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حکم فقهی سلب حیات از جنینهای آزمایشگاهی
No full textBackground and Aim: A fetus that develops normally is subject to such rules as the sanctity of abortion. The jurists agree that abortion is a crime and depending on how long the sperm has entered the mother's womb and the steps taken, the offender must pay blood money. This study aims to investigate the possibility of spreading natural abortion rulings on embryos in vitro based on jurisprudential sources and documents.
Materials and Methods: The present analytical descriptive study has been written using library data, both real and cyber. Thus, first of all, the reasons that can be cited in Imami jurisprudential sources regarding abortion has been planned and then by analytical method it has been tried to examine the possibility of spreading the rules of natural abortion to the embryos in vitro abortion. In this regard, since the most important document of these rulings are narrations that express the sanctity of abortion, these narrations have been studied and by examining the word embryo in them and also the way or subject of its formation, the possibility of inclusion of narrations in relation to embryos in vitro is measured.
Conclusion: Studies have shown that among the jurists regarding the deprivation of life of embryos produced by abnormal fertilization, two theories of permissibility and impermissibility have been proposed. By the review of the documents of the two theories, it appears that the reasons for deprivation of life impermissibility are more certain and strong. Then there is no difference between an embryo in vitro and a natural embryo in deprivation of life. Destroying the embryos in vitro is not permissible as well as the naturall embryos, unless in special cases that the secondary titles require otherwise.زمینه و هدف: جنینی که به شیوه معمول به وجود میآید، مشمول احکامی نظیر حرمت سقط است. فقیهان اتفاق نظر دارند که سقط جنین جرم محسوب میشود و بسته به مدتی که نطفه (زیگوت) وارد رحم مادر گشته و مراحل طی شده، مجرم باید دیه بپردازد. این پژوهش بر آن است که امکان سرایت احکام مربوط به سقط جنین طبیعی بر جنینی که در لولههای آزمایشگاهی تولیدشده را بر اساس منابع و مستندات فقهی مورد بررسی قرار دهد.
مواد و روشها: مقاله حاضر به روش توصیفی تحلیلی و با استفاده از دادههای کتابخانهای اعم از حقیقی و سایبری، به نگارش درآمده، بدینترتیب که ابتدا کلیه دلایلی که در منابع فقهی امامیه در زمینه سقط جنین قابل استناد بوده، طرح و آنگاه به روش تحلیلی سعی شده تا امکان سرایت احکام سقط جنین طبیعی به سقط جنین آزمایشگاهی مورد بررسی قرار گیرد. در این راستا چون مهمترین مستند احکام مزبور، روایاتی هستند که حرمت سقط جنین را بیان میکنند، این روایات مورد مداقه قرار گرفته و با بررسی واژه جنین در آنها و همچنین طریقیت یا موضوعیتداشتن نحوه شکلگیری آن، امکان شمول روایات نسبت به جنینهای آزمایشگاهی سنجیده میشود.
نتیجهگیری: بررسیهای صورتگرفته بیانگر آن است که میان فقیهان در زمینه سلب حیات جنینهای تولیدشده از راه لقاح غیر طبیعی، دو نظریه جواز و عدم جواز مطرح شده که از نقد و بررسی مستندات دو نظریه چنین برمیآید که دلایل قول به عدم جواز سلب حیات، از اتقان و استحکام بیشتری برخوردار است. بنابراین در حکم سلب حیات فرقی میان جنین آزمایشگاهی و طبیعی وجود ندارد و همانطور که سقط جنینهای تشکیلشده به صورت طبیعی، جایز نیست، انعدام جنینهای آزمایشگاهی نیز دارای همین حکم بوده، مگر آنگه در موارد خاص عناوین ثانوی به نحو دیگری اقتضا نماید
آثار و احکام عبادی عضو پیوندی در فقه امامیه
Get PDFBackground and Aim: Nowadays, with regard to progress of medical science, in some cases, people transplant organs due to illness, accidents, etc. Imami jurists have allowed organ transplantation based on some conditions. But this question arises: what is the rule of this new organ-which is an artificial organ or an organ separated from an animal or human-in terms of jurisprudence, and what is the duty of the person who has transplanted while doing religious duties (ablution, Ghosl, prayer and Hajj)? The purpose of this research is analyzing the religious effects and rules of transplanted organs.
Materials and Methods: In order to explain religious duty of a person who has transplanted, this descriptive-analytical research aims to study the rules of organ transplantation by separating the different cases while studying the narrations related to the issue and jurisprudential rules and texts.
Conclusion: In natural organs (both human and animal body parts) if the transplanted organ welds, is a part of the person's body and is pure. Also, about parts without soul-except for the parts of an impure animal-even if the part is not welded, it is pure. But in this case-unlike the previous case-it is not considered a part of the person's body, so there is no need to wash or anoint it while ablution or Ghosl. About the organs with soul, even though they are impure as long as they are not transplanted, but in case of necessity and urgency, there is no problem in praying with them. Also about artificial organs, if the parts of an impure animal are not used in them, they don’t affect the validity of the prayer.زمینه و هدف: امروزه با توجه به پیشرفت علم پزشکی، در مواردی افراد به سبب بیماری، تصادفات و غيره اقدام به پیوند عضو می کنند. فقهای امامیه پیوند عضو را بر اساس شرایطی، مجاز شمرده اند. با این وصف چنان چه یک فرد، عضو جدیدی به بدن خود پیوند بزند، این پرسش مطرح می شود که این عضو جدید ـ که یک عضو مصنوعی یا عضوی جدا شده از حیوان یا انسان است ـ از لحاظ فقهی چه حکمی دارد و وظیفه شخص دارنده چنین عضوی، به هنگام انجام تکالیف شرعی (وضو، غسل، نماز و حج) چیست؟ هدف از انجام این تحقیق آن است که احکام عبادی مربوط به عضو پیوندی، با نگاه تحلیلی، تبیین شود.
مواد و روشها: این پژوهش بر اساس روش توصیفی تحلیلی و در راستای تبیین وظیفه شرعی شخص دارای پیوند عضو، با بررسی روایات مرتبط با مساله و نیز قواعد و متون فقهی، بر آن است تا با تفکیک حالات مختلف پیوند عضو، حکم هر مساله را مورد بررسی قرار دهد.
نتیجهگیری: در اعضای طبیعی (چه اجزای بدن انسان و چه حیوان)، عضو پیوندی در صورت جوش خوردن، از عنوان میته بودن خارج شده و جزو بدن شخص محسوب می شود و پاک است. همچنین در اجزای فاقد روح ـ به جز اجزای حیوان نجس العین ـ حتی در صورت عدم جوش خوردن، عضو، پاک محسوب می شود؛ اما در این حالت ـ برخلاف مورد پیشین ـ عضو پیوندی چون جزو بدن فرد محسوب نمی شود، چنان چه از اعضای وضو یا غسل باشد، نیازی به شستن یا مسح آن نیست. اعضای دارای روح نیز اگرچه تا زمانی که پیوند نخورده، نجس است؛ اما در صورت ضرورت و اضطرار حمل آن در نماز بدون اشکال بوده و خللی به صحت نماز وارد نمی سازد. اعضای مصنوعی نیز اگر در ساخت آنها از اعضای حیوان نجس العین استفاده نشده باشد، وجود آنها در صحت نماز خللی وارد نمی سازد
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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