1,720,969 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Electrophysiological studies of infrared detection in the bloodsucking bug Rhodnius prolixus
No full textDie blutsaugende Wanze Rhodnius prolixus benutzt die Wärmestrahlung (IR) von warmblütigen Tieren um ihre Nahrungsquelle zu finden. Die Wahrnehmung von IR wurde im Tierreich schon öfter beschrieben (zB. bei Klapperschlangen, Gemeinen Vampir-Fledermäusen, Zecken und bei Insekten), jedoch war eine generelle Beschreibung ihrer Funktionsweise eher schwierig, da sie eine sehr hohe Empfindlichkeit auf Temperaturänderung (T) aufweisen. Doch was unterscheidet IR Rezeptoren von Thermorezeptoren, wenn sie auf beide Reize reagieren? Gibt es Rezeptoren, die tatsächlich zwischen diesen beiden Reizen unterscheiden können?
Tatsächlich besitzen blutsaugende Wanzen die Fähigkeit, die Wärmestrahlung eines Körpers von der warmen Luft, die ihn umgibt, zu unterscheiden.
Welche neuronalen Prozesse dieser Fähigkeit zugrunde liegen, ist noch unbekannt. Jede Information, die die Wanze von der Umwelt empfängt, ist in der Frequenz der Aktionspotentiale der Sinneszelle enthalten. Um die Funktion eines IR Rezeptors zu verstehen, muss die Aktivität dieser Sinneszelle elektrophysiologisch untersucht werden.
Die Ergebnisse meiner Forschung wurden in zwei Publikationen veröffentlicht.
In meiner ersten Arbeit behandle ich die Identifikation von IR Rezeptoren und deren Antwortverhalten in der Impulsfrequenz bezüglich IR und T Reize (J. Neurophysiol. 111(6): 1341-1349). Es war mir möglich, zwei Arten von wärmeempfindlichen Rezeptorzellen zu lokalisieren, die sich in morphologisch unterschiedlichen Typen von Sinnesorganen auf der Antenne befinden. Die sogenannten „peg-in-pit sensilla“ (PS) und die „tapered hairs“ (TH). Beide Typen reagieren auf schnelle Temperaturänderungen der Luft mit einer stärkeren Entladungsrate als auf rapide Änderungen von IR Strahlung. Daraus ergibt sich für beide Rezeptorzellen ein besseres Auflösungsvermögen für Temperaturreize, als für Strahlungsreize. Da beide Reize einen Einfluss auf die Impulsfrequenz haben, ist es unmöglich für eine einzelne Rezeptorzelle zwischen IR Strahlung und Temperaturänderung der Umgebungsluft zu unterscheiden. Aufgrund dieser Ergebnisse war anzunehmen, dass zusätzliche Informationen, wie die Bewegung der Luft als mechanischer Reiz, in die Verarbeitung miteinfließen und eine Unterscheidung ermöglichen.
In der zweiten Arbeit behandle ich die Verarbeitungsmechanismen, die der Unterscheidung von IR und T Reizen zugrunde liegen (J. Neurophysiol. 112(7): 1606-1615).
Für diese Untersuchungen wurden sinusförmige Reize präsentiert, da sie die graduelle Veränderungen simulieren, die eine Wanze erfährt, wenn sie sich einer Wärmequelle nähert oder sich von ihr entfernt. Hier zeigen sich deutliche Unterschiede im Antwortverhalten der Wärmezellen der „peg-in-pit sensilla“ (PSw) und jener der „tapered hairs“ (THw). Beide Typen folgen mit ihrer Impulsfrequenz dem gegebenen Reizverlauf, jedoch liegt die Impulsrate der THw-Zellen bei T Änderungen deutlich über derjenigen der PSw-Zellen. Umgekehrt verhält es sich bei sinusförmigen IR Reizen: hier liegt die Impulsrate der PSw-Zellen über der der THw-Zellen.
Durch Vergleich der Impulsraten der beiden Wärmezellen- entsprechend dem Prinzip „Kodierung durch Kombination“ kann das ZNS Infrarotreize von Temperaturreizen unterscheiden.
