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Community Nursing Care
Get PDFCommunity nursing care forms an integral part of primary nursing care and therefore primary healthcare. It is performed in the patient's home, health centre, local community and in-the-field. The community nurse, who is a member of the nursing and health team, operates at all levels of health education: primary, secondary and tertiary, and promotes the health of the individual, family and whole population
Investing in Health and Market Regulation in the European Health Care System
Get PDFThe authors analyze the basic financial principles and the regulated entrepreneurship in the healthcare systems in Europe. They point out that the European countries organize, manage and finance their health care in different ways. Thus the health systems vary not only in the financial methods used, but also in the payment scheme of the insurance institution and the healthcare providers as well as the ways in which the state regulates the health services provision and the development of market relations in healthcare. Some of the most up-to-date challenges and opportunities in front of European healthcare systems are overviewed. An example case study is presented in order to illustrate the need for investing in health as well as for careful financial and regulatory planning and management
„Wenn die Weiber führen das Regiment, so nimmt es selten ein gut End“ - Anmerkungen zu rechtlichen Grundlagen und Rezeption weiblicher Herrschaft
Get PDFEthics in Public Health and Health Promotion
Get PDFEthics in public health is an ever raising issue that can no longer be postponed from more seriously taking it into consideration. This module provides overview of major ethical theories (utilitarianism, liberalism and communitarianism) and basic concepts and principles of moral philosophy as applied to public health and health promotion. Ethical theories provide a way of thinking and highlight various ways of approaches to alternative priorities and problem definitions in public health and health sector reform issues. It also provides an insight in the most common ethical dilemmas that arise in public health and health promotion
Evaluation in Health Promotion
Get PDFEvaluation of health promotion intervention is a systematic examination and assessment of process and outcomes of a health promotion intervention in order to produce information for further improvement. Due to complexity of health promotion interventions, several methodological and practical issues have to be clarified from the beginning of the processes. In this context, based on the literature review, and Springett and all model, an eight step evaluation framework and its principles is described. Some important methodological issues and challenges specific for each step are further detailed. Also critical points and difficulties are briefly presented. The whole approach contributes to enhance understanding of methodology and importance of evaluation as part of health promotion interventions cycle
General Objectives and Methods in HIV/AIDS Surveillance
Get PDFPreventing transmission of virus is still the single intervention known as effective in limiting the spread of HIV infection. So, the epidemiological surveillance of HIV/AIDS is an important tool used by public health specialists in controlling epidemics. Epidemiological surveillance is a continuous process of collecting, analysing, interpreting and disseminating data in order to plan, implement and assess public health interventions. The objectives of HIV/AIDS surveillance should be specific, measurable, transformed into actions, realistic, planned to be done in due time. The main methods used by HIV/AIDS surveillance in collecting the data are biological surveillance, behavioural surveillance, other sources of information. The main indicators recommended for any HIV/AIDS programme components include the fields of politics, condoms availability and quality, social stigmatus & discrimination, knowledge, vertical transmission, sex negotiation and attitude, sexual behaviour, especially in youngsters, injection with drugs, safe blood and derivatives, STI treatment and prevention, care and social support, social & health impact. Data collected by public health surveillance systems guide the responses to the events, measure and monitor the burden of the disease, assess public health politics, etc.. Integrated approach in epidemiological surveillance takes into account, generally, the integration of all activities that have to do with epidemiological surveillance into a single service with multiple functions using the same structures, procedures and personnel. Second generation HIV/AIDS surveillance is a WHO concept developped on modular systems. The metodology in risk behaviour surveillance studies includes: justifying, behavioural risk, methods for collecting data, behavioural data value, steps in organizing behavioural surveillance studies
Patronage Nurses: The Outreach Nursing System a Milestone of Health Promotion
Get PDFIn the health systems of countries of South-East Europe, the public health services have maybe suffered the most during the last fifteen years, with depreciated infrastructure and in some cases outmoded public health interventions. Recent positive trend has been visible in rehabilitation and reinforcement of population based public health interventions. Health staff profile likely best to accomplish function of the community based health education and health promotion are nurses. The patronage outreach nurses have received comprehensive training on methodology and techniques of adult-learning. They have knowledge of epidemiology, community assessment, programme planning and evaluation, biostatistics, research, nursing theory, public health administration and history and politics. They are the milestone in achieving the main principles of community health with its’ participatory process to improve population health and the health promotion empowerment process to reduce social inequalities in health. Additionally, their scope of work helps in readdressing the injustice in health, identifies a complex and mutually interrelated problems that involves individuals, family and community and link them with the local culture, wider policy decisions, economic and socio-cultural forces
Social Marketing in Marketing Health
Get PDFHealth communication is one of key approaches in health promotion. In last decade more and more techniques used by commercial marketers are used, termed in this context »social marketing«. It became integrative and inclusive discipline that uses a wide range of social sciences and social policy approaches as well as marketing. Like commercial marketing, social marketing is also focused on the consumer, and similarly, it is the knowledge on what people want and need and how to persuade them to buy what we are producing. On the other hand, there is a great difference between commercial and social marketing in the product. The paper presents the rough overview of the concept of social marketing and its basic characteristics
Tobacco Control and Health Promotion Activities
Get PDFThe use of tobacco is considered as one of the main risk factors for numerous chronic diseases, such as: lung diseases, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. 4.9 million deaths per year worldwide are tobacco related, having an increasing trend that will lead to double death toll by 2020. WHO is one of the leading organizations in the world actively involved in the health promotion activities related to tobacco consumption reduction and tobacco control. In this regard WHO prepared the Framework Convention of Tobacco Control (FCTC) in 2003, enforced on February 27, 2005. Based on the FCTC the national tobacco control programs should be comprehensive, aiming to control the use of tobacco through various actions including legislation and pricing measures, prevention through education, communication, informative campaigns in order to raise the awareness on tobacco dangers, to prevent tobacco use initiation, to stimulate smoking cessation and to create smoke free environment. WHO recommends that health promotion program should incorporate activities on smoking cessation, smoke free environment, special activities for vulnerable groups such as youth and pregnant women and activities for prevention of initiation of tobacco use. These programs should be supported by the governments through multisectoral activities emphasizing economics and legislation issues. Tobacco smoking is a widespread and serious problem affecting the health of the population in Macedonia. The National Tobacco Control Strategy in R. Macedonia (2005-2010) incorporates legislative and economic measures, health promotion and education for prevention of initiation and smoking cessation, agricultural and environmental measures
''Health Needs'' Concept
Get PDFThe concept of ''health needs'' is one of key concepts in public health. From the public health standpoint, the most important perspective on this concept is the perspective of a population, or an individual respectively. But along this perspective there exist several other perspectives, which can be to the certain extent similar, but also could be also very different. All this enters an enormous confusion in its understanding, and consecutively this concept seems rather elusive. This confusion originates from the fact that the concept of “health needs” is very difficult to define exactly, like it is also very difficult to define exactly the concept of “health itself”, since both concepts are extremely complex entities. The module is trying to enlighten some problems concerning the “health needs” concept”