103,892 research outputs found
Clarifying the concept of disease: how science determines the biologically normal from the abnormal
No full textThis is an investigation of the modern concept of disease and an explication of the concept consistent with scientific and medical usage. The core notion involved in the modern concept of disease (taken broadly as pathology) is biological abnormality in form or function, for a circumscribed biological system, contrasted against a theoretical sense of normal form or function. Chapter 2 presents an overview of science, its products and how these are produced. This sketch is limited and intended only to clarify my own view of science in as far as this is important for the main thesis. Chapter 3 discusses the concepts of normality and abnormality, particularly as it is used in biomedical science. I argue that science offers a theoretical sense of abnormality importantly different from statistical or conventional senses of abnormality. Chapter 4 begins with an examination of the normativist /naturalist debate on the concept of disease. I then offer my explication of disease and the criteria necessary for a disease claim to be legitimate. Chapter 4 closes with an extended discussion of interesting and controversial examples of disease claims aimed at clarifying and challenging my own position.Item withdrawn by Mark Zulauf ([email protected]) on 2011-11-22T18:59:34Z
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University of Illinois Theses & Dissertations (ID: 1)
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Zech PhD thesis 11-20-11 V2-1.docx: 366344 bytes, checksum: 256a84683bfb04ebb3f4f42f9d75b91a (MD5)
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Zech PhD thesis 11-20-11 V2-1.docx: 366365 bytes, checksum: 6f3ad492ed2602ee3f42f74311d1a60d (MD5)Item marked as restricted to the 'Administrator' Group (id=1) by William Ingram ([email protected]) on 2012-02-01T00:57:06Z
Item is restricted until 2014-02-01T00:56:58ZItem reinstated by Sarah Shreeves ([email protected]) on 2014-02-01T11:00:22Z
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Graduate Theses and Dissertations at Illinois (ID: 204)
Dissertations and Theses - Philosophy (ID: 789)
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Zech_Loren.pdf: 1175882 bytes, checksum: e511d9efaae97d7bdca79bee09205b34 (MD5)
license.txt: 4057 bytes, checksum: 70605398d279e5bcb10bba4dba90b736 (MD5)
Zech PhD thesis 11-20-11 V2-1.docx: 366365 bytes, checksum: 6f3ad492ed2602ee3f42f74311d1a60d (MD5)Item released from any restrictions by Sarah Shreeves ([email protected]) on 2014-02-01T11:00:23
Do n-alkane biomarkers in soils/sediments reflect the δ 2-H isotopic composition of precipitation? A case study from Mt. Kilimanjaro and implications for paleoaltimetry and paleoclimate research
No full textDuring the last decade compound-specific deuterium (2H) analysis of plant leaf wax-derived n-alkanes has become a promising and popular tool in paleoclimate research. This is based on the widely accepted assumption that n-alkanes in soils and sediments generally reflect δ2H of precipitation (δ2Hprec). Recently, several authors suggested that δ2H of n-alkanes (δ2Hn-alkanes) can also be used as a proxy in paleoaltimetry studies. Here, we present results from a δ2H transect study (∼1500 to 4000 m above sea level [a.s.l.]) carried out on precipitation and soil samples taken from the humid southern slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro. Contrary to earlier suggestions, a distinct altitude effect in δ2Hprec is present above ∼2000 m a.s.l., that is, δ2Hprec values become more negative with increasing altitude. The compound-specific δ2H values of nC27 and nC29 do not confirm this altitudinal trend, but rather become more positive both in the O-layers (organic layers) and the Ah-horizons (mineral topsoils). Although our δ2Hn-alkane results are in agreement with previously published results from the southern slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro [Peterse F, van der Meer M, Schouten S, Jia G, Ossebaar J, Blokker J, Sinninghe Damsté J. Assessment of soil n-alkane δD and branched tetraether membrane lipid distributions as tools for paleoelevation reconstruction. Biogeosciences. 2009;6:2799–2807], a re-interpretation is required given that the δ2Hn-alkane results do not reflect the δ2Hprec results. The theoretical framework for this re-interpretation is based on the evaporative isotopic enrichment of leaf water associated with the transpiration process. Modelling results show that relative humidity, decreasing considerably along the southern slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro (from 78 % in ∼2000 m a.s.l. to 51 % in 4000 m a.s.l.), strongly controls δ2Hleaf water. The modelled 2H leaf water enrichment along the altitudinal transect matches well the measured 2H leaf water enrichment as assessed by using the δ2Hprec and δ2Hn-alkane results and biosynthetic fractionation during n-alkane biosynthesis in leaves. Given that our results clearly demonstrate that n-alkanes in soils do not simply reflect δ2Hprec but rather δ2Hleaf water, we conclude that care has to be taken not to over-interpret δ2Hn-alkane records from soils and sediments when reconstructing δ2H of paleoprecipitation. Both in paleoaltimetry and in paleoclimate studies changes in relative humidity and consequently in δ2Hn-alkane values can completely mask altitudinally or climatically controlled changes in δ2Hprec
