1,720,953 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Die Rolle von strahleninduzierten Immunveränderungen für die Normalgewebstoxizität mit einem Fokus auf dem CD73/Adenosin Signalweg und Makrophagen
No full textRadiotherapy (RT) is besides surgery and chemotherapy one standard treatment option for patients suffering from neoplasms in the thoracic room, e.g. lung cancer, breast cancer or head and neck cancer. Due to high normal tissue toxicity of the lung pneumonitis and lung fibrosis are dose-limiting side effects of any RT within the thoracic room, thereby increasing the risk of local relapses and loss of tumor control. Up to now no curative therapies are available to prevent or treat those life-threatening diseases, thus there is a high need to investigate mechanisms that reduce normal tissue toxicity after irradiation. It has been reported that the infiltration of various immune cells is a common feature of radiation-induced pneumonitis and fibrosis. For other fibrotic diseases of the lung e.g. idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis a contribution of CD73 and adenosine on disease progression was reported. Therefore, the present project aimed to give new insights into the contribution of different immune cells to radiation-induced pneumopathy and a potential impact of CD73 and adenosine on disease progression.
To study radiation-induced pneumopathy a murine model was used. C57BL/6 wildtype and CD73 knockout (CD73-/-) mice were irradiated with a single high dose of 15 Gy over their whole thorax to study radiation-induced pneumonitis and fibrosis. Thorax irradiation of C57BL/6 mice altered the composition of T cell populations locally and systemically (cervical lymph nodes and spleen). In the lung irradiation led at 3 weeks to increased levels of regulatory T cells (Treg). At six and twelve weeks upon irradiation (pneumonitic phase) an influx of CD3+ T cells was observed. In addition to an increased CD73 expression on T cells, CD73 expression and activity was also upregulated on other immune cells and non-leukocytes in the irradiated lung. Moreover, elevated levels of Treg were found during the fibrotic phase. The upregulation of CD73 was paralleled by progressively accumulating levels of extracellular adenosine. CD73 deficient mice failed to accumulate adenosine in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and exhibited significantly less radiation-induced lung fibrosis. Furthermore, treatment of wild-type mice with pegylated adenosine deaminase (PEG-ADA) or CD73 antibodies also significantly reduced radiation-induced lung fibrosis. The development of radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis in WT mice was accompanied by the accumulation of macrophages within organized clusters expressing pro-fibrotic marker proteins. Interestingly, in CD73-/- mice no organized macrophage clusters and no upregulation of anti-inflammatory markers on macrophages was observed during the fibrotic phase. Furthermore, CD73-/- mice showed a differential expression of members of the hyaluronic system.
Taken together the data reveal important roles in disease development for Treg during the early and late phases upon RT as well as for macrophages that accumulate in organized clusters and express anti-inflammatory markers during the fibrotic phase. Importantly the loss of CD73 was associated with reduced levels of adenosine, reduced fibrosis development and accumulation of anti-inflammatory macrophages in organized clusters. While targeting CD73/adenosine provides new treatment possibilities to reduce radiation-induced lung toxicity, the extent of macrophage impact still needs further investigations.Strahlentherapie ist neben chirurgischen Eingriffen und Chemotherapie eine der Standardbehandlungsmethoden für Patienten, die an Krebserkrankungen im Brustbereich leiden. Dazu gehören beispielsweise Lungen-, Brust- und Kopf-Hals-Krebs. Aufgrund hoher Normalgewebstoxizität der Lungen stellen sich Pneumonitis und Lungenfibrose als dosislimitierende Nebenwirkungen der Strahlentherapie im Brustbereich dar. Dadurch erhöht sich das Risiko von lokalen Rezidiven und dem Verlust der Tumorkontrolle. Da es bisher keine kurativen Therapien zur Vorbeugung oder Behandlung dieser lebensbedrohlichen Folgeerkrankungen gibt, besteht ein großes Interesse an der Erforschung von Mechanismen, die die Normalgewebstoxizität durch Bestrahlung reduzieren können. Es ist bekannt, dass strahleninduzierte Pneumonitis und Fibrose mit der Einwanderung von verschiedenen Immunzellen einhergehen. In anderen fibrotischen Erkrankungen der Lunge wie z.B. der idiopatischen Lungenfibrose wurde eine Beteiligung von CD73 und Adenosin in der Krankheitsentwicklung nachgewiesen. Deshalb setzte sich das vorliegende Projekt zum Ziel neue Einblicke in die Beteiligung verschiedener Immunzellen zur Entstehung strahleninduzierter Lungenerkrankungen zu liefern, sowie den möglichen Einfluss von CD73 und Adenosin auf den Krankheitsverlauf zu untersuchen.
