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Aggregation verteilter Online-Server mit strukturierten Metadaten; am Beispiel von BASE und DRIVER
Get PDFDas OAI-PMH-Protocol (Open Archives Initiative – Protocol for Metadata Harvesting) zeichnet sich durch Einfachheit, Robustheit und viele Freiheiten und Unschärfen aus. Die für BASE an der UB-Bielefeld geschaffene Harvesting-Umgebung ist Perl-basiert, läuft unter Shellskripten, die mit Konfigurationsdateien überwiegend durch cronjob gesteuertes periodisches Harvesten vornehmen. Die Aggregation (Filterung, Qualitätsverbesserung) der geholten Metadaten erfolgt bei BASE im Pre-Processing im FAST-Kontext. Für BASE sind inzwischen mehr als 2000 OAI-Repositories prozessiert worden; aktiviert davon sind knapp 1400 mit knapp 22 Mill. Dokumenten. Zur Ermittlung neuer Schnittstellen werden vor allem automatisch unterstützt die bekannten OAI-Registries analysiert. Dazu kommen die Beobachtung von anderen OAI-Service-Providern und Auflistungen (solche liegen bezogen auf Land, Communities, Disziplinen vor) und persönliche Kontakte. Die Aggregation der zusammengetragenen Daten erfolgt zur Korrektur von Fehlern, zur Normalisierung von Feldinhalten (insbes. language, type, date) und zur Extraktion von spezifischer Information (DDC-Klassifikation-Codes). Im DRIVER-Kontext sind auf Basis der BASE-Technologie und Erfahrungen das Modul Harvesting/Aggregating von der UB Bielefeld entwickelt worden, das mit den ebenfalls in Bielefeld entwickelten Modulen MDStore (zur Speicherung der originalen und aggregierten Metadaten) und Index das Rückgrat des Datenprocessing bildet. Bei DRIVER wurden bisher mit dieser Technik knapp 250 Repositories mit vergleichsweise hohem Qualitätslevel bearbeitet und integriert. Die aus der OAI-Praxis abgeleiteten OAI-PMH-Empfehlungen und -Anforderungen wurden unter Beteiligung der UB Bielefeld in den DRIVER Guidelines zusammengestellt
Global Public Health Threats and Disaster Management
Get PDFMajor emergencies, disasters and other crises do not respect national borders and never occur at convenient times. The magnitude of human suffering caused by these events is huge, and many aspects of people’s lives are affected – health, security, housing, access to food, water and other life commodities, to name just a few. That is why it is vital to strengthen public health preparedness and response to different natural and man-made disasters. Disaster management has a crucial role in mitigation of disaster consequences. The aim of disaster management is to support countries in building their emergency response capacities, stressing a multisectoral and comprehensive approach in terms of risk reduction. Since the risk is a function of the hazards to which a community is exposed and the vulnerabilities of that community, the risk can be modified by the level of the emergency preparedness of the community at risk. The challenge is to put in place systematic capacities such as: legislation, plans, coordination mechanisms and procedures, institutional capacities and budgets, skilled personnel, information, and public awareness and participation that can measurably reduce future risks and losses. Emergency preparedness is a programme of long-term activities whose goals are to strengthen the overall capacity and capability of a country to manage efficiently all types of emergencies. It requires development of emergency plans, training of personnel at all levels and in all sectors, education of communities at risk, and monitoring and regular evaluation of these measures. The main goal of this module is to give more detailed and comprehensive approach to the definition of the major incidents, scientific evidence for public health importance of specific type of emergencies/disasters and basic elements for disaster management with special emphasis to risk assessment and emergency preparedness programmes
Healthy Kindergartens
Get PDFPre-school period is extremely important in adopting individual health behaviour. Consecutively it is very important how to present health and healthy behaviour to the child. The project is directed to create conditions for children’s well-being and health, education for a healthy behaviour, and support of social and professional partners. At the beginning of the nineties, a project entitled »Healthy Schools« was launched by the World Health Organization to stimulate schools for incorporation of health promotion in their curricula and everyday life. Since this project was relating to primary schools only, similar project entitled »Healthy Kindergarten« was developed in some European countries. Two case studies are presented to illustrate the development, aim, and goals of healthy kindergartens, and as an example how the project concepts could be implemented as a routine. The first case study is presenting the development of the »Healthy Kindergarten« project in Slovenia, and the »Health in the Kindergartens« programme, the successor of the project, implemented as a routine. The second case is presenting an intervention tool in Hong Kong where children’s health status was found to be poor
Perinatal Health Care Improvement in Macedonia Through Education: Case Study