Bibliographie Hilarion G. Petzold 1958 – 2009 mit Anhang als Einführung
No full textDieses Archiv enthält die Gesamtbibliographie der Werke des Autors nebst einiger Texte „Über H. G. Petzold“ im Schlussteil der Bibliographie sowie einen Anhang mit einer Einführung in die Architektur des Werkes in seinem wissenslogischen Aufbau als Ausarbeitung seines „Tree of Science Modells“ (2007).This archive contains the complete bibliography of the author and some texts about H. G. Petzold, moreover an epilogue with an introduction to the architecture of the works in its epistemological structure and composition and as an elaborations of Petzold’s „Tree of Science Modell (2007).https://www.fpi-publikation.de/polyloge/01-2009-petzold-h-g-gesamtbibliographie-h-g-petzold-1958-2009-updating-november2009/peerReviewedpublishedVersio
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Astronomy and astrophysics abstracts: author and subject indexes to volumes 1-10, literature 1969-1973
No full textAstronomy and Astrophysics Abstracts, which has appeared in semi-annual volumes since 1969, is devoted to the recording, summarizing and indexing of astronomical publications through out the world. It is prepared under the auspices of the Interna tional Astronomical Union (according to a resolution adopted at the 14th General Assembly in 1970). Astronomy and Astrophysics Abstracts aims to present a com prehensive documentation of literature in all fields of astronomy and astrophysics. Volume 15/16 contains author and subject indexes of volumes 1 - 10, covering the literature from 1969 to 1973. It is a pleasure to express our warmest thanks to Miss Helga Ballmann, Mrs. Monika Betz, Dr. Siegfried B6hme, Mrs. Karola Gud6, Miss Lore Kiefert, and Mrs. Ingrid Wolf for their kind support in the preparation of the indexes. Heidelberg, June 1976 Ute Esser Inge Heinrich Frieda Henn Dietlinde Krahn Hans Scholl Gert Zech v Introduction The Author Index contains 110 180 references to publications initial letter following the first names. of 28654 different authors. The Subject Index contains 38145 An effort has been made to cite Russian names according to references to 7170 different key words. the following transliteration: The main characteristics of the concept of Astronomy and r Astrophysics Abstracts, Author and Subject Indexes may be A a P p a summarized briefly
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3346: Samuel G. Freedman, author, 2013
No full textPhotograph of author Samuel G. Freedman, at NT Daily Slash meeting in the Mayborn School of Journalism at UNT
Extracellular ATP protects against sepsis through macrophage P2X7 purinergic receptors by enhancing intracellular bacterial killing
No full textExtracellular ATP binds to and signals through P2X7 receptors (P2X7Rs) to modulate immune function in both inflammasome-dependent and -independent manners. In this study, P2X7-/- mice, the pharmacological agonists ATP-magnesium salt (Mg-ATP; 100 mg/kg, EC50 ≈ 1.32 mM) and benzoylbenzoyl-ATP (Bz-ATP; 10 mg/kg, EC50 ≈ 285 μM), and antagonist oxidized ATP (oxi-ATP; 40 mg/kg, IC50 ≈ 100 μM) were used to show that P2X7R activation is crucial for the control of mortality, bacterial dissemination, and inflammation in cecal ligation and puncture-induced polymicrobial sepsis in mice. Our results with P2X7-/- bone marrow chimeric mice, adoptive transfer of peritoneal macrophages, and myeloid-specific P2X7-/- mice indicate that P2X7R signaling on macrophages is essential for the protective effect of P2X7Rs. P2X7R signaling protects through enhancing bacterial killing by macrophages, which is independent of the inflammasome. By using the connexin (Cx) channel inhibitor Gap27 (0.1 mg/kg, IC50 ≈ 0.25 μM) and pannexin channel inhibitor probenecid (10 mg/kg, IC50 ≈ 11.7 μM), we showed that ATP release through Cx is important for inhibiting inflammation and bacterial burden. In summary, targeting P2X7Rs provides a new opportunity for harnessing an endogenous protective immune mechanism in the treatment of sepsis.-Csóka, B., Németh, Z. H., Töro, G., Idzko, M., Zech, A., Koscsó, B., Spolarics, Z., Antonioli, L., Cseri, K., Erdélyi, K., Pacher, P., Haskó, G. Extracellular ATP protects against sepsis through macrophage P2X7 purinergic receptors by enhancing intracellular bacterial killing
Comparison of two-dimensional binned data distributions using the energy test
No full textFor the purposes of monitoring HEP experiments, comparison is often made between regularly acquired histograms of data and reference histograms which represent the ideal state of the equipment. With the larger experiments now starting up, there is a need for automation of this task since the volume of comparisons would overwhelm human operators. However, the two-dimensional histogram comparison tools currently available in ROOT have noticeable shortcomings. We present a new comparison test for 2D histograms, based on the Energy Test of Aslan and Zech, which provides more decisive discrimination between histograms of data coming from different distributions
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