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Disease Prevention in School Health Care Services
No full textSchool health services are the most appropriate settings for primary prevention, early detection and secondary prevention of diseases. School health services in collaboration with school setting guarantees easy access to population of school children. The schools are also important environments for preventive actions directed to the group in this setting and population-oriented approach. The regular medical check-ups, as a part of the school health programme, are ideal opportunities to detect majority of health problems of school children in early stage as: growth and developmental problems, risky behaviour (smoking, drinking, drug use), unhealthy eating habits, psychosocial problems, reproductive health status sexual behaviour, contraception), school achievement, speech and learning disabilities, visual and hearing problems, cardiovascular risk factors (obesity, overweight, physical activity, blood pressure)
Foundations of Health Education
Get PDFThe module covers principles and concepts of health education, different approaches to health education, assessing population health needs, health education methods and tools, as well as how to work with individuals (counselling methods), with small groups (including self-help groups), and with population. Health education is an important tool in overall promotion of health. Health education principles are directed to healthy life style and strengthening defense mechanisms by efficient contribution of individuals in the social life. Health education is important for entire population regardless of age, educational level, gender, health and other determinants. Health education should be adjusted to the local culture needs and possibilities. Health promotion program of the World Health Organization from 1984 and Declaration from Ottawa from 1986 represent a basis for an innovative approach toward health education based on the social concept of health and healthy life styles. The new broader approach ”Education for Health” beside relevant and precise information includes all spontaneous and organized actions directed toward health. An essential precondition for those actions is to provide such healthy environment where a healthy choice would be the easiest choice. In this way the control and responsibility for someone’s health are becoming an integrative part of everyday life of the individual, family, community and society through adopting healthy life styles, and creating supportive environments for health
Implementation of the New Public Health Principles : Case Study of Montenegro
Get PDFAccording to the survey in 2003, 617,749 of inhabitants live in the Republic of Montenegro, and 62% of them live in urban area. Since 1950, changes have been marked in rates of demographic indicators especially significant for the presentation of getting population older, on the territory of Montenegro. The tendency of the rate decrease of born alive, of vital index and increase of expected life’s length are evident, as well as the average age of the population and the index of getting older of the population. Development of the new public health is priority in health policy in Montenegro and Institute of Public Health is the base for the implementation of principles in new public health as an ethical issue which is related to health expenditures, priorities and social philosophy. Development of the public health policy in Montenegro has the next priorities: primary health care reform process and developing the new doctor’s model; health promotion and disease prevention; modification of the life style: Increasing physical activity, good eating habits and safe food, reducing tobacco smoking, harmful alcohol consumption, drug use prevention; improving social security and reduction poverty; political power, influence and participation - democratic rights for all groups in society, participation in the political decisionmaking process; creating secure and good conditions for health care of children and young people; creating secure and good conditions for health care of women; healthy workplaces and an improved level of occupational health; a healthy environment and the provision of safe products; reducing the spread of infectious diseases and promoting safe sexual behaviour; reducing injures and violence; improving oral health; improving mental health; collecting and processing of data about health status of population
Oral Health and Oral Health Promotion
Get PDFWorld Health Organization recognizes oral health as an important component of general health, and furthermore, oral health is essential for well-being. The majority of oral diseases is related to lifestyles and reducing these mostly chronic diseases relies much on changing behaviour. Changes for the better in behaviour can and do occur, but require commitment and expertise within health promotion. Customs, practices and lifestyle issues play a role in the oral health of a community and should be considered when national policies and programmes are being formulated. Oral health and general health share common factors related to diet, the use of tobacco, and the excessive consumption of alcohol and the solutions to control oral disease are to be found through shared approaches with integrated chronic disease prevention. Oral health promotion is an integral part of general health promotion. Together, oral health promotion and general health promotion address the inseparable issues of systemic and oral diseases, general and oral hygiene, general and oral health care attitudes, and general health services as well as dental services. Thus, oral health promotion and oral disease prevention should embrace what is termed ‘the common risk factor approach’; leading to the integration of oral health promotion into broader health promotion. Each country should produce a thorough description of its population in terms of demographics, socioeconomics, health, diet, nutrition, and cultural factors affecting oral health knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviours. The case of Slovenia is used as an example
Preventive Health Care and Disease Prevention
