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Primary Health Care
Get PDFPrimary health care is essential health care made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community. It is a base and the entrance of the whole health care system, often has the role of gate keeper. It has to be organized according to social realities in which communities live and work. The health system is developed relatively well among the countries in the South Eastern European region. The heath personnel are well-trained and public health services are well established and organized. Around 30% of general practitioners are specialists in family medicine. Health care services in Croatia are organized on three levels: primary, secondary and tertiary. On primary level operate general/family medicine, paediatric, gynaecological and dental practices, public health nursing, diagnostic laboratories and supporting services and pharmacies. The core of primary health services in Croatia are general/family medicine, paediatric services and community nurses. According to the Health Insurance Act in Croatia, there are three main health insurance schemes: basic, supplementary and private health insurance
Quality of Nursing Care
Get PDFThe word quality is used every day everywhere in our lives and also in health care professionals work field. There are very general definitions which state that quality is a characteristic of things and phenomena and also more precise general and narrow professional definitions. With regard to nursing quality many authors cite Donabedian, who asserts that quality is the harmony between actual nursing and the criteria prescribed beforehand. The quality of nursing is the level of excellence. Quality assurance is merely a process that incorporates the systematic description, measurement, evaluation and, when necessary, implementation of measures to improve quality. Every organization that assumes responsibility for monitoring and promoting the quality of its work chooses a quality assurance programme. It is not possible to measure quality of care unless it has been accurately described in measurable terms. One of the ways to do this is by setting standards and clinical pathways
Role of Hospitals at the Beginning of the New Millenium
Get PDFDuring a long history, hospitals were continuously changing so that diversity is one of their characteristics. Being a part of a local culture, they also reflect general global trends. At present, the winds of globalisation are stronger, following an overall trend in technology and economics. Changes in technologies will induce changes in management (“new plants do not survive in old pots”). New imaging technologies need a better clinical feed-back, and the pattern of “industry-like” hospital, where specialists work in their narrow fields on a production-line becomes inappropriate for them. Human resource management becomes more important than economic and technical management dominating at presen
Advisable Guidelines for Reducing Inequalities in Health
Get PDFSocio-economic inequalities in health are a major challenge for health policy, not only because most of these inequalities can be considered unfair, but also because reducing the burden of health problems in disadvantaged groups offers a great potential for improving the average health status of the population as a whole. However, it seems that public health professionals are not enough aware of inequalities in health or they are not trained enough to handle them. It can be partially explained by the fact, that there is neither postgraduate education nor training in the field of socioeconomic inequalities for public health personnel. This module consists of four workshops, one workshop for every learning objective (workshop 1 - Assessment process of the availability of data, Workshop 2 - Existing data resources, Workshop 3 - Methodological guidelines, Workshop 4 - Formulating a public health policy
Concepts and Principles in Health Promotion
Get PDFThis module provides a theoretical background to the concepts and principles of health promotion as a foundation for good practice. Current concepts of health promotion, approaches and international targets are addressed together with discussion of debates and dilemmas facing health promotion practitioners. This module is the introduction to the Chapter Health Promotion and covers the topics such us: From Public Health to New Public Health and Health Promotion. The Evolution of Health Promotion. The Ottawa Charter, Bangkok Charter and Beyond. Health Promotion in Europe. Main principles and concepts in health promotion, strategies and areas. The scope of Health promotion in the future
Say Yes to No–smoking: Case Study Croatia
Get PDFSmoking is the main health risk factor that can be avoided, but remains the largest single cause of premature death in developed countries, accounting for almost 20% of all mortality. Smoking increases the risk of approximately 30 diseases, for some of them even by 10 to 30 times. There exist different measures/intervention programmes to tackle the problem of smoking, anti-smoking campaigns being one of them. Every year, 13,000-14,000 people in Croatia die from the consequences of smoking. Although the advantages of quitting smoking are wellknown, large number of smokers find hard to give up smoking. As a response to this problem, in Croatia the campaign »Say Yes to No-smoking« was organized. As a part of this campaign, a first national »Smoke Out Day« was organized on March 2003 under the slogan »Croatia Breathes«
The WHO Countrywide Integrated Non-communicable Diseases (CINDI) programme in Slovenia
Get PDFMany different community based intervention projects/programmes were designed and/or implemented since the early 1970s to combat chronic non-communicable diseases, many of them being international. Countrywide Integrated Non-communicable Diseases Intervention programme (CINDI) of the World Health Organization (WHO), Regional Office for Europe, which started to spread its ideas in the 1980s, is one of them. Slovenia as a state officially joined international CINDI programme at the beginning of the 1990s, when its activities were limited to Ljubljana demonstrational area. First few years were used as an introductory period of the programme, while more systematically organized activities begun in the late 1990s. The paper presents the historical development of the CINDI programme in Slovenia, and the role of CINDI Slovenia Preventive Unit in it
Economic Assesment and Management of process of Ageing in Bulgaria
Get PDFDemographic, social and economic status of Bulgarian third age population is one of the less favourable among the EU member states. Population in Bulgaria decreased from 8 948 649 in 1985 to 7 640 000 in 2007 with stable reduction of growing generation, standstill of at-labour-age persons and increase of the above-labour-age population. Major problem is the low employment level of ageing population, unsatisfactory health care services and unsupportive pensioning system.Elder people find themselves in completely new economic and social situation, which together with the usual changes create complexes of vulnerability, inability to manage daily tasks and health problems. The training aims at improvement of the competencies of students, professionals and aged people, their skills to manage the economic reality, enhance their health culture and diminish their exposure to diseases
Community Health- Public Health Research Methods and Practice
Get PDFFor few decades the value of a community, empowerment, community-based care, population-based needs assessment was discussed, but not so much of the evidence of this commitment was found in the public health interventions. Potential contributions from the social sciences tend to be overwhelmed by the appeal of the biomedical and behavioural sciences. Three concepts and notions notion of community in public health were dominated: First, community- a lots and lots of people or community as the population; second could be described as community as “giant reinforcement schedule” or community as setting, with aspects of that setting being used as levers to support and maintain individual behaviour change. The third, newest, approach sees community as “eco-system with capacity to work towards solutions to its own community identified problems” or to see it as a social system. This notion of community focused on strengths instead merely on deficits. Two groups of research activities (systematic study of communities and inequality research) supported with evidence from many applied researches done through development of European Healthy Cities Project contributed to this shift in perception of the value of the community. In this course we elaborate inequity research, “System” study of communities and present case study: „Community applied research in Croatia- “triggered” by Healthy Cities“