Die Ergebnisse meiner Arbeit sind nicht nur für die blutsaugende Wanzen von Bedeutung, sondern für die Erforschung von IR Wahrnehmung im Allgemeinen. Elektrophysiologische Ableitungen von einzelnen Sinneszellen liefern ausreichend Informationen über die Qualität der Rezeptoren, jedoch liegt die wahre Herausforderung des Zentralnervensystems in der Verarbeitung des sich ständig ändernden Musters der neuronalen Aktivität unterschiedlichster Sinneszellen.The bug Rhodnius prolixus is an obligatory blood feeder which uses infrared radiation (IR) as a means of locating warm-blooded hosts. Although IR receptors have been described in many animals (including rattlesnakes, vampire bats, ticks and insects), broad generalizations of their mode of action have been extremely difficult because of an exquisite sensitivity to temperature (T) stimulation. But if IR receptors respond to changes in both IR and T, what sets IR receptors apart from thermoreceptors? Are there receptors which allow differentiating between IR and T stimuli at all? Bloodsucking bugs, however, are the only insects which have been examined for the ability to differentiate between IR emitted from warm-blooded hosts and warm air around the host. Behavioral experiments have actually established that bloodsucking bugs do not confuse radiant with convective heat. The neural mechanism underlying this exceptional ability remains elusive. Since the information available to the bug regarding IR and T stimuli is restricted to the information encoded in the neural responses of sensory receptors, the answer must lie in some mechanisms operating in the receptor cells. What is special about the bug’s IR receptors? Thus a necessary step towards understanding IR detection is to analyze the information content of individual sensory cells on the bug’s antennae to behaviorally relevant IR stimuli.
The results of my studies have been published in two papers. The first paper deals with the identification of specialized receptors responsive to IR and their response characteristics to a range of IR as well as T stimuli (J. Neurophysiol. 111(6): 1341-1349). The second paper deals with the neural code for IR which accounts for the bug’s ability to discriminate between IR and T (J. Neurophysiol. 112(7): 1606-1615).
In my first study, I identified two types of warm-sensitive cells responsible for the detection of IR. They are located in morphologically different antennal sense organs, in peg-in-pit sensilla (PS) and tapered hairs (TH). The two warm cells produce stronger responses to T pulses produced by switching between two air streams at different constant T than to IR pulses employed in still air. In addition, both warm cells are better able to discriminate small changes in air T than in IR. As convective as well as radiant heat determines the discharge, it is impossible for a single warm cell to signal the nature of the stimulus unequivocally. Individual responses are ambiguous, not with regard to T change, but with regard to it’s source. We argue that the bugs use mechanical flow information to differentiate between pulses of convective and radiant heat.
For an insect moving towards a warmblooded host, IR offers an advantage over odor cues or CO2 – IR stimuli are inherently directional. IR emitted from the surface of a warmblooded host radiates in straight paths in all directions like visible light. Odors and CO2 reveal many discontinuous patches of local eddies, thus creating local concentration maxima that can mislead a gradient following strategy. IR is independent of turbulences and allows detection of obstacles between the insect and the radiant object. In order to mimic natural conditions more closely, I decided to employ slowly oscillating changes in the power of IR rather than pulses of IR.
My second study is concerned with the neuronal discriminator of slow and continuous changes in IR and T. Analysis is based on the responses of the warm cells in the peg-in-pit sensilla (PSw-cells) and in the tapered hairs (THw-cells). When IR or air T are made to rise and fall smoothly at varying rates, both types of warm cells display oscillating changes in their discharge rates. The PSw-cells produce stronger responses to IR oscillations than the THw-cells. Oscillations in T do the reverse: they stimulate the latter more strongly than the former. The reversal in the relative excitability of the two warm cell types provides a criterion to distinguish between T and IR. The existence of strongly responsive warm cells for one or the other stimulus in a paired comparison is the distinguishing feature of a “combinatorial coding” mechanism. This mechanism enables the information provided by the difference or the ratio between the response magnitudes of both cell types to be utilized by the nervous system in the neural code for T and IR. These two coding parameters remained constant, although response strength changed when the oscillation period was altered.
The procedures and results of this study appear relevant not only for bloodsucking bugs but also applicable to IR and T coding in general. Putting emphasis on a single cell’s activity seems a logical consequence of our most powerful tool for the evaluation of the mechanisms underlying the encoding of sensory “qualities”: the single-unit microelectrode recording technique. The “combinatory code”, on the other hand, seems almost self-evident, if one realizes that the CNS is inevitably confronted with changing patterns of neural activity, coming from different types of sensory cells
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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