udžbenicima pokazuju da su iskazi pretežno činjenični i da naglasak nije na isticanju onoga što je različito od stranoga, već na onome što se doživljava kao italianissimo (vrlo talijanski), u značenju samoga superlativa apsolutnog pri kojemu nema drugoga elementa usporedbe. Podaci o strancima na razini gramatike pokazuju da se heteropredodžba konstruira s pozicije vlastite kulture. Na razini retorike iskaza o strancima stereotipizacija je dominantni način govora o Drugome, a učinak tipičnoga je nešto češća strategija stereotipizacije. Također je potvrđena hipoteza da se i teritorij na određeni način prikazuje stereotipno te da su u analiziranim udžbenicima književnici imenom i tekstovima znatno zastupljeniji od književnica. Rezultati ankete pokazali su da u predodžbi o Talijanima dominiraju osobne karakteristike s područja temperamenta i karaktera te fizičke karakteristike, da se pri nacionalnoj stereotipizaciji miješa deskriptivni i normativni diskurs, ali i da među atributima nacionalne karakterizacije postoji vrlo malo predrasuda.The theoretical basis of the analysis of cultural signs, self-images and heteroimages in the Italian language textbooks in this research study was Leerssen's theoretical and research approach aimed at studying national characterizations in (Western European) literature. Leerssen's imagological analysis of national images includes three levels: vocabulary, grammar and rhetoric. The general aim of this research was to use three levels of imagological analysis (vocabulary, grammar, rhetoric) to determine to what extent national stereotypes are present among the cultural signs that appear in the textbooks of Italian as a foreign language which are currently used or were at some point used in language classes at the Department of Italian at Zagreb University, which binary oppositions are most frequently present in the discourse of the Other or the self, as well as what type of discourse – factual reporting or stereotyping – is prevalent in the narratives of the native and the foreign in these textbooks. The specific goals, whose realization depended on the previously mentioned general aim, were to compare the selfimages derived from the textbook with the heteroimages of the students who use these images in classes, to compare the foreign and the native space and to get to the image, i.e. the notion of Italians and Italy presented in the textbooks by local authors which were used in the language classes in the Italian major program starting from the end of the 19th century and going to the mid-1990s. Another specific aim was to determine which female and male fiction writers were present in name and text, as well as to determine the ratio between the female and male authors in these textbooks. The research included a questionnaire which was answered by 171 students at the Italian language and literature program at both the undergraduate and graduate levels, as well as the analysis of 17 textbooks and accompanying workbooks grouped together by their year of publication (Groups 1, 2, 3). The research has confirmed the hypothesis that among the cultural signs stereotypes about Italians and Italy were present, but at the level of vocabulary the analysis has shown that in the representation of “Italianism“ attributes of national characterization were less frequent than other cultural signs. The vocabulary of cultural signs also indicates that these signs were chosen on the basis of their rhetorical potential, i.e. their ability to affect the audience. Furthermore, as a rule the same cultural aspects and topics are not repeated in a textbook, but rather the same topic is approached form different aspects (e.g. the topic of immigration includes text about the immigration in Italy, texts about the time when Italians immigrated, positive and negative reactions to immigration, literature and films about immigration/migration). Therefore the same stereotypical utterances are rarely repeated in a single textbook, so the frequency of particular cultural signs, stereotypes being one of them, is low within a single textbook. However, since each topic featuring culture is in itself a matter of choice among a multitude of others, the topics included should be considered “marked, highlighted“ in comparison with the ones that are not present. Almost two thirds of the students who participated in the research confirmed that there were stereotypes on Italians in the textbook they use, but less than a third gave examples. The analysis of the grammar and rhetoric of the discourse on the self in the studied textbooks has revealed that the discourse was mostly factual and the point was not to emphasize what is different from the foreign, but rather to highlight what is perceived as italianissimo (very Italian), in the sense of the absolute superlative which does not allow for another element of comparison. Findings on foreigners (non-Italians) at the level of grammar shoe that binary oppositions that underlie utterances on foreigners are different from those on Italians, especially so in Group 3, where differences between home and foreign and more pronounced, and the heteroimage is construed from the aspect of the home culture. At the rhetorical level of utterances on foreigners stereotyping is the dominant mode of talking about others in all three groups, and the effect of the typical is a somewhat more frequent strategy of stereotyping than pseudopsychological characterization is. Most factual utterances appear in Group 1, and the fewest in Group 3, in which the effect of the typical is visibly prevalent. The analysis also confirmed the hypothesis that in the studied textbooks space would also be in a way represented stereotypically, meaning that in representing space the dominant image is the one derived from the cultural and historical identity of several cities or regions, with male authors being much more present both in name and text than the female ones. The results of the questionnaire given to students showed that dominant images of Italians were those related to temperament and character, as well as physical characteristics. Results concur with what Pageaux (2009) pointed out, namely that in national stereotyping