Get PDFIn the last decades it was evident that the health problems worldwide could not be solved only by spending money for disease treatment but by creating and application of disease prevention strategies. The aim of this paper is to give a common understanding about the major tasks of the prevention medicine, about the types and activities of the prevention. It describes the differences between disease prevention and health promotion. The levels of the diseases prevention are presented. The strategies of preventive medicine, their advantages, disadvantages and interaction are explained. The paper gives information how the evaluation of possibilities for diseases prevention could be done. At the end, the reader will learn about the necessary premises for a successful preventive startegy in the policy of preventive medicine
Alternative Medicine During Millenional Transition
Get PDFAlternative medicine is becoming the important factor in health care in most countries of developed world. Generally, that development was enabled by spreading of postmodern comprehension within the Western Weltanschauung. Postmodern comprehension both, enabled deconstruction of dominant health paradigm, and stimulated acceptance of pluralistic attitudes in matters of health care. So, alternative medicine is travelling now on a rather fast track through medical institutions and even through most solemn medical campuses of developed world. Of course, there is no doubt who is holding the reins there. So, in order to cut through power plays of powers that be it is crucial to be aware of distinctions between alternative and official medicine. The differentia specifica of alternative medicine could be understood by dropping out of Cartesian paradigm and by turning to the basic postulates of holographic paradigm
Economic Analysis as a Tool for Planning and Evaluation of Public Health Interventions
No full textThe central problem addressed by the discipline of economics is that of resource scarcity, and so the purpose of economic evaluation is, in a very broad sense, to help decision-makers when addressing problems arising due to the scarcity issue. Therefore, such evidence is generated with the direct intention of influencing policy. Over recent years, there have been repeated expressions of concern about the usefulness of health economic analyses, and responses have tended to centre on questions of how research by health economists can be made more useful and accessible to policy makers. How an economic evaluation can be used in practice, is presented in the case of folic acid food fortification. After the introduction of folate deficiency problem and discussion of strengths and weaknesses of folic acid food fortification, it is demonstrated how an economic evaluation can add value to decision-making process. However, it is important to understand that, even if the best possible economic evaluations were available, they would be only one element in a complex process of decision-making that is also shaped by scientific evidence and political feasibility
Health Policy Analysis and Development
Get PDFThis module examines the health policy development and in particular the functions of health policy analysis in the policy-making process. The module starts with a short overview of the historical background of policy analysis, which shows that the aim of policy analysis, today as in the past, has been to provide policymakers with information that can be used to solve practical problems. The module continues with a description of the policy development in the health sector. Although policy analysis is an intellectual activity, it is also embedded in a social and political process known as policymaking. Health policies are important because it is what gives content to the practices of the health sector. Policies are expressed in a whole series of practices, statements, regulations and even laws which are the result of decisions about how we will do things
Health Survey as a Powerful Tool for Planning Public Health Intervention
No full textHealth surveys are observational epidemiological studies of health status of the population in which usually a cross-section through frequency and characteristics of health outcomes and other health related events like exposures are studied and therefore provide prevalence data. Surveys are very applicable in searching for general insight in health states and conditions that last a relatively long time as well as various risk factors for them. Their results could be efficiently used in planning public health interventions, and in fact today they represent one of the most important tools of evidence based public health. The module is presenting basic theoretical background necessary for understanding the usefulness of health surveys in planning public health interventions, as well as it provides a case study
Quality of health Care
Get PDFWHO policy “Health for all” defines ten global goals and one of them is relating to health care quality: “Improvement of comprehensive high quality health care”. There are numerous definitions of health care and WHO defines it as “the level where delivered health care achieves the best results establishing the balance between the risk and benefit within specified economic conditions”. Basic dimensions of quality are equality, relevance, accessibility, acceptability, effectiveness and efficiency. Motives for establishing the system of quality in health care are professional, socio-economical, patients’ satisfaction, and the final and the most important at the same time – improvement of population health. Modern concept of quality means implementation of TQM (Total Quality Management) and CQI (Continuous Quality Improvement) that represent managing strategies whose main steps are managing consciousness, strategic planning, management implementation and training of employees. Principles are that patients’ needs, opinions and experience are the important information in permanent improvement of quality, that it has to be integrated part of everyday work, that all employees in the system of health care have professional responsibility according to permanent improvement of quality and particular responsibility have managers at all levels in health institution, that permanent improvement of quality means positive approach to work and that all activities should be based on data and information not on assumptions. Significant parameter of quality is also patients’ satisfaction, which is defined by WHO as “the level when the health system has satisfied patients’ expectations”. One of the approaches in management and explicit measuring of quality is also accreditation and its purpose is improvement of quality, gaining of information and responsibility