Zur Untersuchung strahleninduzierter Lungenerkrankungen wurde ein murines Model verwendet. C57BL/6 Wildtyp und CD73 Knockout (CD73-/-) Mäuse wurden dazu mit einer einmaligen hohen Bestrahlungsdosis von 15 Gy über ihrem gesamten Thorax bestrahlt, um anschließend strahleninduzierte Pneumonitis und Fibrose untersuchen zu können. Die Thoraxbestrahlung von C57BL/6 Mäusen veränderte die Zusammensetzung der T-Zellpopulationen sowohl lokal als auch systemisch (zervikale Lymphknoten und Milz). In der Lunge führte die Bestrahlung zu einer Erhöhung der Anteile an regulatorischen T-Zellen (Treg) 3 Wochen nach Bestrahlung. Ein Einstrom von CD3+ T-Zellen wurde sechs und zwölf Wochen nach der Strahlenbehandlung (pneumonitische Phase) beobachtet. Die Expression und Aktivität von CD73 in bestrahlten Lungen, war nicht nur auf T-Zellen zu beobachten, sondern auch auf weiteren Immunzellen und Zellen, die nicht zu den Leukozyten gehören, erhöht. Darüber hinaus wurden erhöhte Anteile von Treg auch in der fibrotischen Phase nachgewiesen. Die Hochregulierung von CD73 ging einher mit einer zunehmenden Akkumulation von extrazellulärem Adenosin. In bestrahlten CD73-/- Mäusen hingegen war kein erhöhtes Adenosin sichtbar, welches anhand einer Lungenwaschung (BALF) gemessen wurde.Zudem entwickelten die Tiere eine signifikant verminderte strahleninduzierte Fibrose. Darüber hinaus konnte die Behandlung von Wildtyp Mäusen mit pegylierter Adenosindeaminase (PEG-ADA) oder einem CD73 Antikörper ebenso zu einer signifikant verminderten Lungenfibrose führen. Die Entwicklung einer strahleninduzierten Lungenfibrose ging einher mit der Akkumulation von Makrophagen in organisierten Verbänden, sowie der Expression von pro-fibrotischen Markerproteinen. Interessanterweise wurden in CD73-/- Mäusen keine organisierten Verbände von Makrophagen gefunden. Ferner wurde keine Hochregulierung von anti-inflammatorischen Markerproteinen beobachtet. Darüber hinaus zeigten CD73-/- Mäuse eine veränderte Expression von Proteinen des Hyaluronsäure-System.
Zusammenfassend deuten die Ergebnisse auf entscheidende Beiträge zur Krankheitsentstehung von Treg, während der frühen und späten Phase nach Strahlentherapie, und für Makrophagen, die sich in in der fibrotischen Phase in organisierten Verbänden akkumulieren und anti-inflammatorische Marker exprimieren, hin. Der Verlust von CD73 führte zu verminderten Adenosin Leveln, verminderter Fibroseentwicklung und Akkumulation von anti-inflammatorischen Makrophagen in organisierten Verbänden. Durch gezieltes Behandeln von CD73/Adenosin ergeben sich neue Behandlungsmöglichkeiten zur Reduzierung strahleninduzierter Normalgewebstoxizität. Das Ausmaß des Beitrags von Makrophagen zur strahleninduzierten Lungenfibrose bedarf allerdings weiterer Untersuchungen
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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