two type of discourse co-occur, the descriptive (Italians are loud) and the normative (Italians can't speak foreign languages) kind, but among the attributes of national characterization there are very few prejudices, i.e. negative attitudes based on belonging to a group different from one's own. The image of space that derives from the textbooks is stable and there are no great oscillations in relation to the time of publishing. The cities of Rome, Milan, Venice, Florence,Naples and Turin, and recently Bologna, feature most prominently in the textbooks, whereas Tuscany and Sicily are the most prominent regions, followed by Campania, Lazio and Liguria. The stability of this image is confirmed by the students' answers in the questionnaires. Comparison of the images of home space found in Group 3 textbooks and foreign space found in students' questionnaires leads to the conclusion that these two almost fully match in the case of cities, whereas they are somewhat different in the case of regions. By comparing the heteroimage of the nation and space form Group 1 and 2 textbooks to that from students' questionnaires, it can be observed that this image oscillates, but some types of characterization are stable. What is stable is the perception of Italy as the cradle of arts, the land of great artists, opera, sun, blue sea and bright sky. Similarly, the image of Italians as open and hospitable people and Italy as a country that many foreigners visit does not change. In a diachronic perspective it is also clearly visible that some cultural signs and attributes of national characterization appear or disappear, or some characteristics change into their opposite. The research has also shown that the very territory of Italy is partially represented in the textbooks, stereotypically in terms of the North-South division, and that such representation matches the students' perception. Since Italian major program language classes are mandatory courses for future teachers, mediators between cultures and interpreters of cultural signs, more attention should be dedicated right from the beginning to widening the perception of the space covered by Italy, of its geographical and regional diversity as well as cultural differences stemming from this diversity, with a view to avoiding possible misunderstandings in some future communication, as well as avoiding further perpetuation of stereotypes. By comparing the image of Italian literature reconstructed from the textbooks to the image from student questionnaires we may observe that students' answers can be related to the entire study program in language and literature. Although part of the image of literature matches the image from the textbooks and most students have certainly read the literary texts as part of language classes material, it can't be conclusively claimed that these texts have significantly affected the reception of particular authors in this population. Recognizing and analyzing stereotypes can be a useful tool for building a more conscious relationship with a foreign culture, and imagology itself as a literary discipline can use textbook analysis as a potential for innovation in studying images of the Other, the modes of their spreading and their reception in non-literary contexts as well. Contemporary imagology is in the process of continual theoretical and methodological rethinking, and national stereotypes are not only found in images mediated through text. Since this research indicates that, apart from culture-civilization texts, stereotypical images may also appear in graphic additions to the text, in photographs and illustrations, these will also need to be taken into account in some future imagological research of national imageries, cultural identity and contemporary identity policies
Tri diplomatska govora Jana Panonija
Full text linkU ovom ću diplomskom radu najprije predstaviti lik Jana Panonija, njegov život, smrt, političku karijeru, te književni rad. Središnji dio rada sastoji se od nekoliko dijelova, a u njemu će biti prikazani prijevodi govora, kao i analiza njihove strukture, te usporedba s govorima novijeg doba. Osim analize govora, u ovom ću dijelu ukratko objasniti i povijesne okolnosti koje su Panonija navele na izricanje samih govora. Za kraj ću opisati tijek predavanja o Janu Panoniju i njegovim govorima u prvom razredu klasične gimnazije, vodeći se iskustvom stečenim na školskoj praksi
Tribalizam – evolucijski korijeni i manifestacije u suvremenim kompleksnim društvima
Full text linkOvaj rad se bavi funkcioniranjem tribalizma u modernim uvjetima. Ovoj temi smo pristupili
iz perspektive evolucijske psihologije. Njena glavna pretpostavka je ta da je ljudski um kroz
evoluciju razvio određene psihološke mehanizme (module) prilagođene za rješavanje
specifičnih evolucijskih problema. Svaki psihološki mehanizam je osjetljiv na određene
podražaje iz okoline koji ga aktiviraju te ih stoga nazivamo okidačima. Ovi okidači, u nekim
bitnim aspektima, nalikuju na predznake situacije koja je predstavljala evolucijski problem za
koji je sam mehanizam evoluirao. U slučaju tribalizma to su prijetnje našoj grupi. Osim
okidača, ovaj rad se istražuje i pristranost te grupnu identifikaciju kao bitne čimbenike
cjelokupnog mehanizma. Na kraju se predstavlja nekoliko primjera funkcioniranja tribalizma
u modernim uvjetima.This paper deals with the functioning of tribalism in modern conditions. We deal with this
topic from the perspective of evolutionary psychology. It's main assumption is that the human
mind, through evolution, has developed certain psychological mechanisms adapted to solve
specific evolutionary problems. Each psychological mechanism is susceptible to certain
stimuli from the environment that trigger it and we therefore call them triggers. These triggers,
in some respects, resemble the signs of the situation that represented the evolutionary problem
that the mechanism itself evolved. In the case of tribalism these triggers are threats to our
group. In addition to triggers, this paper investigates bias and group identification as essential
factors of the overall mechanism. In the end, there are several examples of the functioning of
tribalism in modern conditions