Get PDFThe Official Macedonian Reports on the situation in the field of perinatal health care showed for a longer period high rates in perinatal/neonatal mortality which ranked the country in the bottom of the list of European countries. It required urgent Strategy for improvement the efficiency of perinatal care services in Macedonia in late 1990-ties. The main issues within the strategy were: prevention and health promotion, training and education, infrastructure, equipment supply, institutional and organizational change and policies and procedures. The example of Macedonia emphasized the role and the value of the education and training and health education in highly successful implementation of the National strategy for perinatal care improvement. The most appropriate learning startegies and methods of assessment were chosen in order to get the best scores in theoretical and practical sense. The greatest achievement was the overall decrease of 27% in the Perinatal Mortality Rate, compared 3 years before intervention with 2 years after starting intervention (27.4 to 21.5 per 1000 births) and decrease of 36% in early neonatal deaths in babies >1000g (12.0 to 7.7 per 1000 live births), reflecting the postnatal thrust of the program. The process of change management in perinatal health care was kept along implementing the standards, and the results were published as “successful story” in the final Report after the evaluation, prepared by the external consultant Prof Dr Heather Jeferry and submitted to the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Macedonia
Regional and Local Settings for Capacity Building in Public Health – Croatian experience
Get PDFThis paper describes how was incorporated a multi-disciplinary and inter-sectored approach into development of public health policy and plans at the local (county) level in Croatia by educational program. Method used was the public health capacity building program »Health – Plan for it«, which was developed with the aim to assist the counties to overcome recognized weaknesses and introduce more effective and efficient local public health practices. Two main instruments were used: Local Public Health Practice Performance Measures Instrument, and Basic Priority Rating System. This program has helped counties to asses population health needs in a participatory manner, to plan for health and, ultimately, assure provision of the right kind and quality of services (better tailored to population health needs). This program’s benefits are going beyond and above the county level. It provides support for the Healthy Cities project locally, and facilitates changes in national policymaking body’s mindset that a »one-size-fits-all« approach is sufficient
Complementary and Alternative Medicine - some Public Health Views
Get PDFCAM is, from the point of view of public health, a phenomenon that should be followed, analysed and controlled. Noxious as well as protective factors which accompany the implementation of CAM methods should be recognised so as to be able to inform the public of the results in a timely and accurate manner. The case study analyses the viewpoints of medical doctors, patients and the state of the phenomenon of CAM in Slovenia. A declinatory attitude of conventional medicine to CAM is present. In contrast, population express a favourable opinion on alternative methods of treatment, and more than a third of them actually make use of them
Socio-medical and Ethnical Dimensions of the Health Practice
No full textThe dramatic social and economic changes that have taken place in the past two decades in SEE, have caused the existing inequalities in health to grow even bigger, not only between but also within the countries in the region. Backed up with the national health statistics, which gives a stark illustration of the effect of economic crisis and reveals a growing health divide, the issue is recognized to deserve greater attention; the once strong and sole focus of the health services to offer better care, newer treatments and more effective drugs, in the contemporary society requires to be accompanied with the much wider scope of needs of the modern patient - including more complex social interaction, better access to information through a multitude of sources, etc. The added complexity of the interactions in the health system where both patient and the doctor play a crucial role deserves much attention if we are aimed at reducing the inequality, socio-medical and ethical disparities
Effectiveness, Efficiency and Equity
Get PDFHealth is perceived as most precious good, and people feel its vulnerability. Societies have been trying to absorb, ameliorate or compensate consequences and health risks with varying emphasis and varying success. Due to the uniqueness of good health to a persons’ ability to live the life he or she wants, health care and performance of health care systems are under critical observation. In this context many discussions swivel around ethics, justice, equity, equality and fairness, very often using these notions interchangeably. Sometimes they are used as arguments to challenge every economic consideration by claiming “the freedom of therapeutic choices”, and pointing out the humanitarian aspect of an individual’s health and the danger of withholding intervention options or rationing. It is not surprising to see, that many health care professionals and patients see a certain incompatibility between financing, opera-tional aspects of health care, like allocation of resources, and ethical expectations. Nevertheless, this is not necessarily so. In the following we will discuss what principles should rule a health care system. Furthermore conflicts and trade-offs between performance measures like effectiveness and efficiency and equity considerations will be discussed
Palliative Care
Get PDFPopulation ageing and the implications these present for care towards the end of life are major public health issues for 21st century. In the line with aging of the population, the pattern of diseases that people suffer and die from is also changing. Palliative care should be an integral part of health care and take place in any setting. Palliative care services are structured in three levels of ascending specialization, referred to the expertise of the staff providing the service: palliative care approach, general palliative care and specialist palliative care. Priority care needs for the three illness trajectories, for short period of evident decline (mostly cancer), for chronic illnesses with intermittent exacerbations and sudden dying (organ system failure), and for slow dwindling (mostly frailty and dementia) are different and specific palliative care services are needed through different length of time